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{{Short description|British fascist (1888–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning
| name = Robert Gordon-Canning
| honorific_suffix = [[Military Cross|MC]]
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| image =
| image_size =
| image =
| alt =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|6|24|df=yes}}
| caption =
| birth_name =
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| birth_place = [[Hartpury]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|1|4|1888|6|24|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|6|24|df=yes}}
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| birth_place = [[Hartpury]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
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| death_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|1|4|1888|6|24|df=y}}
| education = [[Eton College]]
| occupation = Soldier, journalist, farmer
| death_place = Hartpury, Gloucestershire, England
| years_active =
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Soldier
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| organization =
* journalist
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| agent =
* farmer
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| known_for =
}}
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| party = British Union of Fascists
| movement =
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|Mary Maguire|1939|1944|end=div.}}
| employer =
| children =
| organization =
| parents =
| agent =
| relatives =
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| party = [[British Union of Fascists]]
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| movement =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Mary Maguire]]|1939|1944|reason=divorce}}
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| children =
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| parents =
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| relatives =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = British Army
| branch = British Army
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'''Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MC}} (24 June 1888 – 4 January 1967)<ref name="wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com">{{cite web |url= http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=carlprowse&id=I2159 |title=Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning |first=Carl |last=Prowse |work=RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project |year=2012 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> was a notable British fascist, anti-Semite<ref name = Simpson>{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Simpson |year=1992 |title=In The Highest Degree Odious; Detention without trial in Wartime Britain |pages=141–145 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-825949-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macklin |first=Graham |year=2011 |chapter=A Fascist 'Jihad': Captain Robert Gordon-Canning, British Fascist Anti-Semitism and Islam |editor-first1=Daniel |editor-last1=Tilles |editor-first2=Salvatore |editor-last2=Garau |title=Fascism and the Jews: Italy and Britain |publisher=Vallentine Mitchell |location=London |isbn=9780853038641}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.ajr.org.uk/index.cfm/section.journal/issue.Feb10/article=4563 |title=The Kitchener Camp: The Sandwich response |first=Clare |last=Ungerson |journal=AJR Journal |publisher=Association of Jewish Refugees |date=February 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> and supporter of [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] causes. He was briefly married to Australian actress [[Mary Maguire]].
'''Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MC}} (24 June 1888 – 4 January 1967)<ref name="wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com">{{cite web |url= http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=carlprowse&id=I2159 |title=Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning |first=Carl |last=Prowse |work=RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project |year=2012 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> was a notable British [[Fascism|fascist]], [[Antisemitism|anti-Semite]]<ref name = Simpson>{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Simpson |year=1992 |title=In The Highest Degree Odious; Detention without trial in Wartime Britain |pages=141–145 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-825949-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macklin |first=Graham |year=2011 |chapter=A Fascist 'Jihad': Captain Robert Gordon-Canning, British Fascist Anti-Semitism and Islam |editor-first1=Daniel |editor-last1=Tilles |editor-first2=Salvatore |editor-last2=Garau |title=Fascism and the Jews: Italy and Britain |publisher=Vallentine Mitchell |location=London |isbn=9780853038641}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.ajr.org.uk/index.cfm/section.journal/issue.Feb10/article=4563 |title=The Kitchener Camp: The Sandwich response |first=Clare |last=Ungerson |journal=AJR Journal |publisher=Association of Jewish Refugees |date=February 2010 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> and supporter of [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] causes. He was briefly married to Australian actress [[Mary Maguire]].


==Background and military career==
==Background and military career==
Gordon-Canning was born in [[Hartpury]], [[Gloucestershire]], the only son of William James Gordon-Canning, and his wife Clara, a daughter of [[Crawshay Bailey]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/armorialfamilies01foxd/#page/782/mode/2up |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |first=Arthur Charles |last=Fox-Davies |authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |page=782 |year=1929 |edition=7th |location=London |publisher=Hurst & Blackett |accessdate=2 February 2015 }}</ref> His father was the fourth son of Captain Patrick Robert Gordon, of the [[78th Highlanders]], the son of William Gordon of Milrig. In 1848 Captain Gordon married Maria Canning of Hartpury, and added her surname to his own.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/nameofgordonpatr00bull#page/22/mode/2up |title=The Name of Gordon : Patronymics which it has replaced or reinforced |first=John Malcolm |last=Bulloch |page=22 |location=Huntly |publisher=Joseph Dunbar |year=1906 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> Gordon-Canning claimed, and it is sometimes stated as fact, that the poet George Gordon Byron, [[Lord Byron]], was his great-grandfather.<ref name="MI5">{{cite web |url= http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/nov2002.pdf |title=Security Service Records Release 25-26 November 2002 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |year=2002 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>
Gordon-Canning was born in [[Hartpury]], [[Gloucestershire]], the only son of William James Gordon-Canning, and his wife Clara, a daughter of [[Crawshay Bailey]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/armorialfamilies01foxd/#page/782/mode/2up |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |first=Arthur Charles |last=Fox-Davies |author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |page=782 |year=1929 |edition=7th |location=London |publisher=Hurst & Blackett |access-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref> His father was the fourth son of Captain Patrick Robert Gordon, of the [[78th Highlanders]], son of William Gordon of Milrig, [[Ayrshire]] and descended from a branch of [[Clan Gordon]]. In 1848 Captain Gordon married Maria Canning of Hartpury, and added her surname to his own.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/nameofgordonpatr00bull#page/22/mode/2up |title=The Name of Gordon : Patronymics which it has replaced or reinforced |first=John Malcolm |last=Bulloch |authorlink=John Malcolm Bulloch |page=22 |location=Huntly |publisher=Joseph Dunbar |year=1906 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> Gordon-Canning claimed, and it is sometimes stated as fact, that the poet [[Lord Byron]], was his great-grandfather.<ref name="MI5">{{cite web |url= http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/nov2002.pdf |title=Security Service Records Release 25-26 November 2002 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |year=2002 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>


He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]], and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [[Royal Gloucestershire Hussars]] on 15 November 1906,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 December 1906 |issue=27973 |startpage=8540 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and was promoted to lieutenant in the [[10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars]] on 14 March 1912.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=3 May 1912 |issue=28604 |startpage=3178 |nolink=yes }}</ref> He was appointed a temporary captain on 18 November 1914,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 May 1915 |issue=29152 |startpage=4267 |nolink=yes }}</ref> soon after the start of World War I, and this was confirmed on 15 May 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 June 1915 |supp=y |issue=29185 |startpage=5497 |nolink=yes }}</ref> In June 1917 Gordon-Canning was awarded the [[Military Cross]], "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty."<ref>{{London Gazette |date=15 June 1917 |supp=y |issue=30135 |startpage=5990 |nolink=yes }}</ref> He was transferred to the General Reserve of Officers on 29 March 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=28 March 1919 |supp=y |issue=31256 |startpage=4107 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and eventually resigned his commission on 19 August 1925.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=18 August 1925 |issue=33076 |startpage=5497 |nolink=yes }}</ref>
He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]], was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [[Royal Gloucestershire Hussars]] on 15 November 1906,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 December 1906 |issue=27973 |page=8540 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and was promoted to lieutenant in the [[10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars]] on 14 March 1912.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=3 May 1912 |issue=28604 |page=3178 |nolink=yes }}</ref> He was appointed a temporary captain on 18 November 1914,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 May 1915 |issue=29152 |page=4267 |nolink=yes }}</ref> soon after the start of World War I, and this was confirmed on 15 May 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 June 1915 |supp=y |issue=29185 |page=5497 |nolink=yes }}</ref> In June 1917, Gordon-Canning was awarded the [[Military Cross]], "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty."<ref>{{London Gazette |date=15 June 1917 |supp=y |issue=30135 |page=5990 |nolink=yes }}</ref> He was transferred to the General Reserve of Officers on 29 March 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=28 March 1919 |supp=y |issue=31256 |page=4107 |nolink=yes }}</ref> and eventually resigned his commission on 19 August 1925.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=18 August 1925 |issue=33076 |page=5497 |nolink=yes }}</ref>


==Early political activities==
==Early political activities==
After the war, Gordon-Canning became a supporter of Arab nationalist causes. He was involved in advocating for Moroccan independence during the [[Rif War (1920)|Rif War]] and visited [[Morocco]] at least twice in the mid 1920s, the first time for the Red Cross and later to present independence views to the French government.<ref>{{cite book |first=David S. |last=Woolman |title=Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KSaAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rebels+in+the+rif&source=bl&ots=o0EAtmJ_Vf&sig=p1Xmdz_vq9paKbryUT_CHRGnQnc&hl=en&ei=AdQVTLT1EJDJcYajxK8M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=126 |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0664-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/RifRevolt.htm |title=The Notes of the Rif Revolt |first=Peter |last=Symes |journal=International Bank Note Society Journal |volume=41 |number=3 |year=2002 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> He wrote several books of poetry at this time, including "Flashlights from Afar" (1920), "A Pagan Shrine" (1922) and "The Death of Akbar" (1923).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warpoetrycollection.com/_data/authorpaginated/details/63885.html |title=Gordon-Canning, Robert Cecil |work=Echenberg War Poetry Collection |year=2014 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> Australian diplomat [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|R. G. Casey]] reported meeting Gordon-Canning in January 1926. He described him as "having come into the limelight lately owing to his having been the vehicle and mouthpiece for [[Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi|Abd el-Krim]]'s 'peace' terms to the French. He has a shifty eye and is, I think, not altogether a disinterested peacemaker." Casey went on to describe "a very heated exchange of words about Morocco between [Gordon-]Canning and [[Sir Malcolm Robertson]]." Casey felt Gordon-Canning's approach combined "journalism with gentlemanly adventure."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/historical/HistDocs.nsf/2ecf3135305dccd7ca256b5d007c2afc/cca9e3b7eb711730ca256d870010015f?OpenDocument |title=Confidential Memorandum to the Prime Minister |first=R. G. |last=Casey |work=Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=7 January 1926 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>
After the war, Gordon-Canning became a supporter of Arab nationalist causes. He was involved in advocating for Moroccan independence during the [[Rif War (1920)|Rif War]] and visited [[Morocco]] at least twice in the mid-1920s, the first time for the Red Cross and later to present independence views to the French government.<ref>{{cite book |first=David S. |last=Woolman |title=Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KSaAAAAIAAJ&q=rebels+in+the+rif |page=126 |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0664-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/RifRevolt.htm |title=The Notes of the Rif Revolt |first=Peter |last=Symes |journal=International Bank Note Society Journal |volume=41 |number=3 |year=2002 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> He wrote several books of poetry at this time, including "Flashlights from Afar" (1920), "A Pagan Shrine" (1922) and "The Death of Akbar" (1923).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warpoetrycollection.com/_data/authorpaginated/details/63885.html |title=Gordon-Canning, Robert Cecil |work=Echenberg War Poetry Collection |year=2014 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> Australian diplomat [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|R. G. Casey]] reported meeting Gordon-Canning in January 1926. He described him as "having come into the limelight lately owing to his having been the vehicle and mouthpiece for [[Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi|Abd el-Krim]]'s 'peace' terms to the French. He has a shifty eye and is, I think, not altogether a disinterested peacemaker." Casey went on to describe "a very heated exchange of words about Morocco between [Gordon-]Canning and [[Sir Malcolm Robertson]]." Casey felt Gordon-Canning's approach combined "journalism with gentlemanly adventure."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-17/46.aspx|title=Confidential Memorandum to the Prime Minister |first=R. G. |last=Casey |work=Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=7 January 1926 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>


In 1929 Gordon-Canning visited [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and met with leaders of the Palestinian National Movement. He was a critic of British policy in Palestine.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.passia.org/publications/Palestine/Ch4.pdf |chapter=The Mu'arada And The Majlesiyoun In The Internal Political Struggle (1929-32) |title=Palestine-Factionalism In The National Movement (1919-1939) |pages=87–88 |first=Manuel |last=Hassassian |date=April 1990 |publisher=Passia (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs) |location=Jerusalem |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>
In 1929 Gordon-Canning visited [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and met with leaders of the Palestinian National Movement. He was a critic of British policy in Palestine.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.passia.org/publications/Palestine/Ch4.pdf |chapter=The Mu'arada and the Majlesiyoun in the Internal Political Struggle (1929-32) |title=Palestine-Factionalism In The National Movement (1919–1939) |pages=87–88 |first=Manuel |last=Hassassian |date=April 1990 |publisher=Passia (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs) |location=Jerusalem |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> From March to May 1930 the British police kept [[Margaret Milne Farquharson]] of the National Political League and Canning under observation to monitor their interactions with a delegation sent to London by the executive committee of the Palestine Arab Congress (ECPAC).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wagner|first=Steven B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5q94DwAAQBAJ&dq=Farquharson&pg=PA115|title=Statecraft by Stealth: Secret Intelligence and British Rule in Palestine|date=2019-07-15|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-3648-3|pages=115|language=en}}</ref>


⚫
==British Union of Fascists==
==The BUF==
In 1934 Gordon-Canning joined the [[British Union of Fascists]]. In October 1936 he was best man at the wedding of [[Oswald Mosley]] and [[Diana Mitford]] in Germany,<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Charlotte |editor-last=Mosley |year=2007 |title=The Mitfords; Letters between six sisters |page=77n |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-137364-0 |quote=Intimate friends like Diana Mitford called Gordon-Canning "Bobbie."}}</ref> becoming the movement's expert on foreign affairs and "Director of Overseas Policy." He wrote regularly for fascist publications and developed the BUF slogan "Mind Britain's Business", which was also the title of one of his pamphlets. After a personal disagreement with Mosley, he left from the BUF in 1939, joining other fascist groups, including the [[British People's Party (1939)|British People's Party]], [[The Link (organisation)|The Link]], and [[Archibald Ramsay]]'s anti-Semitic group, the [[Right Club]]. Historian Brian Simpson notes Gordon-Canning prominent amongst those trying to fuse Britain's far–right groups at the outbreak of war. He hosted the first of a series of meetings of like minded personalities at his London flat on 19 September 1939.<ref name=Simpson/>
In 1934 Gordon-Canning joined the [[British Union of Fascists]] (BUF). In October 1936 he was [[best man]] at the wedding of [[Oswald Mosley|Sir Oswald Mosley]] and [[Diana Mitford]] in Germany,<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Charlotte |editor-last=Mosley |year=2007 |title=The Mitfords; Letters between six sisters |page=77n |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-137364-0 |quote=Intimate friends like Diana Mitford called Gordon-Canning "Bobbie."}}</ref> becoming the movement's expert on foreign affairs and given the role of 'Director of Overseas Policy'. He wrote regularly for fascist publications and developed the BUF slogan "Mind Britain's Business", which was also the title of one of his pamphlets. After a personal disagreement with Mosley, he left from the BUF in 1939, joining other fascist groups, including the [[British People's Party (1939)|British People's Party]], [[The Link (organisation)|The Link]], and [[Archibald Ramsay]]'s anti-Semitic group, the [[Right Club]]. Historian Brian Simpson notes Gordon-Canning prominent amongst those trying to fuse Britain's far–right groups at the outbreak of war. He hosted the first of a series of meetings of like minded personalities at his London flat on 19 September 1939.<ref name=Simpson/>


==Marriage and internment==
==Marriage and internment==
Gordon-Canning met Australian born Hollywood actress [[Mary Maguire]] in June 1939.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51942275 |title=Mary Maguire to marry English Fascist captain |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |location=Sydney |date=29 July 1939 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=28 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Despite the 30-year age difference, they married in August 1939. Ironically, Gordon-Canning had previously written disparagingly of the influence and tone of Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/111326/Thomas-Linehan,-A-Dangerous-Piece-of-Celluloid-British-Fascists-and-the-Hollywood-Movie.pdf |first=Thomas |last=Linehan |title= "A Dangerous Piece of Celluloid"? British Fascists and the Hollywood Movie |work=Brunel University London |date=26 August 2011 |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref> In July 1940, Gordon-Canning was interned under [[Defence Regulation 18B]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11316415 |title=Star's Husband Watched |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 July 1940 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=3 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and was not released until 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92642305 |title=Internee Wrote Book in Prison. |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=9 August 1943 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A child, Michael Gordon-Canning, was born of the union in February 1941, but died in infancy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25895058 |title=Death of Mary Maguire's Baby Son |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=24 January 1942 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gordon-Canning and Maguire were divorced in November 1944,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156599162 |title=Divorced |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Sun]] |location=[[Newcastle, New South Wales]] |date=22 November 1944 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=3 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and Maguire remarried, moving back to the US in an effort to restart her acting career.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lon |last=Jones |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17971869 |title=More Trouble for "Amber" : Mary Maguire Back |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=12 March 1946 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Gordon-Canning met Australian-born Hollywood actress [[Mary Maguire]] in June 1939.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51942275 |title=Mary Maguire to marry English Fascist captain |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |location=Sydney |date=29 July 1939 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Despite the 30-year age difference, they married in August 1939. Ironically, Gordon-Canning had previously written disparagingly of the influence and tone of Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/111326/Thomas-Linehan,-A-Dangerous-Piece-of-Celluloid-British-Fascists-and-the-Hollywood-Movie.pdf |first=Thomas |last=Linehan |title= "A Dangerous Piece of Celluloid"? British Fascists and the Hollywood Movie |work=Brunel University London |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> In July 1940, Gordon-Canning was interned under [[Defence Regulation 18B]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11316415 |title=Star's Husband Watched |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 July 1940 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and was not released until 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92642305 |title=Internee Wrote Book in Prison. |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=9 August 1943 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A child, Michael Gordon-Canning, was born of the union in February 1941, but died in infancy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25895058 |title=Death of Mary Maguire's Baby Son |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=24 January 1942 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Gordon-Canning and Maguire were divorced in November 1944,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156599162 |title=Divorced |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Sun]] |location=[[Newcastle, New South Wales]] |date=22 November 1944 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and Maguire remarried, moving back to the US in an effort to restart her acting career.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lon |last=Jones |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17971869 |title=More Trouble for "Amber" : Mary Maguire Back |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=12 March 1946 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


==Post war==
==Post war==
At a sale of former German embassy property in 1945, Gordon-Canning attracted significant publicity when he purchased a large marble bust of Hitler for £500 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|500|1945|r=-3}}}} today).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50279267 |title=Hitler Head for £500 |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail]] |location=Brisbane|date=7 December 1945 |accessdate=2 February 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Apparently by way of justification, he told reporters "Jesus, 2000 years ago was mocked, scorned and crucified. Today, He is a living force in the hearts and minds of millions of people." These comments, associating Hitler with Jesus, suggest he was associated with a small group called the League of Christian Reformers, who deified Hitler.<ref>A thorough account appears in {{cite news |title=Hitler Legion Formed In English Mansion |newspaper=[[The Daily Express]] |date=28 November 1945 |accessdate=2 January 2013 |page=1}}. See also {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50264731 |title=Hitler Is 'Divine' To Ex-Internees |newspaper= [[The Courier-Mail]] |location=Brisbane|date=29 November 1945 |accessdate=6 April 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83620664 |title=Hitler Lovers Form League |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth |date=28 November 1945 |accessdate=6 April 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Graham |last=Macklin |year=2007 |title=Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism |pages=34–35 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1-84511-284-4}}</ref> Journalist John Roy Carlson—a pseudonym of [[Avedis Boghos Derounian|Avedis "Arthur" Boghos Derounian]]—claims Gordon-Canning told him he purchased the bust "to challenge the Jews. To prevent purchase by them..."<ref name=Carlson>{{cite book |first=John Roy |last=Carlson |authorlink=Arthur Derounian |year=1951 |title=Cairo to Damascus |pages=27–31 |publisher=Alfred Knopf |location=New York |url=http://spitfirelist.com/books/carlson01.pdf}}</ref>
At a sale of former German embassy property in 1945, Gordon-Canning attracted significant publicity when he purchased a large marble bust of Hitler for £500 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|500|1945|r=-3}}}} today).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50279267 |title=Hitler Head for £500 |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail]] |location=Brisbane|date=7 December 1945 |access-date=2 February 2015 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Apparently by way of justification, he told reporters "Jesus, 2000 years ago was mocked, scorned and crucified. Today, He is a living force in the hearts and minds of millions of people." These comments, associating Hitler with Jesus, suggest he was associated with a small group called the League of Christian Reformers, who deified Hitler.<ref>A thorough account appears in {{cite news |title=Hitler Legion Formed in English Mansion |newspaper=[[The Daily Express]] |date=28 November 1945 |page=1}}. See also {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50264731 |title=Hitler Is 'Divine' To Ex-Internees |newspaper= [[The Courier-Mail]] |location=Brisbane|date=29 November 1945 |access-date=6 April 2013 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83620664 |title=Hitler Lovers Form League |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth |date=28 November 1945 |access-date=6 April 2013 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Graham |last=Macklin |year=2007 |title=Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism |pages=34–35 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1-84511-284-4}}</ref> Journalist John Roy Carlson—a pseudonym of [[Avedis Boghos Derounian|Avedis "Arthur" Boghos Derounian]]—claims Gordon-Canning told him he purchased the bust "to challenge the Jews. To prevent purchase by them..."<ref name=Carlson>{{cite book |first=John Roy |last=Carlson |author-link=Arthur Derounian |year=1951 |title=Cairo to Damascus |pages=27–31 |publisher=Alfred Knopf |location=New York |url=http://spitfirelist.com/books/carlson01.pdf}}</ref>


Carlson also exposed Gordon-Canning's ongoing anti-Semitism in his 1951 book on subversive politics, ''Cairo to Damascus.'' Living after the war between his apartment in London and his farm in [[Sandwich, Kent]], the book indicates Gordon-Canning was still in touch with other former internees and fascist sympathisers. Posing as an anti-Semite himself, Carlson records Gordon-Canning as saying, "I used to see Hitler in Munich and Berlin, and once had supper with Goebbels. Hitler was a fine man, a charming man. If three Hitlers had been allowed to rule the world – in Germany, Italy and England – we wouldn't be in the fix we are now." Carlson also writes of dining twice at Gordon-Canning's apartment in [[Cadogan Square]] in London with [[Barry Domvile]] and [[Archibald Ramsay]]. He states Gordon-Canning allowed his apartment to be used as a meeting place for Arab nationalists and claimed to be a close friend of [[Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam]]. "I am one of the few Englishmen the Arabs trust completely", he is alleged to have said.<ref name=Carlson />
Carlson also exposed Gordon-Canning's ongoing anti-Semitism in his 1951 book on subversive politics, ''Cairo to Damascus.'' Living after the war between his apartment in London and his farm in [[Sandwich, Kent]], the book indicates Gordon-Canning was still in touch with other former internees and fascist sympathisers. Posing as an anti-Semite himself, Carlson records Gordon-Canning as saying, "I used to see Hitler in Munich and Berlin, and once had supper with Goebbels. Hitler was a fine man, a charming man. If three Hitlers had been allowed to rule the world – in Germany, Italy and England – we wouldn't be in the fix we are now." Carlson also writes of dining twice at Gordon-Canning's apartment in [[Cadogan Square]] in London with [[Barry Domvile]] and [[Archibald Ramsay]]. He states Gordon-Canning allowed his apartment to be used as a meeting place for Arab nationalists and claimed to be a close friend of [[Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam]]. "I am one of the few Englishmen the Arabs trust completely", he is alleged to have said.<ref name=Carlson />
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

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Revision as of 19:00, 16 May 2024

Robert Gordon-Canning
MC
Born(1888-06-24)24 June 1888
Hartpury, Gloucestershire, England
Died4 January 1967(1967-01-04) (aged 78)
Hartpury, Gloucestershire, England
Occupations
  • Soldier
  • journalist
  • farmer
Political partyBritish Union of Fascists
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1939; div. 1944)​
Military career
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branchBritish Army
Years of service1906–1925
RankCaptain
UnitRoyal Gloucestershire Hussars
10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars
Battles/warsWorld War I
AwardsMilitary Cross

Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning MC (24 June 1888 – 4 January 1967)[1] was a notable British fascist, anti-Semite[2][3][4] and supporter of Arab nationalist causes. He was briefly married to Australian actress Mary Maguire.

Background and military career

Gordon-Canning was born in Hartpury, Gloucestershire, the only son of William James Gordon-Canning, and his wife Clara, a daughter of Crawshay Bailey.[5] His father was the fourth son of Captain Patrick Robert Gordon, of the 78th Highlanders, son of William Gordon of Milrig, Ayrshire and descended from a branch of Clan Gordon. In 1848 Captain Gordon married Maria Canning of Hartpury, and added her surname to his own.[6] Gordon-Canning claimed, and it is sometimes stated as fact, that the poet Lord Byron, was his great-grandfather.[7]

He was educated at Eton, was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars on 15 November 1906,[8] and was promoted to lieutenant in the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars on 14 March 1912.[9] He was appointed a temporary captain on 18 November 1914,[10] soon after the start of World War I, and this was confirmed on 15 May 1915.[11] In June 1917, Gordon-Canning was awarded the Military Cross, "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty."[12] He was transferred to the General Reserve of Officers on 29 March 1919,[13] and eventually resigned his commission on 19 August 1925.[14]

Early political activities

After the war, Gordon-Canning became a supporter of Arab nationalist causes. He was involved in advocating for Moroccan independence during the Rif War and visited Morocco at least twice in the mid-1920s, the first time for the Red Cross and later to present independence views to the French government.[15][16] He wrote several books of poetry at this time, including "Flashlights from Afar" (1920), "A Pagan Shrine" (1922) and "The Death of Akbar" (1923).[17] Australian diplomat R. G. Casey reported meeting Gordon-Canning in January 1926. He described him as "having come into the limelight lately owing to his having been the vehicle and mouthpiece for Abd el-Krim's 'peace' terms to the French. He has a shifty eye and is, I think, not altogether a disinterested peacemaker." Casey went on to describe "a very heated exchange of words about Morocco between [Gordon-]Canning and Sir Malcolm Robertson." Casey felt Gordon-Canning's approach combined "journalism with gentlemanly adventure."[18]

In 1929 Gordon-Canning visited Palestine and met with leaders of the Palestinian National Movement. He was a critic of British policy in Palestine.[19] From March to May 1930 the British police kept Margaret Milne Farquharson of the National Political League and Canning under observation to monitor their interactions with a delegation sent to London by the executive committee of the Palestine Arab Congress (ECPAC).[20]

British Union of Fascists

In 1934 Gordon-Canning joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF). In October 1936 he was best man at the wedding of Sir Oswald Mosley and Diana Mitford in Germany,[21] becoming the movement's expert on foreign affairs and given the role of 'Director of Overseas Policy'. He wrote regularly for fascist publications and developed the BUF slogan "Mind Britain's Business", which was also the title of one of his pamphlets. After a personal disagreement with Mosley, he left from the BUF in 1939, joining other fascist groups, including the British People's Party, The Link, and Archibald Ramsay's anti-Semitic group, the Right Club. Historian Brian Simpson notes Gordon-Canning prominent amongst those trying to fuse Britain's far–right groups at the outbreak of war. He hosted the first of a series of meetings of like minded personalities at his London flat on 19 September 1939.[2]

Marriage and internment

Gordon-Canning met Australian-born Hollywood actress Mary Maguire in June 1939.[22] Despite the 30-year age difference, they married in August 1939. Ironically, Gordon-Canning had previously written disparagingly of the influence and tone of Hollywood films.[23] In July 1940, Gordon-Canning was interned under Defence Regulation 18B[24] and was not released until 1943.[25] A child, Michael Gordon-Canning, was born of the union in February 1941, but died in infancy.[26] Gordon-Canning and Maguire were divorced in November 1944,[27] and Maguire remarried, moving back to the US in an effort to restart her acting career.[28]

Post war

At a sale of former German embassy property in 1945, Gordon-Canning attracted significant publicity when he purchased a large marble bust of Hitler for £500 (equivalent to £27,000 today).[29] Apparently by way of justification, he told reporters "Jesus, 2000 years ago was mocked, scorned and crucified. Today, He is a living force in the hearts and minds of millions of people." These comments, associating Hitler with Jesus, suggest he was associated with a small group called the League of Christian Reformers, who deified Hitler.[30][31][32] Journalist John Roy Carlson—a pseudonym of Avedis "Arthur" Boghos Derounian—claims Gordon-Canning told him he purchased the bust "to challenge the Jews. To prevent purchase by them..."[33]

Carlson also exposed Gordon-Canning's ongoing anti-Semitism in his 1951 book on subversive politics, Cairo to Damascus. Living after the war between his apartment in London and his farm in Sandwich, Kent, the book indicates Gordon-Canning was still in touch with other former internees and fascist sympathisers. Posing as an anti-Semite himself, Carlson records Gordon-Canning as saying, "I used to see Hitler in Munich and Berlin, and once had supper with Goebbels. Hitler was a fine man, a charming man. If three Hitlers had been allowed to rule the world – in Germany, Italy and England – we wouldn't be in the fix we are now." Carlson also writes of dining twice at Gordon-Canning's apartment in Cadogan Square in London with Barry Domvile and Archibald Ramsay. He states Gordon-Canning allowed his apartment to be used as a meeting place for Arab nationalists and claimed to be a close friend of Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam. "I am one of the few Englishmen the Arabs trust completely", he is alleged to have said.[33]

Gordon-Canning remarried in 1952. He died on 4 January 1967.[1]

In November 2002 the Security Service (MI5) files on Gordon-Canning (KV 2/877-878) were released into the public domain.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Prowse, Carl (2012). "Robert Cecil Gordon-Canning". RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b Simpson, Brian (1992). In The Highest Degree Odious; Detention without trial in Wartime Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–145. ISBN 0-19-825949-2.
  3. ^ Macklin, Graham (2011). "A Fascist 'Jihad': Captain Robert Gordon-Canning, British Fascist Anti-Semitism and Islam". In Tilles, Daniel; Garau, Salvatore (eds.). Fascism and the Jews: Italy and Britain. London: Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 9780853038641.
  4. ^ Ungerson, Clare (February 2010). "The Kitchener Camp: The Sandwich response". AJR Journal. Association of Jewish Refugees. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  5. ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1929). Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour (7th ed.). London: Hurst & Blackett. p. 782. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  6. ^ Bulloch, John Malcolm (1906). The Name of Gordon : Patronymics which it has replaced or reinforced. Huntly: Joseph Dunbar. p. 22. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  7. ^ a b "Security Service Records Release 25-26 November 2002" (PDF). The National Archives. 2002. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  8. ^ "No. 27973". The London Gazette. 4 December 1906. p. 8540.
  9. ^ "No. 28604". The London Gazette. 3 May 1912. p. 3178.
  10. ^ "No. 29152". The London Gazette. 4 May 1915. p. 4267.
  11. ^ "No. 29185". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1915. p. 5497.
  12. ^ "No. 30135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June 1917. p. 5990.
  13. ^ "No. 31256". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 March 1919. p. 4107.
  14. ^ "No. 33076". The London Gazette. 18 August 1925. p. 5497.
  15. ^ Woolman, David S. (1968). Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion. Stanford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8047-0664-3.
  16. ^ Symes, Peter (2002). "The Notes of the Rif Revolt". International Bank Note Society Journal. 41 (3). Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Gordon-Canning, Robert Cecil". Echenberg War Poetry Collection. 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  18. ^ Casey, R. G. (7 January 1926). "Confidential Memorandum to the Prime Minister". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  19. ^ Hassassian, Manuel (April 1990). "The Mu'arada and the Majlesiyoun in the Internal Political Struggle (1929-32)". Palestine-Factionalism In The National Movement (1919–1939) (PDF). Jerusalem: Passia (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs). pp. 87–88. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  20. ^ Wagner, Steven B. (15 July 2019). Statecraft by Stealth: Secret Intelligence and British Rule in Palestine. Cornell University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-5017-3648-3.
  21. ^ Mosley, Charlotte, ed. (2007). The Mitfords; Letters between six sisters. New York: Harper Collins. p. 77n. ISBN 978-0-06-137364-0. Intimate friends like Diana Mitford called Gordon-Canning "Bobbie."
  22. ^ "Mary Maguire to marry English Fascist captain". The Australian Women's Weekly. Sydney. 29 July 1939. p. 28. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ Linehan, Thomas (26 August 2011). ""A Dangerous Piece of Celluloid"? British Fascists and the Hollywood Movie" (PDF). Brunel University London. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  24. ^ "Star's Husband Watched". The Argus. Melbourne. 12 July 1940. p. 3. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "Internee Wrote Book in Prison". The Examiner. Launceston, Tasmania. 9 August 1943. p. 1. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ "Death of Mary Maguire's Baby Son". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 24 January 1942. p. 5. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ "Divorced". The Newcastle Sun. Newcastle, New South Wales. 22 November 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ Jones, Lon (12 March 1946). "More Trouble for "Amber" : Mary Maguire Back". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. p. 11. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  29. ^ "Hitler Head for £500". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. 7 December 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 2 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  30. ^ A thorough account appears in "Hitler Legion Formed in English Mansion". The Daily Express. 28 November 1945. p. 1.. See also "Hitler Is 'Divine' To Ex-Internees". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. 29 November 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 6 April 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
  31. ^ "Hitler Lovers Form League". The Daily News. Perth. 28 November 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 6 April 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^ Macklin, Graham (2007). Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-84511-284-4.
  33. ^ a b Carlson, John Roy (1951). Cairo to Damascus (PDF). New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 27–31.
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