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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Active citizenship is citizens influencing decisions and engaging with services.}} |
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{{citation style|date=October 2021}} |
{{citation style|date=October 2021}} |
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{{for|the left-wing political coalition in San Marino|Active Citizenship (political coalition)}} |
{{for|the left-wing political coalition in San Marino|Active Citizenship (political coalition)}} |
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'''Active citizenship''' involves citizens having control over their daily lives as users of public services, allowing them to influence decisions, voice concerns, and engage with service provision. This includes both choice and voice, enabling citizens to impact service provision by participating in local policies, interacting with institutions, and expressing preferences. It encompasses activities in politics, workplaces, civil society, and private spheres. This concept emphasizes how citizens' interactions with staff, administrators, and politicians at different levels affect their ability to shape services according to their needs. Three dimensions are considered: choice, empowerment, and participation. Choice involves informed decisions about service use, empowerment allows individuals to control their lives as users, and participation includes engaging in policy processes and influencing services.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivesind |first1=Karl Henrik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaI7DwAAQBAJ |title=Promoting Active Citizenship: Markets and Choice in Scandinavian Welfare |last2=Saglie |first2=Jo |date=2017-08-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-55381-8 |pages=8–11 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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{{morereferences|section|date=January 2023}} |
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| ⚫ | Active citizenship or engaged citizenship refers to active [[Civic participation|participation]] of a [[citizen]] under the [[National law|law]] of a [[Sovereign nation|nation]] discussing and educating themselves in [[politics]] and [[society]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Justin|last2=Wahl-Jorgensen|first2=Karin|last3=Inthorn|first3=Sanna|date=2004-05-01|title=Images of citizenship on television news: constructing a passive public|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=5|issue=2|pages=153–164|doi=10.1080/1461670042000211140|s2cid=145242468|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> as well as a [[philosophy]] espoused by organizations and educational institutions which advocates that individuals, [[charitable organization]]s, and companies have certain roles and responsibilities to society and the [[Natural environment|environment]]. Active citizens may be involved in public advocacy and protest, working to effect change in their communities. |
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Active citizenship can be seen as an articulation of the debate over [[rights]] versus [[moral responsibility|responsibilities]]. If a body gives rights to the people under its remit, then those same people might have certain responsibilities to uphold. This would be most obvious at a [[country]] or nation-state level, but could also be of wider scope, such as the Internet ([[netizen]]) or Earth ([[global citizenship]]). The implication is that an active citizen fulfills both their rights and responsibilities in a balanced way. |
Active citizenship can be seen as an articulation of the debate over [[rights]] versus [[moral responsibility|responsibilities]]. If a body gives rights to the people under its remit, then those same people might have certain responsibilities to uphold. This would be most obvious at a [[country]] or nation-state level, but could also be of wider scope, such as the Internet ([[netizen]]) or Earth ([[global citizenship]]). The implication is that an active citizen fulfills both their rights and responsibilities in a balanced way.{{OR|date=January 2023}} |
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A problem with this concept is that although rights are often written down as part of the law, responsibilities are not as well defined, and there may be disagreements amongst the citizens as to what the responsibilities are. For example, in the [[UK|United Kingdom]], citizens have the right to free health care, but [[voting]] in [[elections]] is not compulsory, even though many people would define this as a responsibility. |
A potential problem with this concept is that although rights are often written down as part of the law, responsibilities are not as well defined, and there may be disagreements amongst the citizens as to what the responsibilities are. For example, in the [[UK|United Kingdom]], citizens have the right to free health care, but [[voting]] in [[elections]] is not compulsory, even though many people would define this as a responsibility.{{OR|date=January 2023}} |
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Writing a clear definition of responsibilities for an active citizen |
Writing a clear definition of responsibilities for an active citizen can be more problematic than writing a list of rights. For example, although voting might be considered a basic responsibility by many people, there are some who through [[disability]] or other issues are not able to [[Participation (decision making)|participate]] fully in the voting process.{{OR|date=January 2023}} |
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An active citizen is someone who takes a role in the community; the term has been identified with volunteering by writers such as [[Jonathan Tisch]], who wrote in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' in 2010 advocating that busy Americans should try to help others, particularly by offering high-level professional expertise in such areas as [[banking]], [[education]], [[engineering]], and [[technology]] to help the less fortunate.<ref name=twsJun16xxx>{{cite news |author= Jonathan Tisch |author-link=Jonathan Tisch |title= Active Citizenship: A New Approach to Volunteering |work= Huffington Post |quote= I introduced Citizen You, the movement I've spearheaded to encourage Americans to utilize their professional skills to help others. This new kind of volunteering, which has come to be known as 'active citizenship,' is a fresh, innovative solution to an old problem: Countless busy Americans would love to help others, but simply don't have the time to figure out the perfect way to be useful. What could be more useful than applying high-level professional expertise -- in banking, law, education, engineering, technology, and other fields -- toward problems faced by those who are less fortunate? |date= April 27, 2010 |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-tisch/active-citizenship-a-new_b_553417.html |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> |
An active citizen is someone who takes a role in the community; the term has been identified with volunteering by writers such as [[Jonathan Tisch]], who wrote in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' in 2010 advocating that busy Americans should try to help others, particularly by offering high-level professional expertise in such areas as [[banking]], [[education]], [[engineering]], and [[technology]] to help the less fortunate.<ref name=twsJun16xxx>{{cite news |author= Jonathan Tisch |author-link=Jonathan Tisch |title= Active Citizenship: A New Approach to Volunteering |work= Huffington Post |quote= I introduced Citizen You, the movement I've spearheaded to encourage Americans to utilize their professional skills to help others. This new kind of volunteering, which has come to be known as 'active citizenship,' is a fresh, innovative solution to an old problem: Countless busy Americans would love to help others, but simply don't have the time to figure out the perfect way to be useful. What could be more useful than applying high-level professional expertise -- in banking, law, education, engineering, technology, and other fields -- toward problems faced by those who are less fortunate? |date= April 27, 2010 |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-tisch/active-citizenship-a-new_b_553417.html |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> |
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Active citizenship is considered a [[buzzword]] by some due to its vague definition. Examples include volunteering, donating, and recycling. |
Active citizenship is considered a [[buzzword]] by some{{who|date=January 2023}}due to its vague definition. Examples include volunteering, donating, and recycling. |
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Developments in [[social media]] and [[media literacy]] have changed how scholars begin to look at, and define active citizenship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mihailidis|first1=Paul|last2=Thevenin|first2=Benjamin|date=2013-11-01|title=Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|language=en|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1611–1622|doi=10.1177/0002764213489015|s2cid=145079247|issn=0002-7642}}</ref> Active citizenship in politics can lead to an apparent consumption of the engaged person rather than offering people with an informed, active opinion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=FAUCHEUX|first=RON|title=Guest column: When engaged citizens become consumed, politics disrupt lives, affect personal happiness|language=en|work=The Advocate|url=http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/opinion/article_feec5004-1300-11e7-b539-a7072c470f37.html|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref> Social media sites let people spread information, and create events to provide opportunities for engaged citizenship.<ref name="thewire">{{Cite web|last=Fakhoury|first=Rania|title=Can Social Media, Loud and Inclusive, Fix World Politics?|url=https://thewire.in/118679/social-media-world-politics/|access-date=2017-04-20|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
Developments in [[social media]] and [[media literacy]] have changed how scholars begin to look at, and define active citizenship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mihailidis|first1=Paul|last2=Thevenin|first2=Benjamin|date=2013-11-01|title=Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|language=en|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1611–1622|doi=10.1177/0002764213489015|s2cid=145079247|issn=0002-7642}}</ref> Active citizenship in politics can lead to an apparent consumption of the engaged person rather than offering people with an informed, active opinion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=FAUCHEUX|first=RON|title=Guest column: When engaged citizens become consumed, politics disrupt lives, affect personal happiness|language=en|work=The Advocate|url=http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/opinion/article_feec5004-1300-11e7-b539-a7072c470f37.html|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref> Social media sites let people spread information, and create events to provide opportunities for engaged citizenship.<ref name="thewire">{{Cite web|last=Fakhoury|first=Rania|title=Can Social Media, Loud and Inclusive, Fix World Politics?|url=https://thewire.in/118679/social-media-world-politics/|access-date=2017-04-20|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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In the United States, writer [[Catherine Crier]] wondered in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' about whether Americans had lost sight of [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s sense of active citizenship. Crier lamented how Americans have tended to neglect participating in voluntary associations, and tend to live as "strangers apart from the rest", quoting [[Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]].<ref name="twsJun16zzz1">{{cite news |author= Catherine Crier |author-link=Catherine Crier |title= A Degree in Citizenship |work= [[Huffington Post]] |quote= [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], described our challenge over a century ago in his monumental work, Democracy in America. So clearly did he see the strength of a democracy and the weakness of human character, his words might have been written today. He said, in summary, that our real power as a people came through voluntary associations. Our personal freedoms would be protected if we could voluntarily resolve the problems of society, rather than permit the heavy hand of government to do it for us. But he recognized our great weakness--the willingness to live 'as strangers apart from the rest'.... we Americans have failed to shoulder our responsibilities. The qualities of active citizenship that Jefferson ascribed to us have not been realized, nor have our appointed leaders lived up to their noble assignment. |date= May 21, 2006 |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/catherine-crier/a-degree-in-citizenship_b_21404.html |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> In contrast, writer [[Eboo Patel]] in ''[[Newsweek]]'' suggested that President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] had a somewhat different sense of active citizenship, meaning strong families, a vibrant civic center in which persons of different faiths and secular backgrounds work together, with government acting as a "catalyst".<ref name="twsJun16zzz2">{{cite magazine |author= Eboo Patel |author-link=Eboo Patel |title= The Faith Divide |magazine= [[Newsweek]] |quote= Barack Obama's vision of the good society is based on the idea of strong families, a vibrant civic sector that includes groups from various faith and secular backgrounds working together, and a government that serves as a catalyst, a convener and a capacity-builder, while always respecting the line between church and state. And Barack Obama's Faith Council gives me a vision for what active citizenship in that good society can look like. |date= March 18, 2010 |url= http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/eboo_patel/2010/03/obama_and_his_council.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100325165505/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/eboo_patel/2010/03/obama_and_his_council.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 25, 2010 |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> |
In the United States, writer [[Catherine Crier]] wondered in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' about whether Americans had lost sight of [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s sense of active citizenship. Crier lamented how Americans have tended to neglect participating in voluntary associations, and tend to live as "strangers apart from the rest", quoting [[Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]].<ref name="twsJun16zzz1">{{cite news |author= Catherine Crier |author-link=Catherine Crier |title= A Degree in Citizenship |work= [[Huffington Post]] |quote= [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], described our challenge over a century ago in his monumental work, Democracy in America. So clearly did he see the strength of a democracy and the weakness of human character, his words might have been written today. He said, in summary, that our real power as a people came through voluntary associations. Our personal freedoms would be protected if we could voluntarily resolve the problems of society, rather than permit the heavy hand of government to do it for us. But he recognized our great weakness--the willingness to live 'as strangers apart from the rest'.... we Americans have failed to shoulder our responsibilities. The qualities of active citizenship that Jefferson ascribed to us have not been realized, nor have our appointed leaders lived up to their noble assignment. |date= May 21, 2006 |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/catherine-crier/a-degree-in-citizenship_b_21404.html |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> In contrast, writer [[Eboo Patel]] in ''[[Newsweek]]'' suggested that President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] had a somewhat different sense of active citizenship, meaning strong families, a vibrant civic center in which persons of different faiths and secular backgrounds work together, with government acting as a "catalyst".<ref name="twsJun16zzz2">{{cite magazine |author= Eboo Patel |author-link=Eboo Patel |title= The Faith Divide |magazine= [[Newsweek]] |quote= Barack Obama's vision of the good society is based on the idea of strong families, a vibrant civic sector that includes groups from various faith and secular backgrounds working together, and a government that serves as a catalyst, a convener and a capacity-builder, while always respecting the line between church and state. And Barack Obama's Faith Council gives me a vision for what active citizenship in that good society can look like. |date= March 18, 2010 |url= http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/eboo_patel/2010/03/obama_and_his_council.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100325165505/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/eboo_patel/2010/03/obama_and_his_council.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 25, 2010 |access-date= 2010-06-16}}</ref> |
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[[Jose Antonio Vargas]] writes in his memoirs, ''Dear America: Notes from an Undocumented Citizen'', that undocumented immigrants, who contribute to the cultural, social, and economic fabrics of their adopted countries, are and ought to be considered citizens of those countries, notwithstanding what immigration authorities call them. He calls this a "citizenship of participation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/interviews/citizenship-participation-talking-jose-antonio-vargas/|title=Citizenship of Participation: Talking to Jose Antonio Vargas|last=Andy Fitch|website=BLARB|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> |
[[Jose Antonio Vargas]] writes in his memoirs, ''Dear America: Notes from an Undocumented Citizen'', that undocumented immigrants, who contribute to the cultural, social, and economic fabrics of their adopted countries, are and ought to be considered citizens of those countries, notwithstanding what immigration authorities call them. He calls this a "citizenship of participation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/interviews/citizenship-participation-talking-jose-antonio-vargas/|title=Citizenship of Participation: Talking to Jose Antonio Vargas|last=Andy Fitch|website=BLARB|date=22 February 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Common good]] |
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* [[Intentional living]] |
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* [[Junior Chamber International]] |
* [[Junior Chamber International]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Life stance]] |
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* [[Liquid democracy]] |
* [[Liquid democracy]] |
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* [[Participatory democracy]] |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Portal bar|Politics|Society|Philosophy}} |
{{Portal bar|Politics|Society|Philosophy}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Active citizenship}} |
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[[Category:Active citizenship| ]] |
[[Category:Active citizenship| ]] |
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[[Category:Social philosophy]] |
[[Category:Social philosophy]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:44, 1 May 2024
 | This article has an unclear citation style. (October 2021) |
Active citizenship involves citizens having control over their daily lives as users of public services, allowing them to influence decisions, voice concerns, and engage with service provision. This includes both choice and voice, enabling citizens to impact service provision by participating in local policies, interacting with institutions, and expressing preferences. It encompasses activities in politics, workplaces, civil society, and private spheres. This concept emphasizes how citizens' interactions with staff, administrators, and politicians at different levels affect their ability to shape services according to their needs. Three dimensions are considered: choice, empowerment, and participation. Choice involves informed decisions about service use, empowerment allows individuals to control their lives as users, and participation includes engaging in policy processes and influencing services.[1]
Description
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
Active citizenship or engaged citizenship refers to active participation of a citizen under the law of a nation discussing and educating themselves in politics and society,[2] as well as a philosophy espoused by organizations and educational institutions which advocates that individuals, charitable organizations, and companies have certain roles and responsibilities to society and the environment. Active citizens may be involved in public advocacy and protest, working to effect change in their communities.
Active citizenship can be seen as an articulation of the debate over rights versus responsibilities. If a body gives rights to the people under its remit, then those same people might have certain responsibilities to uphold. This would be most obvious at a country or nation-state level, but could also be of wider scope, such as the Internet (netizen) or Earth (global citizenship). The implication is that an active citizen fulfills both their rights and responsibilities in a balanced way.[original research?]
A potential problem with this concept is that although rights are often written down as part of the law, responsibilities are not as well defined, and there may be disagreements amongst the citizens as to what the responsibilities are. For example, in the United Kingdom, citizens have the right to free health care, but voting in elections is not compulsory, even though many people would define this as a responsibility.[original research?]
Writing a clear definition of responsibilities for an active citizen can be more problematic than writing a list of rights. For example, although voting might be considered a basic responsibility by many people, there are some who through disability or other issues are not able to participate fully in the voting process.[original research?]
An active citizen is someone who takes a role in the community; the term has been identified with volunteering by writers such as Jonathan Tisch, who wrote in the Huffington Post in 2010 advocating that busy Americans should try to help others, particularly by offering high-level professional expertise in such areas as banking, education, engineering, and technology to help the less fortunate.[3]
Active citizenship is considered a buzzword by some[who?]due to its vague definition. Examples include volunteering, donating, and recycling.
Developments in social media and media literacy have changed how scholars begin to look at, and define active citizenship.[4] Active citizenship in politics can lead to an apparent consumption of the engaged person rather than offering people with an informed, active opinion.[5] Social media sites let people spread information, and create events to provide opportunities for engaged citizenship.[6]
Social media and the internet provide a public access point to government affairs, and police, away from town hall meetings, creating communities with similar concerns to recognize the pitfalls of governments and government policies.[6]
Examples of active citizenship in education
[edit]Due to concerns over such things as a lack of interest in elections (reflected by low voter turnout), the British Government has launched a citizenship education program.[when?] Citizenship education is now compulsory in UK schools up to 14 and is often available as an option beyond that age.
In Scotland, UK, active citizenship has been one of the three major themes of community policy since The Osler Report (section 6.6) in 1998. The Scottish Government's 2009 guidelines for community learning and development, Working and Learning Together, has active citizenship as a target within other policy aims. Britain has a points-based immigration system, and in 2009 was considering a probationary period for newly admitted immigrants which would examine, in part, how well they were being so-called active citizens.[7]
In Denmark, active citizenship is part of the curriculum in Danish teacher's education. The course is defined as 36 lessons.[8]
In Canada, there is an Active Citizenship Course being run at Mohawk College in Hamilton, Ontario. It is a compulsory course that is delivered by the Language Studies Department to all students at the college.
In the United States, writer Catherine Crier wondered in the Huffington Post about whether Americans had lost sight of Thomas Jefferson's sense of active citizenship. Crier lamented how Americans have tended to neglect participating in voluntary associations, and tend to live as "strangers apart from the rest", quoting Tocqueville.[9] In contrast, writer Eboo Patel in Newsweek suggested that President Obama had a somewhat different sense of active citizenship, meaning strong families, a vibrant civic center in which persons of different faiths and secular backgrounds work together, with government acting as a "catalyst".[10]
Jose Antonio Vargas writes in his memoirs, Dear America: Notes from an Undocumented Citizen, that undocumented immigrants, who contribute to the cultural, social, and economic fabrics of their adopted countries, are and ought to be considered citizens of those countries, notwithstanding what immigration authorities call them. He calls this a "citizenship of participation".[11]
See also
[edit]- Common good
- Intentional living
- Junior Chamber International
- Life stance
- Liquid democracy
- Participatory democracy
Notes and references
[edit]- ^ Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Saglie, Jo (2017-08-29). Promoting Active Citizenship: Markets and Choice in Scandinavian Welfare. Springer. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-3-319-55381-8.
- ^ Lewis, Justin; Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin; Inthorn, Sanna (2004-05-01). "Images of citizenship on television news: constructing a passive public". Journalism Studies. 5 (2): 153–164. doi:10.1080/1461670042000211140. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 145242468.
- ^ Jonathan Tisch (April 27, 2010). "Active Citizenship: A New Approach to Volunteering". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
I introduced Citizen You, the movement I've spearheaded to encourage Americans to utilize their professional skills to help others. This new kind of volunteering, which has come to be known as 'active citizenship,' is a fresh, innovative solution to an old problem: Countless busy Americans would love to help others, but simply don't have the time to figure out the perfect way to be useful. What could be more useful than applying high-level professional expertise -- in banking, law, education, engineering, technology, and other fields -- toward problems faced by those who are less fortunate?
- ^ Mihailidis, Paul; Thevenin, Benjamin (2013-11-01). "Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (11): 1611–1622. doi:10.1177/0002764213489015. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 145079247.
- ^ FAUCHEUX, RON. "Guest column: When engaged citizens become consumed, politics disrupt lives, affect personal happiness". The Advocate. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ a b Fakhoury, Rania. "Can Social Media, Loud and Inclusive, Fix World Politics?". thewire.in. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Gaëlle Faure (August 12, 2009). "British Citizenship: Points Off for Protest?". Time. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
Becoming British just got trickier. Under a new government proposal announced on Aug. 3, would-be Brits may have to work a little bit harder to get their citizenship when a second test is added to the country's points-based immigration system. If the plan goes through, applicants would serve a term as 'probationary citizens,' winning or losing points on the path to the passport depending on how well they fit into British society. Critics have also attacked the ways points could be awarded. Some worry that the 'active citizenship' fast track would coerce candidates into volunteering,
- ^ "Curriculum in Danish". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
- ^ Catherine Crier (May 21, 2006). "A Degree in Citizenship". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
Alexis de Tocqueville, described our challenge over a century ago in his monumental work, Democracy in America. So clearly did he see the strength of a democracy and the weakness of human character, his words might have been written today. He said, in summary, that our real power as a people came through voluntary associations. Our personal freedoms would be protected if we could voluntarily resolve the problems of society, rather than permit the heavy hand of government to do it for us. But he recognized our great weakness--the willingness to live 'as strangers apart from the rest'.... we Americans have failed to shoulder our responsibilities. The qualities of active citizenship that Jefferson ascribed to us have not been realized, nor have our appointed leaders lived up to their noble assignment.
- ^ Eboo Patel (March 18, 2010). "The Faith Divide". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
Barack Obama's vision of the good society is based on the idea of strong families, a vibrant civic sector that includes groups from various faith and secular backgrounds working together, and a government that serves as a catalyst, a convener and a capacity-builder, while always respecting the line between church and state. And Barack Obama's Faith Council gives me a vision for what active citizenship in that good society can look like.
- ^ Andy Fitch (22 February 2019). "Citizenship of Participation: Talking to Jose Antonio Vargas". BLARB. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
