Traditional lighting equipment of Japan: Difference between revisions

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The traditional lighting equipment of Japan includes the andon (行灯), the bonbori (雪洞), the chōchin (提灯), and the tōrō (灯篭).

Andon

The andon is a lamp consisting of paper stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal.^[1] The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access.^[2] Rapeseed oil was popular. Candles were also used, but their higher price made them less popular. A lower-priced alternative was sardine oil.

The andon became popular in the Edo period (1603–1867).^[1] Early on, the andon was handheld; it could also be placed on a stand or hung on a wall.^[3] The okiandon was most common indoors. Many had a vertical box shape with an inner stand for the light. Some had a drawer on the bottom to facilitate refilling and lighting. A handle on top made it portable. A variety was the Enshū andon. One explanation attributes it to Kobori Enshu, who lived in the late Azuchi-Momoyama period and early Edo period. Tubular in shape, it had an opening instead of a drawer.^[4] Another variety was the Ariake andon, a bedside lamp. The kakeandon under the eaves of a shop, often bearing the name of the merchant, was a common sight in the towns.

The expression hiru andon, or "daytime lamp," meant someone or something that seemed to serve no purpose.^[5] In dramatizations of the story of the forty-seven ronin, Oishi Yoshio is often given this description.

Ukiyo-e print showing an andon being carried indoors
An andon standing outdoors with one side open
Andons hung in Mishima, Shizuoka
Example of a cylindrical andon at the Hanatouro Festival in Arashiyama, Kyoto
The Aoandon lit. 'blue andon' of Japanese folklore.

Bonbori

The bonbori (雪洞(ぼんぼり)) is a kind of Japanese paper lamp used in the open during festivals. It normally has an hexagonal profile and a rather wide, open top.^[6] It can either hang from a wire or stand on a pole. Famous is the Bonbori Festival (ぼんぼり祭り, Bonbori Matsuri), held annually at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura, Kanagawa. Artists paint on the about 400 bonbori erected for the occasion on the shrine's grounds.^[7]

Bonbori lining the Sandō at a Bonbori Festival
Yōkōkan Teien (養浩館庭園) in Fukui
Kangetsu-kai (観月会) at Ise Jingū
Kake-bonbori (懸雪洞) at the Mitama Matsuri festival at Yasukuni Jinja

Chōchin

A relative of the Chinese paper lantern, the chōchin has a frame of split bamboo wound in a spiral. Paper or silk protect the flame from wind. The spiral structure permits it to be collapsed into the basket at the bottom.^[8] The chōchin is used outdoors, either carried or hung outside the house.^[1] In present-day Japan, plastic chōchin with electric bulbs are produced as novelties, souvenirs, and for matsuri and events.^[9] The earliest record of a chōchin dates to 1085,^[8] and one appears in a 1536 illustration.

The akachōchin, or red lantern, marks an izakaya.^[10] In Japanese folklore, the chochin appears as a yōkai, the chōchin-obake.^[11]

Gifu is known for its Gifu lanterns, a kind of chōchin made from mino washi.^[12]

Chōchin at Minatogawa Shrine in Kōbe
White chōchin decorated with tomoe
Oversized chōchin at the Kaminarimon in Sensō-ji
Akachōchin lantern outside an izakaya
Ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi showing a chōchin decorated with a landscape
Yata-dera (矢田寺) Temple in Kyōto
Gifu chōchin
Massive chōchin at Isshiki Manabi no Yakata museum

Tōrō

Originally used in the broad sense to mean any lantern, the term tōrō came to refer to a lamp of stone, bronze, iron, wood, or another heavy material. These illuminate the grounds of Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines, Japanese gardens, and other places that include tradition in their decor.^[1] The earlier use of oil and candles has in the modern day been replaced by electric bulbs.

Stone tōrō

Stone lantern in Taiwan
Water lantern in Zhejiang Province
Tachi-dōrō of the kasuga-dōrō type
Three legged yukimi-dōrō. One leg rests on ground, two in water.

Bronze tōrō

Bronze and stone lanterns in Chi Lin Nunnery, Hongkong
Bronze lantern at Hōryū-ji
8th century bronze lantern at Tōdai-ji (National Treasure)
Bronze lantern at Itsukushima Shrine

Wooden tōrō

Wooden tōrō (黒木灯籠)
Wooden tōrō placed between stone tōrō at Fukutokuinari shrine

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "tourou 灯籠". Retrieved 18 June 2022.
^ Morse, Edward S. (1885). Japanese Homes and their Surroundings. Charles E. Tuttle Company. p. 221-222. ISBN 0-8048-0998-4.
^ Yagi, Koji (1992). A Japanese Touch for Your Home. Kodansha International. p. 71. ISBN 9784770016621.
^ Kerr, Alex (5 July 2018). Another Kyoto. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141988344.
^ De Mente, Boyé Lafayette. Japan's Cultural Code Words. Tuttle Publishing. p. 96-97.
^ Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
^ "Bonbori Matsuri". Retrieved 8 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b Joya, Mock (2017). Japan and Things Japanese. Routledge. p. 8, 36-37.
^ "What are Chochin lanterns". Japan Talk.
^ Bunting, Chris (2014). Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments. Tuttle Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4629-0627-7.
^ Bush, Lawrence (2001). Asian horror encyclopedia: Asian horror culture in literature, manga and folklore. Writers Club Press. p. 109.
^ Gifu Paper Lanterns. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.

External links

Japanese Gardening, Lanterns. Accessed on February 2, 2010

[JAANUS-1] "tourou 灯籠". Retrieved 18 June 2022.

[2] Morse, Edward S. (1885). Japanese Homes and their Surroundings. Charles E. Tuttle Company. p. 221-222. ISBN 0-8048-0998-4.

[3] Yagi, Koji (1992). A Japanese Touch for Your Home. Kodansha International. p. 71. ISBN 9784770016621.

[4] Kerr, Alex (5 July 2018). Another Kyoto. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141988344.

[5] De Mente, Boyé Lafayette. Japan's Cultural Code Words. Tuttle Publishing. p. 96-97.

[6] Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version

[7] "Bonbori Matsuri". Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[Joya_chochin-8] Joya, Mock (2017). Japan and Things Japanese. Routledge. p. 8, 36-37.

[9] "What are Chochin lanterns". Japan Talk.

[10] Bunting, Chris (2014). Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments. Tuttle Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4629-0627-7.

[11] Bush, Lawrence (2001). Asian horror encyclopedia: Asian horror culture in literature, manga and folklore. Writers Club Press. p. 109.

[jnto-12] Gifu Paper Lanterns. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|None}}
-[[File:Hiyoshi_Taisha_Momiji_1.jpg|thumb|right|The {{nihongo||もみじ祭|Momiji Matsuri}} festival at [[Hiyoshi Taisha]] Shrine]]
+[[File:Japanese Lantern Makers.jpg|thumb|Japanese Lantern Makers, photo by [[T. Enami]]]]
 The '''traditional lighting equipment of Japan''' includes the {{nihongo||行灯|andon}}, the {{nihongo||雪洞|bonbori}}, the {{nihongo||提灯|chōchin}}, and the {{nihongo||灯篭|tōrō}}.
-=={{transliteration|ja|Andon}}==
+== {{transliteration|ja|Andon}} ==
 {{See also|Andon (manufacturing)}}
-The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} is a lamp consisting of [[paper]] stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal.<ref name="JAANUS"/> The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access.<ref>{{cite book | first=Edward S. | last=Morse | title=Japanese Homes and their Surroundings | publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company | isbn=0-8048-0998-4 | author-link= Edward S. Morse |date=1885|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52868/52868-h/52868-h.html|page=221-222}}</ref> [[Rapeseed]] oil was popular. [[Candles]] were also used, but their higher price made them less popular. A lower-priced alternative was [[sardine]] oil.
+The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} is a lamp consisting of [[paper]] stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal.<ref name="JAANUS" /> The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access.<ref>{{cite book | first=Edward S. | last=Morse | title=Japanese Homes and their Surroundings | publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company | isbn=0-8048-0998-4 | author-link= Edward S. Morse |date=1885|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52868/52868-h/52868-h.html|page=221-222}}</ref> [[Rapeseed]] oil was popular. [[Candles]] were also used, but their higher price made them less popular. A lower-priced alternative was [[sardine]] oil.
-The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} became popular in the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867).<ref name="JAANUS"/> Early on, the {{transliteration|ja|andon}} was handheld; it could also be placed on a stand or hung on a wall.<ref>{{cite book|first=Koji|last=Yagi|title=A Japanese Touch for Your Home|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Japanese_Touch_for_Your_Home/YCK8c3E7LK4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Andon+Koji+Yagi&pg=PA71&printsec=frontcover|date=1992|publisher=Kodansha International|page=71}}</ref> The {{transliteration|ja|okiandon}} was most common indoors. Many had a vertical box shape with an inner stand for the light. Some had a drawer on the bottom to facilitate refilling and lighting. A handle on top made it portable. A variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Enshū andon}}. One explanation attributes it to [[Kobori Enshu]], who lived in the late [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]] and early Edo period. Tubular in shape, it had an opening instead of a drawer.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alex|last=Kerr|title=Another Kyoto|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Another_Kyoto/ml5PDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Ensh%C5%AB+andon%22&pg=PT56&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Penguin Books}}</ref> Another variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Ariake andon}}, a bedside lamp. The {{transliteration|ja|kakeandon}} under the eaves of a shop, often bearing the name of the merchant, was a common sight in the towns.
+The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} became popular in the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867).<ref name="JAANUS" /> Early on, the {{transliteration|ja|andon}} was handheld; it could also be placed on a stand or hung on a wall.<ref>{{cite book|first=Koji|last=Yagi|title=A Japanese Touch for Your Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCK8c3E7LK4C&dq=Andon+Koji+Yagi&pg=PA71|date=1992|publisher=Kodansha International|page=71|isbn=9784770016621 }}</ref> The {{transliteration|ja|okiandon}} was most common indoors. Many had a vertical box shape with an inner stand for the light. Some had a drawer on the bottom to facilitate refilling and lighting. A handle on top made it portable. A variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Enshū andon}}. One explanation attributes it to [[Kobori Enshu]], who lived in the late [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]] and early Edo period. Tubular in shape, it had an opening instead of a drawer.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alex|last=Kerr|title=Another Kyoto|date=5 July 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5PDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ensh%C5%AB+andon%22&pg=PT56|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780141988344 }}</ref> Another variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Ariake andon}}, a bedside lamp. The {{transliteration|ja|kakeandon}} under the eaves of a shop, often bearing the name of the merchant, was a common sight in the towns.
 The expression {{transliteration|ja|hiru andon}}, or "daytime lamp," meant someone or something that seemed to serve no purpose.<ref>{{cite book|first=Boyé Lafayette|last=De Mente|author-link=Boyé Lafayette De Mente|title=Japan's Cultural Code Words|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|page=96-97}}</ref> In dramatizations of the story of the [[forty-seven ronin]], [[Oishi Yoshio]] is often given this description.
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
+<gallery heights="180" mode="packed">
-File:Andon LCCN2008660135.jpg | {{transliteration|ja|[[Ukiyo-e]]}} print showing an {{transliteration|ja|andon}} being carried indoors
+File:Andon LCCN2008660135.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|[[Ukiyo-e]]}} print showing an {{transliteration|ja|andon}} being carried indoors
-File:行燈（あんどん）8163423.jpg | An {{transliteration|ja|andon}} standing outdoors with one side open
+File:行燈（あんどん）8163423.jpg|An {{transliteration|ja|andon}} standing outdoors with one side open
-File:Mishimajuku-jikuchiandon 2013.jpg | {{transliteration|ja|Andons}} hung in [[Mishima, Shizuoka]]
+File:Mishimajuku-jikuchiandon 2013.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Andons}} hung in [[Mishima, Shizuoka]]
-File:京都・東山花灯路清水坂行灯.jpg | Example of a cylindrical {{transliteration|ja|andon}} at the {{transliteration|ja|Hanatouro}} Festival in [[Arashiyama|Arashiyama, Kyoto]]
+File:京都・東山花灯路清水坂行灯.jpg|Example of a cylindrical {{transliteration|ja|andon}} at the {{transliteration|ja|Hanatouro}} Festival in [[Arashiyama]], Kyoto
+File:SekienAoando.jpg|The {{transliteration|ja|[[Aoandon]]}} {{lit|blue {{transliteration|ja|andon}}}} of Japanese folklore.
 </gallery>
-=={{transliteration|ja|Bonbori}}==
+== {{transliteration|ja|Bonbori}} ==
 The {{nihongo||{{ruby|雪洞|ぼんぼり}}|bonbori}} is a kind of Japanese [[paper lamp]] used in the open during festivals. It normally has an hexagonal profile and a rather wide, open top.<ref>Iwanami [[Kōjien]] (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version</ref> It can either hang from a wire or stand on a pole. Famous is the {{nihongo|Bonbori Festival|ぼんぼり祭り|Bonbori Matsuri}}, held annually at [[Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Kanagawa]]. Artists paint on the about 400 {{transliteration|ja|bonbori}} erected for the occasion on the shrine's grounds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bonbori Matsuri|url=http://www.buddhist-artwork.com/bonbori-festival/html/bonbori.html|accessdate=8 August 2010}}</ref>
-<gallery widths="200px">
+<gallery widths="200" mode="packed" heights="180">
-File:Bonbori001.jpg | ''Bonbori'' lining the ''[[Sandō]]'' at a Bonbori Festival
+File:Bonbori001.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Bonbori}} lining the {{transliteration|ja|[[Sandō]]}} at a Bonbori Festival
-File:Youkoukan07s4592.jpg |''Yōkōkan Teien'' (養浩館庭園) in Fukui
+File:Youkoukan07s4592.jpg|{{nihongo||養浩館庭園|Yōkōkan Teien}} in Fukui
-File:Aki-no-nanakusa_01.JPG|''Kangetsu-kai'' 観月会 at [[Ise Jingū]]
+File:Aki-no-nanakusa 01.JPG|{{nihongo||観月会|Kangetsu-kai}} at [[Ise Jingū]]
-File:Yasukuni_Mitama_Night.JPG|''Kake-bonbori'' 懸雪洞, The ''[[Mitama Matsuri]]'' festival at [[Yasukuni Jinja]]
+File:Yasukuni Mitama Night.JPG|{{nihongo||懸雪洞|Kake-bonbori}} at the {{transliteration|ja|[[Mitama Matsuri]]}} festival at [[Yasukuni Jinja]]
 </gallery>
-=={{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}}==
+== {{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}} ==
 {{redirect|Chōchin|the 1987 film|Chōchin (film)}}
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 The {{transliteration|ja|akachōchin}}, or red lantern, marks an {{transliteration|ja|[[izakaya]]}}.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZUdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 | title=Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments | publisher=Tuttle Publishing |last=Bunting |first=Chris | year=2014 | page=20 | isbn=978-1-4629-0627-7}}</ref> In Japanese folklore, the {{transliteration|ja|chochin}} appears as a {{transliteration|ja|[[yōkai]]}}, the {{transliteration|ja|[[chōchin-obake]]}}.<ref>{{cite book| title=Asian horror encyclopedia: Asian horror culture in literature, manga and folklore | publisher=Writers Club Press. |last=Bush |first=Lawrence | year=2001 | page=109}}</ref>
-[[Gifu]] is known for its [[Gifu lanterns]], a kind of {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} made from [[mino washi]].<ref name="jnto">[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/facilities/traditional_handicrafts/83dn3a000000el8f.html Gifu Paper Lanterns]. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.</ref>
+[[Gifu]] is known for its [[Gifu lanterns]], a kind of {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} made from {{transliteration|ja|[[mino washi]]}}.<ref name="jnto">[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/facilities/traditional_handicrafts/83dn3a000000el8f.html Gifu Paper Lanterns]. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.</ref>
-<gallery widths="200px">
+<gallery widths="200" mode="packed" heights="150">
-File:Minatogawai-Jinja_Massha_Kusumoto-Inari-Jinja3.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}} at [[Minatogawa Shrine]] in Kōbe
+File:Minatogawai-Jinja Massha Kusumoto-Inari-Jinja3.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}} at [[Minatogawa Shrine]] in Kōbe
-File:野崎八幡神社 - panoramio (3).jpg | White {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with {{transliteration|ja|[[tomoe]]}}
+File:野崎八幡神社 - panoramio (3).jpg|White {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with {{transliteration|ja|[[tomoe]]}}
-File:Senso-ji Kaminarimon Laterne.jpg | Oversized {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at the [[Kaminarimon]] in [[Sensō-ji]]
+File:Senso-ji Kaminarimon Laterne.jpg|Oversized {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at the [[Kaminarimon]] in [[Sensō-ji]]
-File:Cyochin2.jpg | {{transliteration|ja|Akachōchin}} lantern outside an {{transliteration|ja|[[izakaya]]}}
+File:Cyochin2.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Akachōchin}} lantern outside an {{transliteration|ja|[[izakaya]]}}
-File:Kuniyoshi_Utagawa,_Japan,_Woman_with_fan.jpg | {{transliteration|ja|[[Ukiyo-e]]}} print by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] showing a {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with a landscape
+File:Kuniyoshi Utagawa, Japan, Woman with fan.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|[[Ukiyo-e]]}} print by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] showing a {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with a landscape
-File:Yatadera-temple Kyoto.JPG | Yata-dera (矢田寺) Temple in Kyōto
+File:Yatadera-temple Kyoto.JPG|Yata-dera (矢田寺) Temple in Kyōto
-File:Gifu cyouchin0000000001.JPG | {{transliteration|ja|Gifu chōchin}}
+File:Gifu cyouchin0000000001.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Gifu chōchin}}
-File:Isshiki Manabinoyakata museum ac (1).jpg | Massive {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at  Isshiki Manabi no Yakata museum
+File:Isshiki Manabinoyakata museum ac (1).jpg|Massive {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at  Isshiki Manabi no Yakata museum
 </gallery>
-=={{transliteration|ja|Tōrō}}==
+== {{transliteration|ja|Tōrō}} ==
 Originally used in the broad sense to mean any lantern, the term {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} came to refer to a lamp of stone, bronze, iron, wood, or another heavy material. These illuminate the grounds of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples, [[Jinja (Shinto)|Shinto shrines]], [[Japanese garden]]s, and other places that include tradition in their decor.<ref name="JAANUS">{{cite web|title=tourou 灯籠|url=https://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/t/tourou.htm|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref> The earlier use of oil and candles has in the modern day been replaced by electric bulbs.
 === Stone {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} ===
-{{main|Stone lantern}}
+{{Main|Stone lantern}}
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
+<gallery widths="200" heights="180" mode="packed">
 File:北投不動明王石窟石燈籠.jpg|Stone lantern in Taiwan
 File:Wuzhen old town.JPG|Water lantern in Zhejiang Province
@@ Line 61: / Line 63: @@
 === Bronze {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} ===
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
+<gallery widths="200" heights="180" mode="packed">
 File:Chi Lin Nunnery 10, Mar 06.JPG|Bronze and stone lanterns in [[Chi Lin Nunnery]], Hongkong
 File:Horyu-ji43s3200.jpg|Bronze lantern at [[Hōryū-ji]]
@@ Line 68: / Line 70: @@
 </gallery>
-===Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}}===
+=== Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} ===
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
+<gallery widths="200" heights="180" mode="packed">
 File:Kuroki-toro (Reiwa Daijokyu).JPG|Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} ({{nihongo2|黒木灯籠}})
 File:Fukutokuinari shrine 福徳稲荷神社 - panoramio.jpg|Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} placed between stone {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} at Fukutokuinari shrine
 </gallery>
-==See also==
+== See also ==
-*[[Gifu lanterns]]
+*[[Water lantern]]
-*{{transliteration|ja|[[Tōrō nagashi]]}}
 *[[Physalis alkekengi]], the Japanese lantern plant
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{reflist}}
@@ Line 86: / Line 87: @@
 {{Shinto shrine}}
+[[Category:Culture of Japan]]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Traditional Lighting Equipment Of Japan}}
-[[Category:Japanese culture]]
 [[Category:Lighting|Japan]]
 [[Category:Light fixtures]]