Naskapi language: Difference between revisions

People	Naskapi Iyuw; ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ
Language	Naskapi Iyuw Iyimuun; ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ
Country	St'aschinuw; ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ

Naskapi
Naskapi
ᓇᔅᑲᐱ naskapi,; ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ iyuw iyimuun
Native to	Canada
Region	St'aschinuw; (Quebec, Labrador)
Ethnicity	Naskapi
Native speakers	1,230 (2016 census)
Language family	Algic Algonquian Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi Naskapi; ; ;
Writing system	Eastern Cree syllabics
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nsk
Glottolog	nask1242
Linguasphere	62-ADA-ba
	Naskapi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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Naskapi (also known as ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ/Iyuw Iyimuun in the Naskapi language) is an Algonquian language spoken by the Naskapi in Quebec and Labrador, Canada.^[3] It is written in Eastern Cree syllabics.

The term Naskapi is chiefly used to refer to the language of the people living in the interior of Quebec and Labrador in or around Kawawachikamach, Quebec. Naskapi is a "y-dialect" that has many linguistic features in common with the Northern dialect of East Cree, and also shares many lexical items with the Innu language.

Although there is a much closer linguistic and cultural relationship between Naskapi and Innu than between Naskapi and other Cree language communities, Naskapi remains unique and distinct from all other language varieties in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

Phonology

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Stop/ Affricate	p	t	tʃ	k
Fricative		s			h
Approximant	w	(ɹ)	j
Lateral		(l)

Each stop has voiced allophones as [b, d, ɡ, dʒ].^[4]

Long vowels: /i/, /a~æ/, /u/
Short vowels: /ɪ~ə/, /ʌ~ə/, /o~ʊ/

Orthography

There are two writing systems used for Naskapi language. One is Latin, similar to Innu Language (Montagnais), and the other is Cree syllabics, similar to James Bay Cree, as well as other dialects of Cree across Canada.

Latin

The Naskapi Latin alphabet consists of three vowels, ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩, and ⟨u⟩, in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a circumflex accent, e.g. ⟨â⟩, or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. ⟨aa⟩. In addition there are twelve graphemes to represent the consonants, including the digraph ⟨Ch⟩.

Uppercase	A	Â/AA	Ch	H	I	Î/II	K	L	M	N	P	R	S	T	U	Û/UU	W	Y
lowercase	a	â/aa	ch	h	i	î/ii	k	l	m	n	p	r	s	t	u	û/uu	w	y
IPA	/ʌ~ə/	/a~æ/	/tʃ, dʒ/	/h/	/ɪ~ə/	/i/	/k, g/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/p, b/	/ɹ/	/s, ʃ/	/t, d/	/o~ʊ/	/u/	/w/	/j/

Ch, K, P, and T are also used to write the voiced allophones.
L and R are only used in loanwords from other languages.

Syllabary

Naskapi Syllabics (ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ, naskapi iyuw iyimuun) is derived from Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems. Unlike other Cree Syllabics, long and short vowels are not distinguished. The final forms in Naskapi Syllabics are similar to other varieties of Eastern Cree syllabics.

	_a	_i	_u	_wa	_wi	_w	s_wa	-
-	ᐊ	ᐃ	ᐅ	ᐛ	ᐎ	ᐤ
p	ᐸ	ᐱ	ᐳ	ᑈ			ᔌ	ᑉ
t	ᑕ	ᑎ	ᑐ	ᑥ			ᔌ	ᑦ
k	ᑲ	ᑭ	ᑯ	ᒂ		ᒄ	ᔎ	ᒃ
ch	ᒐ	ᒋ	ᒍ	ᒠ			ᔏ	ᒡ
m	ᒪ	ᒥ	ᒧ	ᒺ				ᒻ
n	ᓇ	ᓂ	ᓄ	ᓏ				ᓐ
s	ᓴ	ᓯ	ᓱ	ᔄ				ᔅ
y	ᔭ	ᔨ	ᔪ	ᔽ				ᔾ
y	ᔭ	ᔨ	ᔪ	ᔽ				ᐟ
Other Symbols
h								ᐦ
hk	ᑾ	ᑶ	ᑴ
l	ᓚ	ᓕ	ᓗ					ᓪ
r	ᕋ	ᕆ	ᕈ					ᕐ

Notes

^ "Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Statistics. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:
^ MacKenzie, Marguerite. 1994.

External links

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[1] "Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Statistics. Retrieved 2017-11-23.

[2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-29.

[3] Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:

[4] MacKenzie, Marguerite. 1994.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Cree language of eastern Canada}}
-{{Infobox language
+{{See also|Naskapi}}{{Infobox language
-|name=Naskapi
+| name             = Naskapi
-|nativename=ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ''naskapi,''<br>ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ ''iyuw iyimuun''
+| nativename       = {{Lang|nsk|ᓇᔅᑲᐱ}} {{Transl|nsk|naskapi}},{{Lang|nsk|<br>ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}} {{Transl|nsk|iyuw iyimuun}}
-|states=[[Canada]]
+| states           = [[Canada]]
-|region=St'aschinuw<br />([[Quebec]], [[Labrador]])
+| region           = St'aschinuw<br />([[Quebec]], [[Labrador]])
-| ethnicity =[[Naskapi]]
+| ethnicity        = [[Naskapi]]
-|speakers=1,230
+| speakers         = 1,230
-|date=2016 census
+| date             = 2016 census
-|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01|title=Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data|publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
+| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01|title=Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data|publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
+| script           = [[Eastern Cree syllabics]]
-|familycolor=Algic
+| familycolor      = Algic
-|fam1=[[Algic languages|Algic]]
-|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
+| fam1             = [[Algic languages|Algic]]
-|fam3=[[Central Algonquian languages|Central]]
+| fam2             = [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
+| fam3             = [[Cree language|Cree]]-[[Innu-aimun|Montagnais]]-Naskapi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |title=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref>
-|fam4=[[Cree language|Cree]]
-|iso3=nsk
+| iso3             = nsk
-|glotto=nask1242
+| glotto           = nask1242
-|glottorefname=Naskapi
+| glottorefname    = Naskapi
-|lingua=62-ADA-ba
+| lingua           = 62-ADA-ba
-|notice=IPA
+| notice           = IPA
-|map=Lang Status 80-VU.png
+| map              = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
-|mapcaption=<center>{{small|Naskapi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}</center>
+| mapcaption       = {{center|{{small|Naskapi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
+}}{{Infobox ethnonym|people=[[Naskapi|Naskapi Iyuw<br />ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ]]|language='''Naskapi Iyuw Iyimuun'''<br />'''ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ'''|country=St'aschinuw<br />ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ}}'''Naskapi''' (also known as {{Lang|nsk|ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}}/'''{{Transliteration|nsk|Iyuw Iyimuun}}''' in the Naskapi language) is an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language spoken by the [[Naskapi]] in [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]], [[Canada]].<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:</ref> It is written in [[Eastern Cree syllabics]].
-}}
-{{See also|Naskapi}}
+The term Naskapi is chiefly used to refer to the language of the people living in the interior of [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]] in or around [[Kawawachikamach, Quebec]]. Naskapi is a "[[Dialect continuum#Cree and Ojibwa|y-dialect]]" that has many linguistic features in common with the Northern dialect of [[East Cree]], and also shares many lexical items with the [[Innu language]].
-'''Naskapi''' (also known as '''ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ/Iyuw Iyimuun''' in the Naskapi language) is an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language spoken by the [[Naskapi]] in [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]], [[Canada]].<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:</ref> It is written in [[Eastern Cree syllabics]].
-The term Naskapi is chiefly used to describe the language of the people living in the interior of [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]] in or around [[Kawawachikamach, Quebec]]. Naskapi is a "[[Dialect continuum#Cree and Ojibwa|y-dialect]]" that has many linguistic features in common with the Northern dialect of [[East Cree]], and also shares many lexical items with the [[Innu language]].
 Although there is a much closer linguistic and cultural relationship between Naskapi and Innu than between Naskapi and other Cree language communities, Naskapi remains unique and distinct from all other language varieties in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.
@@ Line 84: / Line 81: @@
 ===Latin===
-Naskapi Latin Alphabet consists of 3 vowels, '''a''', '''i''', and '''u''', in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a [[Circumflex]] accent, e.g. '''â''', or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. '''aa'''. The vowel also consists of 12 consonants (including the '''Ch''' digraph)
+The Naskapi Latin alphabet consists of three vowels, {{Grapheme|a}}, {{Grapheme|i}}, and {{Grapheme|u}}, in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a [[circumflex]] accent, e.g. {{Grapheme|â}}, or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. {{Grapheme|aa}}. In addition there are twelve [[grapheme|graphemes]] to represent the consonants, including the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{Grapheme|Ch}}.
 {|class="wikitable"
@@ Line 94: / Line 91: @@
 |IPA||{{IPA|/ʌ~ə/}}||{{IPA|/a~æ/}}||{{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ/}}||{{IPA|/h/}}||{{IPA|/ɪ~ə/}}||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/k, g/}}||{{IPA|/l/}}||{{IPA|/m/}}||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{IPA|/p, b/}}||{{IPA|/ɹ/}}||{{IPA|/s, ʃ/}}||{{IPA|/t, d/}}||{{IPA|/o~ʊ/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/w/}}||{{IPA|/j/}}
 |}
-* Ch, K, P, and T are voiced between vowels.
+* Ch, K, P, and T are also used to write the voiced [[allophone|allophones]].
 * L and R are only used in loanwords from other languages.
 ===Syllabary===
-'''Naskapi Syllabics (ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ, ''naskapi iyuw iyimuun'')''' is derived from [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]], and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems.
+'''Naskapi Syllabics''' ({{Lang|nsk|ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ}}, {{Transliteration|nsk|naskapi iyuw iyimuun}}) is derived from [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]], and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems.
 Unlike other Cree Syllabics, long and short vowels are not distinguished.
 The final forms in Naskapi Syllabics are similar to other varieties of [[Eastern Cree syllabics]].

v t e Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum
Classification	Macrofamily: Algic Family: Algonquian (see Proto-Algonquian language) Areal group: Central Algonquian
Western variants (Cree)	From west to east: Plains Cree Woods Cree Western Swampy Cree Eastern Swampy Cree and Moose Cree Atikamekw
Eastern variants (Montagnais-Naskapi)	From west to east: East Cree Northern East Cree Southern East Cree Naskapi Montagnais
Contact languages	Bungi Creole Michif language
See also	Bible translations into Cree Cree syllabics Western version Eastern version
Italics indicate extinct languages