Wild goat: Difference between revisions

Wild goat; Temporal range: 2.58–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Pleistocene - Recent
	Bezoar ibex, Capra aegagrus aegagrus
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Subfamily:	Caprinae
Tribe:	Caprini
Genus:	Capra
Species:	C. aegagrus
Binomial name
	Capra aegagrus; Erxleben, 1777
Subspecies
	Capra aegagrus aegagrus; Capra aegagrus blythi; Capra aegagrus chialtanensis; Capra aegagrus turcmenica;

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The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is a wild goat species, inhabiting forests, shrublands and rocky areas ranging from Turkey and the Caucasus in the west to Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. It has been listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by destruction and degradation of habitat.^[1]

It is thought to be the ancestor of the domestic goat (C. hircus).^[2]

Taxonomy

Capra aegagrus was the first scientific name proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777 for the wild goat populations of the Caucasus and Taurus Mountains.^[3] Capra blythi (proposed by Allan Octavian Hume in 1874) was given to wild goat horns found from Sindh.^[4]

The following wild goat subspecies are considered valid taxa:^{[citation needed]}

Bezoar ibex C. a. aegagrus
Sindh ibex C. a. blythi
Chiltan ibex C. a. chialtanensis
Turkmen wild goat C. a. turcmenica

The Cretan goat (formerly C. a. pictus), or kri-kri, was once thought to be a subspecies of wild goat, but is now considered to be a feral descendant of the domestic goat (Capra hircus), now known as Capra hircus cretica.

Distribution and habitat

Wild goat kid in Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park

In Turkey, the wild goat occurs in the Aegean, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Southeastern and the Eastern Anatolia Regions up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in the Taurus and Anti-Taurus Mountains.^{[citation needed]}

In the Caucasus, it inhabits montane forests in the river basins of Andi Koysu and its tributaries in Dagestan, Chechnya and Georgia up to 2,700 m (8,900 ft).^[5]^[6]

In Armenia, wild goats were recorded in the Zangezur Mountains, in Khosrov State Reserve, and in highlands of the Syunik Province during field surveys from 2006 to 2007.^[7] In Azerbaijan, wild goats occur in Ordubad National Park, Daralayaz and Murovdag mountain areas in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.^[8] In Iran's Haftad Gholleh Protected Area, wild goat herds live foremost in west-facing areas with rocky substrates, water sources and steep slopes that are far from roads.^[9] In Turkmenistan, wild goat populations inhabit the mountain ranges of Uly Balkan^[1] and Kopet Dag.^[10] In Pakistan, wild goat herds occur in Kirthar National Park.^[11]

Behaviour and ecology

In Kirthar National Park, 283 wild goat groups were observed for 10 months in 1986. The group sizes ranged from two to 131 individuals but varied seasonally, with a mean ratio of two females per male.^[11]

In Dagestan, male wild goats start courting females in mid December. The rutting season lasts until the third week of January. Females give birth to between one and three kids in late June to mid July.^[6]

Older males drive younger males from the maternal herds. The gestation period averages 170 days. Kids are mobile almost immediately after birth. Kids are weaned after 6 months. Female goats reach sexual maturity at 1½–2½ years, males at 3½–4 years. The lifespan of a goat can be from 12 to 22 years.

Threats

Wild goat populations are threatened foremost by poaching, habitat loss due to logging, and competition with domestic livestock for food resources.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weinberg, P.; Ambarli, H. (2020). "Capra aegagrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3786A22145942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3786A22145942.en. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ Mannen, H.; Nagata, Y.; Tsuji, S. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (Capra hircus) are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (Capra aegagurus)". Biochemical Genetics. 39 (5−6): 145−154. doi:10.1023/A:1010266207735. PMID 11530852. S2CID 24146711.
^ Erxleben, J. C. P. (1777). "Capra aegagrus". Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia. Lipsiae: Weygandt. pp. 520–521.
^ Hume, A. C. (1874). "Note on two apparently undescribed species of Goat from Northern India and a new species of Dove from the Nicobar Islands". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (December): 240–241.
^ Akhmedov, E. G.; Yarovenko, Y. A.; Nasrullaev, N. I.; Babaev, E. A.; Akhmedov, S. G. (2009). "Conservation of the Bezoar Goat in the Eastern Caucasus". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 26−31.
^ ^a ^b Weinberg, P. (2014). "On the status and biology of the wild goat in Daghestan (Russia)". Journal of Mountain Ecology. 6 (6): 31−40.
^ Khorozyan, I. G.; Weinberg, P. I.; Malkhasyan, A. G. (2009). "Conservation Strategy for Armenian Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Armenia". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 37−45.
^ Talibov, T. H.; Weinberg, P. I.; Mammadov, I. B.; Mammadov, E. N.; Talibov, S. T. (2009). "Conservation Strategy of the Asiatic Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and the Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Azerbaijan". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 46−52.
^ Esfandabad, B.S.; Karami, M.; Hemami, M.R.; Riazi, B. & Sadough, M.B. (2010). "Habitat associations of wild goat in central Iran: implications for conservation" (PDF). European Journal of Wildlife Research. 56 (6): 883–894. doi:10.1007/s10344-010-0386-9. S2CID 23188666.^{[dead link]}
^ Korshunov, V. M. (1994). "Ecology of the Bearded Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben 1777) in Turkmenistan". Biogeography and ecology of Turkmenistan. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 72. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 231−246.
^ ^a ^b Edge, W. D. & Olson-Edge, S. L. (1990). "Population Characteristics and Group Composition of Capra aegagrus in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (2): 156–160. doi:10.2307/1382162. JSTOR 1382162.

External links

"Capra aegagrus: Wild goat videos, photos and facts". Arkive. Archived from the original on 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
"Crete Wild Goat Capra aegagrus cretica". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

[iucn-1] Weinberg, P.; Ambarli, H. (2020). "Capra aegagrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3786A22145942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3786A22145942.en. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

[2] Mannen, H.; Nagata, Y.; Tsuji, S. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (Capra hircus) are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (Capra aegagurus)". Biochemical Genetics. 39 (5−6): 145−154. doi:10.1023/A:1010266207735. PMID 11530852. S2CID 24146711.

[3] Erxleben, J. C. P. (1777). "Capra aegagrus". Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia. Lipsiae: Weygandt. pp. 520–521.

[4] Hume, A. C. (1874). "Note on two apparently undescribed species of Goat from Northern India and a new species of Dove from the Nicobar Islands". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (December): 240–241.

[5] Akhmedov, E. G.; Yarovenko, Y. A.; Nasrullaev, N. I.; Babaev, E. A.; Akhmedov, S. G. (2009). "Conservation of the Bezoar Goat in the Eastern Caucasus". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 26−31.

[Weinberg2014-6] Weinberg, P. (2014). "On the status and biology of the wild goat in Daghestan (Russia)". Journal of Mountain Ecology. 6 (6): 31−40.

[7] Khorozyan, I. G.; Weinberg, P. I.; Malkhasyan, A. G. (2009). "Conservation Strategy for Armenian Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Armenia". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 37−45.

[8] Talibov, T. H.; Weinberg, P. I.; Mammadov, I. B.; Mammadov, E. N.; Talibov, S. T. (2009). "Conservation Strategy of the Asiatic Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and the Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Azerbaijan". In Zazanashvili, N.; Mallon, D. (eds.). Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus (PDF). Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. pp. 46−52.

[9] Esfandabad, B.S.; Karami, M.; Hemami, M.R.; Riazi, B. & Sadough, M.B. (2010). "Habitat associations of wild goat in central Iran: implications for conservation" (PDF). European Journal of Wildlife Research. 56 (6): 883–894. doi:10.1007/s10344-010-0386-9. S2CID 23188666.^{[dead link]}

[10] Korshunov, V. M. (1994). "Ecology of the Bearded Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben 1777) in Turkmenistan". Biogeography and ecology of Turkmenistan. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 72. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 231−246.

[Edge1990-11] Edge, W. D. & Olson-Edge, S. L. (1990). "Population Characteristics and Group Composition of Capra aegagrus in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (2): 156–160. doi:10.2307/1382162. JSTOR 1382162.

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@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-The '''wild goat''' or '''West Asian ibex''' (''Capra aegagrus'') is a wild [[Capra (genus)|goat]] [[species]], inhabiting forests, shrublands and rocky areas ranging from [[Turkey]] and the [[Caucasus]] in the west to [[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] in the east. It has been listed as near threatened on the [[IUCN Red List]] and is threatened by [[Habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[Habitat degradation|degradation]] of habitat.<ref name=iucn/>
+The '''wild goat''' ('''''Capra aegagrus''''') is a [[Capra (genus)|wild goat]] [[species]], inhabiting forests, [[shrubland]]s and rocky areas ranging from [[Turkey]] and the [[Caucasus]] in the west to [[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] in the east. It has been listed as near threatened on the [[IUCN Red List]] and is threatened by [[Habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[Habitat degradation|degradation]] of habitat.<ref name=iucn/>
-It is one of the ancestors of the [[domestic goat]] (''C. hircus'').<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mannen, H. |author2=Nagata, Y. |author3=Tsuji, S. |year=2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (''Capra aegagurus'') |journal=Biochemical Genetics |volume=39 |issue=5−6 |pages=145−154 |doi=10.1023/A:1010266207735 |pmid=11530852|s2cid=24146711 }}</ref>
+It is thought to be the ancestor of the [[domestic goat]] (''C. hircus'').<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mannen, H. |author2=Nagata, Y. |author3=Tsuji, S. |year=2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (''Capra aegagurus'') |journal=Biochemical Genetics |volume=39 |issue=5−6 |pages=145−154 |doi=10.1023/A:1010266207735 |pmid=11530852|s2cid=24146711 }}</ref>
 ==Taxonomy==
-''Capra aegagrus'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] in 1777 for the wild goat populations of the Caucasus and Taurus Mountains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |year=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=''Capra aegagrus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/260}}</ref>
+''Capra aegagrus'' was the first [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] in 1777 for the wild goat populations of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] and [[Taurus Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |year=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=''Capra aegagrus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/260}}</ref> ''Capra blythi'' (proposed by [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in 1874) was given to wild goat horns found from [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hume |first1=A. C.  |year=1874 |title=Note on two apparently undescribed species of Goat from Northern India and a new species of Dove from the Nicobar Islands |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |issue=December |pages=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1874asia/page/240 240]–241 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1874asia}}</ref>
-''Capra blythi'' proposed by [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in 1874 were wild goat horns from [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hume |first1=A. C.  |year=1874 |title=Note on two apparently undescribed species of Goat from Northern India and a new species of Dove from the Nicobar Islands |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |issue=December |pages=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1874asia/page/240 240]–241 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1874asia}}</ref>
 The following wild goat subspecies are considered valid taxa:{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
 *[[Bezoar ibex]] ''C. a. aegagrus''
 *[[Sindh ibex]] ''C. a. blythi''
+*[[Chiltan ibex]] ''C. a. chialtanensis''
-<!-- unsourced that the following subspecies are valid:
+*[[Turkmen wild goat]] ''C. a. turcmenica''
-*''Capra aegagrus chialtanensis'' ([[Chiltan ibex]])
-*''Capra aegagrus turcmenica'' ([[Turkmen wild goat]])
+The [[Kri-kri|Cretan goat]] (formerly ''C. a. pictus''), or ''kri-kri'', was once thought to be a subspecies of wild goat, but is now considered to be a [[feral goat|feral descendant of the domestic goat]] (''Capra hircus''), now known as ''Capra hircus cretica''.
-*''Capra aegagrus pictus'' -->
 ==Distribution and habitat==
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 [[File:ნიამორი.jpg|thumb|Wild goat kid in [[Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park]]]]
 [[File:Wild Goat, Zagros, Behbahan.jpg|alt=Wild Goat Herd, Behbahan|thumb|Wild goat herd in [[Behbahan]]]]
-In Turkey, the wild goat occurs in the [[Aegean Region|Aegean]], [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean]], [[Black Sea Region|Black Sea]], [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern]] and the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]s up to {{convert|4500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] and [[Anti-Taurus Mountains]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gundogdu, E. |author2=Ogurlu, I. |year=2009 |title=The distribution of Wild Goat ''Capra aegagrus'' Erxleben 1877 and population characteristics in Isparta, Turkey |journal=Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=2318−2324 |url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/javaa/2009/2318-2324.pdf}}</ref>
+In Turkey, the wild goat occurs in the [[Aegean Region|Aegean]], [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean]], [[Black Sea Region|Black Sea]], [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern]] and the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]]s up to {{cvt|4500|m}} in the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] and [[Anti-Taurus Mountains]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
-In the Caucasus, it inhabits [[montane forest]]s in the river basins of [[Andi Koysu]] and its tributaries in [[Dagestan]], [[Chechnya]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] up to {{convert|2700|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Akhmedov, E. G. |author2=Yarovenko, Y. A. |author3=Nasrullaev, N. I. |author4=Babaev, E. A. |author5=Akhmedov, S. G. |year=2009 |title=Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus |editor1=Zazanashvili, N. |editor2=Mallon, D. |publisher=CEPF, WWF |location=Tbilisi |chapter=Conservation of the Bezoar Goat in the Eastern Caucasus |pages=26−31 |url=https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/status-and-protection-globally-threatened-species-caucasus.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Weinberg2014>{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=P. |year=2014 |title=On the status and biology of the wild goat in Daghestan (Russia) |journal=Journal of Mountain Ecology |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=31−40 |url=http://www.mountainecology.org/index.php/me/article/view/22}}</ref>
+In the Caucasus, it inhabits [[montane forest]]s in the river basins of [[Andi Koysu]] and its tributaries in [[Dagestan]], [[Chechnya]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] up to {{cvt|2700|m}}.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Akhmedov, E. G. |author2=Yarovenko, Y. A. |author3=Nasrullaev, N. I. |author4=Babaev, E. A. |author5=Akhmedov, S. G. |year=2009 |title=Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus |editor1=Zazanashvili, N. |editor2=Mallon, D. |publisher=CEPF, WWF |location=Tbilisi |chapter=Conservation of the Bezoar Goat in the Eastern Caucasus |pages=26−31 |url=https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/status-and-protection-globally-threatened-species-caucasus.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Weinberg2014>{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=P. |year=2014 |title=On the status and biology of the wild goat in Daghestan (Russia) |journal=Journal of Mountain Ecology |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=31−40 |url=http://www.mountainecology.org/index.php/me/article/view/22}}</ref>
 In [[Armenia]], wild goats were recorded in the [[Zangezur Mountains]], in [[Khosrov State Reserve]], and in highlands of the [[Syunik Province]] during field surveys from 2006 to 2007.<ref>{{cite book |author=Khorozyan, I. G. |author2=Weinberg, P. I. |author3=Malkhasyan, A. G. |year=2009 |title=Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus |editor1=Zazanashvili, N. |editor2=Mallon, D. |publisher=CEPF, WWF |location=Tbilisi |chapter=Conservation Strategy for Armenian Mouflon (''Ovis [orientalis] gmelini'' Blyth) and Bezoar Goat (''Capra aegagrus'' Erxleben) in Armenia |pages=37−45 |url=https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/status-and-protection-globally-threatened-species-caucasus.pdf}}</ref>
 In [[Azerbaijan]], wild goats occur in [[Ordubad National Park]], Daralayaz and [[Murovdag]] mountain areas in [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Talibov, T. H. |author2=Weinberg, P. I. |author3=Mammadov, I. B. |author4=Mammadov, E. N. |author5=Talibov, S. T. |year=2009 |title=Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus |editor1=Zazanashvili, N. |editor2=Mallon, D. |publisher=CEPF, WWF |location=Tbilisi |chapter=Conservation Strategy of the Asiatic Mouflon (''Ovis [orientalis] gmelini'' Blyth) and the Bezoar Goat (''Capra aegagrus'' Erxleben) in Azerbaijan |pages=46−52 |url=https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/status-and-protection-globally-threatened-species-caucasus.pdf}}</ref>
-In [[Iran]]'s [[Haftad Gholleh Protected Area]], wild goat herds live foremost in west-facing areas with rocky substrates, water sources and steep slopes that are far from roads.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Esfandabad, B.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Karami, M. |author3=Hemami, M.R. |author4=Riazi, B. |author5=Sadough, M.B. |year=2010 |title=Habitat associations of wild goat in central Iran: implications for conservation |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=883–894 |doi=10.1007/s10344-010-0386-9 |s2cid=23188666 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/47191616/Habitat_associations_of_wild_goat_in_cen20160712-11129-16sv0b6.pdf}}</ref>
+In [[Iran]]'s [[Haftad Gholleh Protected Area]], wild goat herds live foremost in west-facing areas with rocky substrates, water sources and steep slopes that are far from roads.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Esfandabad, B.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Karami, M. |author3=Hemami, M.R. |author4=Riazi, B. |author5=Sadough, M.B. |year=2010 |title=Habitat associations of wild goat in central Iran: implications for conservation |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=883–894 |doi=10.1007/s10344-010-0386-9 |s2cid=23188666 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/47191616/Habitat_associations_of_wild_goat_in_cen20160712-11129-16sv0b6.pdf}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 In [[Turkmenistan]], wild goat populations inhabit the mountain ranges of [[Uly Balkan]]<ref name=iucn/> and [[Kopet Dag]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korshunov |first1=V. M. |year=1994 |chapter=Ecology of the Bearded Goat (''Capra aegagrus'' Erxleben 1777) in Turkmenistan |title=Biogeography and ecology of Turkmenistan |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=72 |pages=231−246 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht}}</ref>
-In [[Pakistan]], wild goat herds occur in [[Kirthar National Park]].<ref name=Edge1990>{{cite journal |author1=Edge, W. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Olson-Edge, S. L. |year=1990 |title=Population Characteristics and Group Composition of ''Capra aegagrus'' in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=156–160 |doi=10.2307/1382162|jstor=1382162 }}</ref>
+In [[Pakistan]], wild goat herds occur in [[Kirthar National Park]].<ref name=Edge1990>{{cite journal |author1=Edge, W. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Olson-Edge, S. L. |year=1990 |title=Population Characteristics and Group Composition of ''Capra aegagrus'' in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=156–160 |doi=10.2307/1382162|jstor=1382162}}</ref>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
@@ Line 67: / Line 66: @@
 {{Commons category}}
 *{{cite web|title=''Capra aegagrus'': Wild goat videos, photos and facts|url=http://www.arkive.org/wild-goat/capra-aegagrus/|website=Arkive|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612005913/http://www.arkive.org/wild-goat/capra-aegagrus/|archive-date=2017-06-12|url-status=dead}}
-*{{cite web|title=Crete Wild Goat ''Capra aegagrus cretica'' |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/sheep-goats-chamois-and-musk-ox-1254385523/capra-aegagrus-cretica |website=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums}}
+*{{cite web |title=Crete Wild Goat ''Capra aegagrus cretica'' |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/sheep-goats-chamois-and-musk-ox-1254385523/capra-aegagrus-cretica |website=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums |access-date=2017-06-18 |archive-date=2016-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017100910/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/sheep-goats-chamois-and-musk-ox-1254385523/capra-aegagrus-cretica |url-status=dead }}
 {{Artiodactyla|R.3}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q178228}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wild Goat}}
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 [[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Extant Pleistocene first appearances]]
+[[Category:Habitats Directive species]]