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{{Short description|Bulgarian dialect of Romania and Serbia}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Banat Bulgarian
| name = Banat Bulgarian
|nativename=Palćena balgarsćija jázić
| nativename = Palćena balgarsćija jazić
|altname=Banátsća balgarsćija jázić
| altname = Banátsća balgarsćija jazić
|states=[[Romania]] ([[Banat]], [[Transylvania]]), [[Serbia]] ([[Vojvodina]])
| states = [[Romania]] ([[Banat]], [[Transylvania]]), [[Serbia]] ([[Vojvodina]])
|speakers=8,000–15,000
| speakers = 8,000–15,000{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
| date = no date
|ref={{cn|date=July 2013}}
| ref =
|familycolor=Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam4=[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam5=Eastern South Slavic
| fam4 = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| fam5 = [[Eastern South Slavic]]
|fam6=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| fam6 = [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|nation=
| fam7 = [[Bulgarian dialects|Eastern Bulgarian]]
|agency=
| fam8 = [[Rup dialects|Rup]]
⚫
|isoexception=dialect
| fam9 = [[Paulician dialect|Paulician]]
⚫
|linglist=bul-ban
| nation =
|glotto=none
| agency =
⚫
|notice=IPA
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
⚫
| isoexception = dialect
⚫
| linglist = bul-ban
| glotto = bana1308
⚫
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}


'''Banat Bulgarian''' (Banat Bulgarian: ''Palćena balgarsćija jázić'' or ''Banátsća balgarsćija jázić''; {{lang-bg|банатски български език}}, {{lang|bg-Latn|Banatski balgarski ezik}}; {{lang-de|Banater Bulgarische Sprache}}; {{lang-hu|Bánsági bolgár nyelv}}; {{lang-ro|Limba bulgarilor bănăţeni}}; {{lang-sr|Banatski bugarski jezik}}) is the outermost dialect of the [[Bulgarian language]] with standardized writing and an old literary tradition. It is spoken by the [[Banat Bulgarians]] in the [[Banat]] region, in [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]]. Officially, it is spoken by 8,000 people (1,658 in Serbia, and 6,500 in Romania), though other estimates give numbers up to 15,000.
'''Banat Bulgarian''' (Banat Bulgarian: ''Palćena balgarsćija jazić'' or ''Banátsća balgarsćija jazić''; {{lang-bg|банатскa българскa книжовна норма|translit=banatska bâlgarska knižovna norma}}) is the outermost dialect of the [[Bulgarian language]] with standardized writing and an old literary tradition. It is spoken by the [[Banat Bulgarians]] in the [[Banat]] region, in [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]]. Officially, it is spoken by 8,000 people (1,658 in Serbia, and 6,500 in Romania), though other estimates give numbers up to 15,000.


In 1998, [[Jáni Vasilčin]] from [[Dudeştii Vechi]] translated the [[New Testament]] into Banat Bulgarian: ''Svetotu Pismu Novija Zákun.'' In 2017 published [[Ána Marijka Bodor]] an Banat Bulgarian translation<ref>[https://miselj.blogspot.com/2018/03/cdlvii-manenija-princ.html?m=1 CDLVII. MANENIJA PRINC – Preubarnata ud Ána Marijka BODOR, rudéna KÁLÁPIŠ (miselj.blogspot.com)]</ref> of [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]''.
In 1998, [[Jáni Vasilčin]] from [[Dudeştii Vechi]] translated the [[New Testament]] into Banat Bulgarian: ''Svetotu Pismu Novija Zákun.'' In 2017 [[Ána Marijka Bodor]] published a Banat Bulgarian translation<ref>[https://miselj.blogspot.com/2018/03/cdlvii-manenija-princ.html?m=1 CDLVII. MANENIJA PRINC – Preubarnata ud Ána Marijka BODOR, rudéna KÁLÁPIŠ (miselj.blogspot.com)]</ref> of [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince|Little Prince]]''.


== Origins ==
== Origins ==
{{further|Banat Bulgarians}}
{{further|Banat Bulgarians}}
The Banat Bulgarians are predominantly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] people. Their ancestors arrived in the region centuries ago from Northern Bulgaria. They settled in [[Oltenia]] under the [[Wallachia]]n prince, then when Oltenia fell to the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], they fled to [[Hungary]]. The ancestor of the Banat Bulgarian language is the [[Paulician dialect]], member of the [[Rup dialects|Rup dialect]] group.
The [[Banat Bulgarians]] are predominantly [[Catholic Church in Bulgaria|Roman Catholic]] people. Their ancestors arrived in the region centuries ago from Northern Bulgaria after the failure of the [[Chiprovtsi uprising]]. They settled in [[Oltenia]] under the [[Wallachia]]n prince, then when Oltenia fell to the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], they fled to [[Hungary]]. The ancestor of the Banat Bulgarian language is the [[Paulician dialect]], member of the [[Rup dialects|Rup dialect]] group.


== History ==
== History ==


⚫
In the 1740s, [[Blasius Hristofor]] instituted the first school in Dudeştii Vechi in which Banat Bulgarian was taught using the [[Latin script]]. Some Bulgarian priests of the time already used the Latin alphabet, banned by the bishops. In the 19th century, the group's national consciousness strengthened and more Banat books were written.


⚫
In the 19th century, Banat Bulgarian schools used the [[Illyrian (South Slavic)|Illyrian-Slavic language]]. In the course of using [[Illyrian movement|Illyrian-Slavic]], more [[Slavonic languages|Slovenisms]] entered the language.
⚫
In the 1740s, [[Blasius Hristofor]] instituted the first school in Dudeştii Vechi in which Banat Bulgarian was taught using the [[Latin script]]. Some Bulgarian priests of the time already used the Latin alphabet, banned by the bishops. In the 19th century, the group's national consciousness strengthened and more Banat books were written.


⚫
The [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] [[Imre Berecz]] and the Croatian [[András Klobucsár]] wrote a few books in their mother tongue. Berecz wrote a catechism in Banat Bulgarian (1851). Klobucsár designed a prayer- and hymn-book. One of the teachers, [[János Uzun]], also wrote secular verses. In 1866, [[József Rill]] standardised the Banat Bulgarian language and published ''Bâlgàrskutu právupísanji (Bulgarian Orthography).''
⚫
In the 19th century, Banat Bulgarian schools used the [[Illyrian movement|Illyrian-Slavic language]]. In the course of using Illyrian-Slavic, the more [[Slovene language|Slovenisms]] entered the language.


⚫
''Bâlgarskutu právupísanji'' was used to design coursebooks in Banat Bulgarian, including an ABC book and reader, together with ''Biblijata'' and ''Gulemija Kátaćizmus.'' Teacher [[Leopold Koszilkov]] was also translating Gospels. [[Fránc Glász]] and the [[Germans|German]] [[Ludovik Fischer]] wrote a prayer-book. This were notable works notables in Banat Bulgarian literature, as were very popular. The prayerbooks contain prayers, hymns and the biographies of saints. Koszilkov published calendars.
⚫
The [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] [[Imre Berecz]] and the Croatian [[András Klobucsár]] wrote a few books in their mother tongue. Berecz wrote a catechism in Banat Bulgarian (1851). Klobucsár designed a prayer- and hymn-book. One of the teachers, [[János Uzun]], also wrote secular verses. In 1866, [[József Rill]] standardised the Banat Bulgarian language and published ''Balgarsku právupisanj (Bulgarian Orthography).''


⚫
Banat Bulgarians retained their language. [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]] were used in schools, but in the catechisms henceforward Banat Bulgarian was used.
⚫
The Balgarsku právupisanj was used to design coursebooks in Banat Bulgarian, including an ABC book and reader, together with ''Biblijata'' and ''Gulemija Kátaæizmus.'' Teacher [[Leopold Koszilkov]] was also translating Gospels. [[Fránc Glász]] and the [[Germans|German]] [[Ludovik Fischer]] wrote a prayer-book. This were notable works notables in Banat Bulgarian literature, as were very popular. The prayerbooks contain prayers, hymns and the biographies of saints. Koszilkov published calendars.

⚫
Banat Bulgarians retained their language. [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] were used in schools, but in the catechisms henceforward Banat Bulgarian was used.


== Linguistic features ==
== Linguistic features ==
The vernacular of the Bulgarians of Banat can be classified as a [[Paulician dialect]] of the Eastern Bulgarian group. A typical feature is the "ы" (*y) vowel, which can either take an etymological place or replace "i".<ref name=ivanova>Иванова, ''Говорът и книжовноезиковата практика на българите-католици от сръбски Банат''.</ref> Other characteristic phonological features are the "ê" (wide "e") reflex of the [[Old Church Slavonic]] [[yat]] and the reduction of "o" into "u" and sometimes "e" into "i": ''puljé'' instead of ''pole'' ("field"), ''sélu'' instead of ''selo'' ("village"), ''ugništi'' instead of ''ognište'' ("fireplace").<ref name=ivanova/> Another feature is the [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of final consonants, which is typical for other [[Slavic languages]] but found only in some nonstandard dialects in Bulgarian (in such dialects the word ''den'' ("day") sounds like ''denj'')<ref name=stoykov>Стойков, ''Банатски говор''.</ref> and not in standard Bulgarian.
The vernacular of the Bulgarians of Banat can be classified as a [[Paulician dialect]] of the Eastern Bulgarian group. A typical feature is the "ы" (*y) vowel, which can either take an etymological place or replace "i".<ref name=ivanova>Иванова, ''Говорът и книжовноезиковата практика на българите-католици от сръбски Банат''.</ref> Other characteristic phonological features are the "ê" (wide "e") reflex of the [[Old Church Slavonic]] [[yat]] and the reduction of "o" into "u" and sometimes "e" into "i": ''puljé'' instead of ''pole'' ("field"), ''sélu'' instead of ''selo'' ("village"), ''ugništi'' instead of ''ognište'' ("fireplace").<ref name=ivanova/> Another feature is the [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of final consonants, which is typical for other [[Slavic languages]] but found only in some nonstandard dialects of Bulgarian (in such dialects the word ''den'' ("day") sounds like ''denj'')<ref name=stoykov>Стойков, ''Банатски говор''.</ref> and not in standard Bulgarian.


Lexically, the language has borrowed many words from languages such as [[German language|German]] (''drot'' from ''Draht'', "wire"; ''gáng'' from ''Gang'', "anteroom, corridor"), Hungarian (''vilánj'' from ''villany'', "electricity"; ''mozi'', "cinema"), Serbian (''stvár'' from ''stvar'', "item, matter"; ''ráčun'' from ''račun'', "account"), and Romanian (''šedinca'' from ''şedinţă'', "conference")<ref>Etymology from Gaberoff Koral German Dictionary (German), [http://dict.sztaki.hu/english-hungarian MTA SZTAKI] (Hungarian), [http://www.krstarica.com/dictionary Serbian-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006220820/http://www.krstarica.com/dictionary/ |date=2009-10-06 }} (Serbo-Croatian) and [http://www.dictionare.com/english/dictionary.htm Dictionare.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028033725/http://www.dictionare.com/english/dictionary.htm |date=2010-10-28 }} (Romanian).</ref>{{better source|date=May 2016|reason=What these refs demonstrate is that the source languages have the word in question. We need refs for the statement that the Banat Bulgarian words were borrowed from these precise languages.}} due to the close contacts with the other peoples of the multiethnic Banat and the religious ties with other Roman Catholic peoples. Banat Bulgarian also has some older loanwords from [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]<ref name=nyagulov-p27>Нягулов, ''Банатските българи'', p. 27.</ref> and [[Greek language|Greek]], which it shares with other Bulgarian dialects (e.g. ''hirgjén'' from Turkish ''ergen'', "unmarried man, bachelor"; ''trandáfer'' from Greek τριαντάφυλλο ''triantafyllo'', "rose").<ref>See ''Sveta ud pukraj námu'' posts [http://starbisnov.blogspot.com/2007/03/127.html #127] and [http://starbisnov.blogspot.com/2007/03/128.html #128] for the words in use. Etymology from [http://www.seslisozluk.com Seslisozluk.com] (Turkish) and [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Kypros.org Lexicon] (Greek).</ref> Loanwords constitute around 20% of the Banat Bulgarian vocabulary.<ref name=stoykov/><ref name=nyagulov-p27/> The names of some Banat Bulgarians are also influenced by Hungarian names, as the [[Hungarian name|Hungarian (eastern) name order]] is sometimes used ([[family name]] followed by [[given name]]) and the female ending "-a" is often dropped from family names. Thus, ''Marija Velčova'' would become ''Velčov Marija''.<ref>For another example, see ''[http://nasaglas.link.ro/2007/NG200705.pdf Náša glás] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225173131/http://nasaglas.link.ro/2007/NG200705.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }}'' of 1 March 2007, p. 6.</ref>
Lexically, the language has borrowed many words from languages such as [[German language|German]] (''drot'' from ''Draht'', "wire"; ''gáng'' from ''Gang'', "anteroom, corridor"), Hungarian (''vilánj'' from ''villany'', "electricity"; ''mozi'', "cinema"), Serbo-Croatian (''stvár'' from ''stvar'', "item, matter"; ''ráčun'' from ''račun'', "account"), and Romanian (''šedinca'' from ''şedinţă'', "conference")<ref>Etymology from Gaberoff Koral German Dictionary (German), [http://dict.sztaki.hu/english-hungarian MTA SZTAKI] (Hungarian), [http://www.krstarica.com/dictionary Serbian-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006220820/http://www.krstarica.com/dictionary/ |date=2009-10-06 }} (Serbo-Croatian) and [http://www.dictionare.com/english/dictionary.htm Dictionare.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028033725/http://www.dictionare.com/english/dictionary.htm |date=2010-10-28 }} (Romanian).</ref>{{better source|date=May 2016|reason=What these refs demonstrate is that the source languages have the word in question. We need refs for the statement that the Banat Bulgarian words were borrowed from these precise languages.}} due to the close contacts with the other peoples of the multiethnic Banat and the religious ties with other Roman Catholic peoples. Banat Bulgarian also has some older loanwords from [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]<ref name=nyagulov-p27>Нягулов, ''Банатските българи'', p. 27.</ref> and [[Greek language|Greek]], which it shares with other Bulgarian dialects (e.g. ''hirgjén'' from Turkish ''ergen'', "unmarried man, bachelor"; ''trandáfer'' from Greek τριαντάφυλλο ''triantafyllo'', "rose").<ref>See ''Sveta ud pukraj námu'' posts [http://starbisnov.blogspot.com/2007/03/127.html #127] and [http://starbisnov.blogspot.com/2007/03/128.html #128] for the words in use. Etymology from [http://www.seslisozluk.com Seslisozluk.com] (Turkish) and [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Kypros.org Lexicon] (Greek).</ref> Loanwords constitute around 20% of the Banat Bulgarian vocabulary.<ref name=stoykov/><ref name=nyagulov-p27/> The names of some Banat Bulgarians are also influenced by Hungarian names, as the [[Hungarian name|Hungarian (eastern) name order]] is sometimes used ([[family name]] followed by [[given name]]) and the female ending "-a" is often dropped from family names. Thus, ''Marija Velčova'' would become ''Velčov Marija''.<ref>For another example, see ''[http://nasaglas.link.ro/2007/NG200705.pdf Náša glás] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225173131/http://nasaglas.link.ro/2007/NG200705.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }}'' of 1 March 2007, p. 6.</ref>


In addition to loanwords, the lexicon of Banat Bulgarian has also acquired [[calque]]s and [[neologism]]s, such as ''svetica'' ("icon", formerly used ''ikona'' and influenced by German ''Heiligenbild''), ''zarno'' ("bullet", from the word meaning "grain"), ''oganbalváč'' ("volcano", literally "fire belcher"), and ''predhurta'' ("foreword").<ref name=stoykov/>
In addition to loanwords, the lexicon of Banat Bulgarian has also acquired [[calque]]s and [[neologism]]s, such as ''svetica'' ("icon", formerly used ''ikona'' and influenced by German ''Heiligenbild''), ''zarno'' ("bullet", from the word meaning "grain"), ''oganbalváč'' ("volcano", literally "fire belcher"), and ''predhurta'' ("foreword").<ref name=stoykov/>


The Banat Bulgarian language has its own alphabet largely based on the Croatian alphabet ([[Gaj's Latin Alphabet]]) and preserves many features that are archaic in the language spoken in Bulgaria. Banat Bulgarian was codified as early as 1866 and is used in literature and the media, which distinguishes it from other Bulgarian dialects.<ref name=stoykov/>
The Banat Bulgarian language has its own alphabet largely based on the Serbo-Croatian [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]] and preserves many features that are archaic in the language spoken in Bulgaria. Banat Bulgarian was codified as early as 1866 and is used in literature and the media, which distinguishes it from other Bulgarian dialects.<ref name=stoykov/>


=== Alphabet ===
=== Alphabet ===
[[File:Bâlgàrskutu právupísanji (The Bulgarian Orthography).pdf|thumb|The first codification of the Banat Bulgarian dialect, named "Bâlgarskutu právupísanji" (Modern: Balgarskutu pravupisanji).]]
The following is the Banat Bulgarian Latin alphabet:<ref>Нягулов, ''Банатските българи'', p. 11.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Банатският говор |last=Стойков |first=Стойко |language=Bulgarian |pages=21–23 |year=1967 |publisher=Издателство на БАН |oclc=71461721 }}</ref>
The following is the Banat Bulgarian Latin alphabet:<ref>Нягулов, ''Банатските българи'', p. 11.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Банатският говор |last=Стойков |first=Стойко |language=bg |pages=21–23 |year=1967 |publisher=Издателство на БАН |isbn=9781137348395 |oclc=71461721 }}</ref>


{| cellpadding="10" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
{| cellpadding="10" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Banat Bulgarian [[Latin script|Latin]]''<br />''[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] equivalents''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[A|А а]]<br />[[Ъ]]<br />{{IPA|/ɤ/}}||[[Á|Á á]]<br />[[А]]<br />{{IPA|/a/}}||[[B|B b]]<br />[[Б]]<br />{{IPA|/b/}}||[[C|C c]]<br />[[Ц]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡s/}}||[[Č|Č č]]<br />[[Ч]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}||[[Ć|Ć ć]]<br />[[Ќ]]&nbsp;(кь)<br />{{IPA|/c/}}||[[D|D d]]<br />[[Д]]<br />{{IPA|/d/}}||[[Dz (digraph)|Dz&nbsp;dz]]<br />[[Ѕ]]&nbsp;(дз)<br />{{IPA|/d͡z/}}||[[Dž|Dž&nbsp;dž]]<br />[[Џ]]&nbsp;(дж)<br />{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}||[[E|E e]]<br />[[Е]]<br />{{IPA|/ɛ/}}||[[É|É é]]<br />[[yat|Ѣ]]<br />{{IPA|/e/}}
|align="left"|''Banat Bulgarian [[Latin script|Latin]]''<br />''[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] equivalents''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[A|А а]]<br />[[Ъ]]<br />{{IPA|/ɤ/}}||[[Á|Á á]]<br />[[А]]<br />{{IPA|/a/}}||[[B|B b]]<br />[[Б]]<br />{{IPA|/b/}}||[[C|C c]]<br />[[Ц]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡s/}}||[[Č|Č č]]<br />[[Ч]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}||[[Ć|Ć ć]]<br />[[Ќ]]&nbsp;(кь)<br />{{IPA|/kʲ/}}||[[D|D d]]<br />[[Д]]<br />{{IPA|/d/}}||[[Dz (digraph)|Dz&nbsp;dz]]<br />[[Ѕ]]&nbsp;(дз)<br />{{IPA|/d͡z/}}||[[Dž|Dž&nbsp;dž]]<br />[[Џ]]&nbsp;(дж)<br />{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}||[[E|E e]]<br />[[Е]]<br />{{IPA|/ɛ/}}||[[É|É é]]<br />[[yat|Ѣ]]<br />{{IPA|/e/}}
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Latin''<br />''Cyrillic''<br />''IPA''||[[F|F f]]<br />[[Ф]]<br />{{IPA|/f/}}||[[G|G g]]<br />[[Г]]<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||[[Gj (letter)|Gj&nbsp;gj]]<br />[[Ѓ]]&nbsp;(гь)<br />{{IPA|/ɟ/}}||[[H|H h]]<br />[[Х]]<br />{{IPA|/h/}}||[[I|I i]]<br />[[И]]<br />{{IPA|/i/}}||[[J|J j]]<br />[[Й]]&nbsp;, [[Ь]]<br />{{IPA|/j/}}||[[K|K k]]<br />[[К]]<br />{{IPA|/k/}}||[[L|L l]]<br />[[Л]]<br />{{IPA|/l/}}||[[Lj (letter)|Lj&nbsp;lj]]<br />[[Љ]]&nbsp;(ль)<br />{{IPA|/ʎ/}}||[[M|M m]]<br />[[М]]<br />{{IPA|/m/}}||[[N|N n]]<br />[[Н]]<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
|align="left"|''Latin''<br />''Cyrillic''<br />''IPA''||[[F|F f]]<br />[[Ф]]<br />{{IPA|/f/}}||[[G|G g]]<br />[[Г]]<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||[[Gj (letter)|Gj&nbsp;gj]]<br />[[Ѓ]]&nbsp;(гь)<br />{{IPA|/gʲ/}}||[[H|H h]]<br />[[Х]]<br />{{IPA|/x/}}||[[I|I i]]<br />[[И]]<br />{{IPA|/i/}}||[[J|J j]]<br />[[Й]]&nbsp;, [[Ь]]<br />{{IPA|/j/}}||[[K|K k]]<br />[[К]]<br />{{IPA|/k/}}||[[L|L l]]<br />[[Л]]<br />{{IPA|/l/}}||[[Lj (letter)|Lj&nbsp;lj]]<br />[[Љ]]&nbsp;(ль)<br />{{IPA|/lʲ/}}||[[M|M m]]<br />[[М]]<br />{{IPA|/m/}}||[[N|N n]]<br />[[Н]]<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
|-
|-
|align="left"|''Latin''<br />''Cyrillic''<br />''IPA''||[[Nj (digraph)|Nj&nbsp;nj]]<br />[[Њ]]&nbsp;(нь)<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||[[O|O o]]<br />[[О]]<br />{{IPA|/ɔ/}}||[[P|P p]]<br />[[П]]<br />{{IPA|/p/}}||[[R|R r]]<br />[[Р]]<br />{{IPA|/r/}}||[[S|S s]]<br />[[С]]<br />{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Š|Š š]]<br />[[Ш]]<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||[[T|T t]]<br />[[Т]]<br />{{IPA|/t/}}||[[U|U u]]<br />[[У]]<br />{{IPA|/u/}}||[[V|V v]]<br />[[В]]<br />{{IPA|/v/}}||[[Z|Z z]]<br />[[З]]<br />{{IPA|/z/}}||[[Ž|Ž ž]]<br />[[Ж]]<br />{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|align="left"|''Latin''<br />''Cyrillic''<br />''IPA''||[[Nj (digraph)|Nj&nbsp;nj]]<br />[[Њ]]&nbsp;(нь)<br />{{IPA|/nʲ/}}||[[O|O o]]<br />[[О]]<br />{{IPA|/ɔ/}}||[[P|P p]]<br />[[П]]<br />{{IPA|/p/}}||[[R|R r]]<br />[[Р]]<br />{{IPA|/r/}}||[[S|S s]]<br />[[С]]<br />{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Š|Š š]]<br />[[Ш]]<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}}||[[T|T t]]<br />[[Т]]<br />{{IPA|/t/}}||[[U|U u]]<br />[[У]]<br />{{IPA|/u/}}||[[V|V v]]<br />[[В]]<br />{{IPA|/v/}}||[[Z|Z z]]<br />[[З]]<br />{{IPA|/z/}}||[[Ž|Ž ž]]<br />[[Ж]]<br />{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|}
|}


=== Examples ===
=== Examples ===
{|border="0"
{|border="0"
!colspan="2"|The [[Lord's Prayer]] in Banat Bulgarian:<ref>{{cite book |title=Svetotu pismu: Novija zákun |language=Banat Bulgarian |publisher=Helicon |isbn=973-574-484-8 |location=Timişoara |year=1998}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|The [[Lord's Prayer]] in Banat Bulgarian:<ref>{{cite book |title=Svetotu pismu: Novija zákun |language=bg|publisher=Helicon |isbn=973-574-484-8 |location=Timişoara |year=1998}}</ref>
|-
|-
!Banat Bulgarian!!English
!Banat Bulgarian!!English
Line 89: Line 95:
!
!
|-
|-
!Standard Bulgarian transliterated!! Standard Bulgarian [[Cyrillic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prayer.su/bulgarian/common/ |title=Отче наш |publisher=Prayer.su |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref>
!Standard Bulgarian transliterated!! Standard Bulgarian [[Cyrillic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prayer.su/bulgarian/common/ |title=Отче наш |publisher=Prayer.su |access-date=2013-06-04}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Otče naš, Ti, kojto si na nebeto, da se sveti imeto Ti, ||Отче наш, Ти, който си на небето, да се свети името Ти,
|Otče naš, Ti, kojto si na nebeto, da se sveti imeto Ti, ||Отче наш, Ти, който си на небето, да се свети името Ти,
Line 107: Line 113:
|ala izbavi ni ot Lukavija. ||ала избави ни от Лукавия.
|ala izbavi ni ot Lukavija. ||ала избави ни от Лукавия.
|}
|}

<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Star beshenov cyrkva nadpis 1.JPG|Inscription about [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] Nikola Stanislavič in the Dudeştii Vechi church
Image:Star beshenov cyrkva nadpis 1.JPG|Inscription about [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] Nikola Stanislavič in the Dudeştii Vechi church
Line 114: Line 119:
Image:Gostilya plaque.jpg|A rare occasion of Banat Bulgarian written in Cyrillic letters in Gostilya, Bulgaria
Image:Gostilya plaque.jpg|A rare occasion of Banat Bulgarian written in Cyrillic letters in Gostilya, Bulgaria
</gallery>
</gallery>
⚫
{{Slavic languages}}
⚫
{{Bulgarian dialects}}


== References ==
== References ==
* {{cite book |title=Банатските българи. Историята на една малцинствена общност във времето на националните държави |last=Нягулов |first=Благовест |language=Bulgarian |year=1999 |location=София |publisher=Парадигма |isbn=978-954-9536-13-3 }}
* {{cite book |title=Банатските българи. Историята на една малцинствена общност във времето на националните държави |last=Нягулов |first=Благовест |language=bg |year=1999 |location=София |publisher=Парадигма |isbn=978-954-9536-13-3 }}


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
Line 126: Line 129:
* [http://www.starbisnov.blogspot.com/ SVETA UD PUKRAJ NÁMU]
* [http://www.starbisnov.blogspot.com/ SVETA UD PUKRAJ NÁMU]
* [http://biblioteka.awardspace.us/index.htm Virtuálna Biblioteka]
* [http://biblioteka.awardspace.us/index.htm Virtuálna Biblioteka]
* [http://ubbr.ro/ UBBR - Sájta na palćenete]
* [http://ubbr.ro/ UBBR - Sájta na palćenete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324122838/http://ubbr.ro/ |date=2019-03-24 }}

⚫
{{Slavic languages}}
⚫
{{Bulgarian dialects}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Banat Bulgarian Dialect}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banat Bulgarian Dialect}}

Revision as of 13:52, 11 May 2024

Banat Bulgarian
Banátsća balgarsćija jazić
Palćena balgarsćija jazić
Native toRomania (Banat, Transylvania), Serbia (Vojvodina)
Native speakers
(undated figure of 8,000–15,000[citation needed])
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
bul-ban
Glottologbana1308
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

Banat Bulgarian (Banat Bulgarian: Palćena balgarsćija jazić or Banátsća balgarsćija jazić; Bulgarian: банатскa българскa книжовна норма, romanized: banatska bâlgarska knižovna norma) is the outermost dialect of the Bulgarian language with standardized writing and an old literary tradition. It is spoken by the Banat Bulgarians in the Banat region, in Romania and Serbia. Officially, it is spoken by 8,000 people (1,658 in Serbia, and 6,500 in Romania), though other estimates give numbers up to 15,000.

In 1998, Jáni Vasilčin from Dudeştii Vechi translated the New Testament into Banat Bulgarian: Svetotu Pismu Novija Zákun. In 2017 Ána Marijka Bodor published a Banat Bulgarian translation[1] of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince.

Origins

Further information: Banat Bulgarians

The Banat Bulgarians are predominantly Roman Catholic people. Their ancestors arrived in the region centuries ago from Northern Bulgaria after the failure of the Chiprovtsi uprising. They settled in Oltenia under the Wallachian prince, then when Oltenia fell to the Ottomans, they fled to Hungary. The ancestor of the Banat Bulgarian language is the Paulician dialect, member of the Rup dialect group.

History

In the 1740s, Blasius Hristofor instituted the first school in Dudeştii Vechi in which Banat Bulgarian was taught using the Latin script. Some Bulgarian priests of the time already used the Latin alphabet, banned by the bishops. In the 19th century, the group's national consciousness strengthened and more Banat books were written.

In the 19th century, Banat Bulgarian schools used the Illyrian-Slavic language. In the course of using Illyrian-Slavic, more Slovenisms entered the language.

The Hungarian Imre Berecz and the Croatian András Klobucsár wrote a few books in their mother tongue. Berecz wrote a catechism in Banat Bulgarian (1851). Klobucsár designed a prayer- and hymn-book. One of the teachers, János Uzun, also wrote secular verses. In 1866, József Rill standardised the Banat Bulgarian language and published Bâlgàrskutu právupísanji (Bulgarian Orthography).

Bâlgarskutu právupísanji was used to design coursebooks in Banat Bulgarian, including an ABC book and reader, together with Biblijata and Gulemija Kátaćizmus. Teacher Leopold Koszilkov was also translating Gospels. Fránc Glász and the German Ludovik Fischer wrote a prayer-book. This were notable works notables in Banat Bulgarian literature, as were very popular. The prayerbooks contain prayers, hymns and the biographies of saints. Koszilkov published calendars.

Banat Bulgarians retained their language. Romanian and Serbo-Croatian were used in schools, but in the catechisms henceforward Banat Bulgarian was used.

Linguistic features

The vernacular of the Bulgarians of Banat can be classified as a Paulician dialect of the Eastern Bulgarian group. A typical feature is the "ы" (*y) vowel, which can either take an etymological place or replace "i".[2] Other characteristic phonological features are the "ê" (wide "e") reflex of the Old Church Slavonic yat and the reduction of "o" into "u" and sometimes "e" into "i": puljé instead of pole ("field"), sélu instead of selo ("village"), ugništi instead of ognište ("fireplace").[2] Another feature is the palatalization of final consonants, which is typical for other Slavic languages but found only in some nonstandard dialects of Bulgarian (in such dialects the word den ("day") sounds like denj)[3] and not in standard Bulgarian.

Lexically, the language has borrowed many words from languages such as German (drot from Draht, "wire"; gáng from Gang, "anteroom, corridor"), Hungarian (vilánj from villany, "electricity"; mozi, "cinema"), Serbo-Croatian (stvár from stvar, "item, matter"; ráčun from račun, "account"), and Romanian (šedinca from şedinţă, "conference")[4][better source needed] due to the close contacts with the other peoples of the multiethnic Banat and the religious ties with other Roman Catholic peoples. Banat Bulgarian also has some older loanwords from Ottoman Turkish[5] and Greek, which it shares with other Bulgarian dialects (e.g. hirgjén from Turkish ergen, "unmarried man, bachelor"; trandáfer from Greek τριαντάφυλλο triantafyllo, "rose").[6] Loanwords constitute around 20% of the Banat Bulgarian vocabulary.[3][5] The names of some Banat Bulgarians are also influenced by Hungarian names, as the Hungarian (eastern) name order is sometimes used (family name followed by given name) and the female ending "-a" is often dropped from family names. Thus, Marija Velčova would become Velčov Marija.[7]

In addition to loanwords, the lexicon of Banat Bulgarian has also acquired calques and neologisms, such as svetica ("icon", formerly used ikona and influenced by German Heiligenbild), zarno ("bullet", from the word meaning "grain"), oganbalváč ("volcano", literally "fire belcher"), and predhurta ("foreword").[3]

The Banat Bulgarian language has its own alphabet largely based on the Serbo-Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and preserves many features that are archaic in the language spoken in Bulgaria. Banat Bulgarian was codified as early as 1866 and is used in literature and the media, which distinguishes it from other Bulgarian dialects.[3]

Alphabet

The first codification of the Banat Bulgarian dialect, named "Bâlgarskutu právupísanji" (Modern: Balgarskutu pravupisanji).

The following is the Banat Bulgarian Latin alphabet:[8][9]

Banat Bulgarian Latin
Cyrillic equivalents
IPA		 А а
Ъ
/ɤ/		 Á á
А
/a/		 B b
Б
/b/		 C c
Ц
/t͡s/		 Č č
Ч
/t͡ʃ/		 Ć ć
Ќ (кь)
/kʲ/		 D d
Д
/d/		 Dz dz
Ѕ (дз)
/d͡z/		 Dž dž
Џ (дж)
/d͡ʒ/		 E e
Е
/ɛ/		 É é
Ѣ
/e/
Latin
Cyrillic
IPA		 F f
Ф
/f/		 G g
Г
/ɡ/		 Gj gj
Ѓ (гь)
/gʲ/		 H h
Х
/x/		 I i
И
/i/		 J j
Й , Ь
/j/		 K k
К
/k/		 L l
Л
/l/		 Lj lj
Љ (ль)
/lʲ/		 M m
М
/m/		 N n
Н
/n/
Latin
Cyrillic
IPA		 Nj nj
Њ (нь)
/nʲ/		 O o
О
/ɔ/		 P p
П
/p/		 R r
Р
/r/		 S s
С
/s/		 Š š
Ш
/ʃ/		 T t
Т
/t/		 U u
У
/u/		 V v
В
/v/		 Z z
З
/z/		 Ž ž
Ж
/ʒ/

Examples

The Lord's Prayer in Banat Bulgarian:[10]
Banat Bulgarian English
Baštá náš, kojtu si na nebeto: Imetu ti da se pusveti. Our father who art in heaven hallowed be thy name.
Kraljéstvotu ti da dodi. Olete ti da badi, Thy kingdom, come thy will be done,
kaćétu na nebeto taj i na zemete. as in heaven so on earth.
Kátadenjšnija leb náš, dáj mu nám dnés. Give us this day our daily bread.
I uprusti mu nám náša dalgj, And forgive us guilty as we are,
kaćétu i nija upráštemi na nášte dlažnici. as we also forgive our debtors.
I nide mu uvižde u nápas, Also do not bring us into temptation,
negu mu izbávej ud zlo. But free us from this evil.
Standard Bulgarian transliterated Standard Bulgarian Cyrillic[11]
Otče naš, Ti, kojto si na nebeto, da se sveti imeto Ti, Отче наш, Ти, който си на небето, да се свети името Ти,
da dojde carstvoto Ti, da băde voljata Ti, да дойде царството Ти, да бъде волята Ти,
kakto na nebeto, taka i na zemjata. както на небето, така и на земята.
Nasăštnija ni hljab daj ni dnes Насъщния ни хляб дай ни днес
i prosti nam grehovete ni, и прости нам греховете ни,
tăj kakto i nie proštavame na bližnite si, тъй както и ние прощаваме на ближните си,
i ne ni văveždaj v izkušenie, и не ни въвеждай в изкушение,
ala izbavi ni ot Lukavija. ала избави ни от Лукавия.
  • Inscription about bishop Nikola Stanislavič in the Dudeştii Vechi church
    Inscription about bishop Nikola Stanislavič in the Dudeştii Vechi church
  • Bilingual Banat Bulgarian (written in Latin letters)-Romanian plaque in Vinga
    Bilingual Banat Bulgarian (written in Latin letters)-Romanian plaque in Vinga
  • A rare occasion of Banat Bulgarian written in Cyrillic letters in Gostilya, Bulgaria
    A rare occasion of Banat Bulgarian written in Cyrillic letters in Gostilya, Bulgaria

References

  • Нягулов, Благовест (1999). Банатските българи. Историята на една малцинствена общност във времето на националните държави (in Bulgarian). София: Парадигма. ISBN 978-954-9536-13-3.

Footnotes

  1. ^ CDLVII. MANENIJA PRINC – Preubarnata ud Ána Marijka BODOR, rudéna KÁLÁPIŠ (miselj.blogspot.com)
  2. ^ a b Иванова, Говорът и книжовноезиковата практика на българите-католици от сръбски Банат.
  3. ^ a b c d Стойков, Банатски говор.
  4. ^ Etymology from Gaberoff Koral German Dictionary (German), MTA SZTAKI (Hungarian), Serbian-English Dictionary Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (Serbo-Croatian) and Dictionare.com Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine (Romanian).
  5. ^ a b Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 27.
  6. ^ See Sveta ud pukraj námu posts #127 and #128 for the words in use. Etymology from Seslisozluk.com (Turkish) and Kypros.org Lexicon (Greek).
  7. ^ For another example, see Náša glás Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine of 1 March 2007, p. 6.
  8. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 11.
  9. ^ Стойков, Стойко (1967). Банатският говор (in Bulgarian). Издателство на БАН. pp. 21–23. ISBN 9781137348395. OCLC 71461721.
  10. ^ Svetotu pismu: Novija zákun (in Bulgarian). Timişoara: Helicon. 1998. ISBN 973-574-484-8.
  11. ^ "Отче наш". Prayer.su. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
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