Martin Webster: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|British neo-nazi (b.1943)}} |
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{{For|the Archdeacon of Harlow|Martin Webster (priest)}} |
{{For|the Archdeacon of Harlow|Martin Webster (priest)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} |
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{{Use British English|date=July 2012}} |
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| death_date = |
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| death_place = |
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| office = National Activities Organiser<br>of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] |
| office = National Activities Organiser<br />of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] |
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| term_start = 1969 |
| term_start = 1969 |
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| term_end = 1983 |
| term_end = 1983 |
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| predecessor = |
| predecessor = |
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| successor = |
| successor = |
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| party = [[League of Empire Loyalists]],<br>[[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]]<br> 1962–1964<br>[[Greater Britain Movement]]<br>1964–1967<br>[[National Front (UK)|National Front]]<br>1967–1983<br>Our Nation<br>1983 |
| party = [[League of Empire Loyalists]],<br />[[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]]<br /> 1962–1964<br />[[Greater Britain Movement]]<br />1964–1967<br />[[National Front (UK)|National Front]]<br />1967–1983<br />Our Nation<br />1983 |
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'''Martin Guy Alan Webster''' (born 14 May 1943) is a British |
'''Martin Guy Alan Webster''' (born 14 May 1943) is a British [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], a former leading figure on the [[far-right politics in the United Kingdom|far-right in the United Kingdom]].<ref name="copsey">{{cite book |last=Copsey |first=Nigel |title=Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |pages=inter alia |isbn=1-4039-0214-3}}</ref> An early member of the [[National Labour Party (UK, 1957)|National Labour Party]] (NLP), he was [[John Tyndall (far-right activist)|John Tyndall]]'s closest ally, and followed him in joining the original [[British National Party (1960)|British National Party]] (BNP), the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM) and the [[Greater Britain Movement]]. Webster also spent time in prison for helping to organise a [[paramilitary]] organisation, Spearhead, and was convicted under the [[Public Order Act 1936]]. Rumours of his [[homosexuality]] led to him becoming vilified in far-right circles, and he quietly disappeared from the political scene. |
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==Early political activism== |
==Early political activism== |
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An early member of the [[Young Conservatives (UK)|Young Conservatives]], from which he claimed to have been expelled, Webster was associated loosely with the [[League of Empire Loyalists]] until he joined the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM) in 1962.<ref>Martin Walker, ''The National Front'', Glasgow: Fontana Collins, 1977, p. 45</ref> He became |
An early member of the [[Young Conservatives (UK)|Young Conservatives]], from which he claimed to have been expelled, Webster was associated loosely with the [[League of Empire Loyalists]] until he joined the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM) in 1962.<ref>Martin Walker, ''The National Front'', Glasgow: Fontana Collins, 1977, p. 45</ref> He became Tyndall's closest ally within the NSM, and followed him in joining the [[Greater Britain Movement]].<ref name="copsey9">Copsey, pp 8–9</ref> Webster also spent time in prison for knocking [[Jomo Kenyatta]] to the ground outside the London [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]] hotel, and for helping to organise the paramilitary organisation Spearhead.<ref>Gerry Gable [http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/features/century/cbf.php?include=page6 "A Century of British Fascism1958-1968 Rivers of blood – Fascists begin to unite"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130306/http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/features/century/cbf.php?include=page6 |date=25 May 2011 }} ''Searchlight'' website, [c.2000].</ref> He was convicted under the [[Public Order Act 1936]].<ref>Copsey, pp. 13–14</ref> He attracted further notice in 1972 when he was recorded as saying, "We are busy setting up a well-oiled Nazi machine in this country."<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=The Listener |location=London |date=December 1972}}</ref> |
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==National Front== |
==National Front== |
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===With Tyndall=== |
===With Tyndall=== |
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He continued to be a lieutenant to Tyndall, and followed him into the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF). Webster proved an early success in the NF, being appointed National Activities Organiser in 1969,<ref name="copseyp16">Copsey, p. 16.</ref> and from that position effectively shared the leadership of the party with Tyndall until 1974. Webster clashed with Tyndall's replacement [[John Kingsley Read]], and the clash set in motion Kingsley Read's downfall, allowing Tyndall to return to the leadership.<ref name="copseyp16" /> Webster later broke with Tyndall, while remaining one of the most prominent figures in the NF during the subsequent chairmanship of [[Andrew Brons]].<ref>Copsey, pp. 23–24.</ref> |
He continued to be a lieutenant to Tyndall, and followed him into the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF). Webster proved an early success in the NF, being appointed National Activities Organiser in 1969,<ref name="copseyp16">Copsey, p. 16.</ref> and from that position effectively shared the leadership of the party with Tyndall until 1974. Webster clashed with Tyndall's replacement [[John Kingsley Read]], and the clash set in motion Kingsley Read's downfall, allowing Tyndall to return to the leadership.<ref name="copseyp16" /> Webster later broke with Tyndall, while remaining one of the most prominent figures in the NF during the subsequent chairmanship of [[Andrew Brons]].<ref>Copsey, pp. 23–24.</ref> |
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Shortly after the police decided, under the Public Order Act 1936, to ban an NF march through [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]] town centre on the grounds that it was likely to be a focus of "serious disturbances", Webster announced in October 1977 that there would be two NF marches, the second being conducted by him alone. Watched by a crowd of members of the public and surrounded by an estimated 2,500 police, he marched down the main street of Hyde carrying a [[Union Flag]] and a sign reading "Defend British [[Free Speech]] from Red Terrorism". Webster was allowed to march, as 'one man' did not constitute a breaking of the ban. The tactic split the [[Anti-Nazi League]] (ANL) in two and made a farce of the ban, while attracting more media publicity for the NF.<ref>[http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2010/03/mossad%25E2%2580%2599s-one-million-helpers-world-wide/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723121101/http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2010/03/mossad%E2%80%99s-one-million-helpers-world-wide/ |
Shortly after the police decided, under the Public Order Act 1936, to ban an NF march through [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]] town centre on the grounds that it was likely to be a focus of "serious disturbances", Webster announced in October 1977 that there would be two NF marches, the second being conducted by him alone. Watched by a crowd of members of the public and surrounded by an estimated 2,500 police, he marched down the main street of Hyde carrying a [[Union Flag]] and a sign reading "Defend British [[Free Speech]] from Red Terrorism". Webster was allowed to march, as 'one man' did not constitute a breaking of the ban. The tactic split the [[Anti-Nazi League]] (ANL) in two and made a farce of the ban, while attracting more media publicity for the NF.<ref>[http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2010/03/mossad%25E2%2580%2599s-one-million-helpers-world-wide/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723121101/http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2010/03/mossad%E2%80%99s-one-million-helpers-world-wide/|date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/authors/Webster-Mossad_files/OneManMarch08-10-1977.jpg JPG image dated to 8 October 1977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723121126/http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/authors/Webster-Mossad_files/OneManMarch08-10-1977.jpg |date=23 July 2011 }}. theoccidentalobserver.net</ref><ref>{{YouTube|eTNfWM-IRzA|Martin Webster of the NF Marching Alone Through Hyde, 1977}}. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/northw.htm Anti-fascism in Manchester, Liverpool and elsewhere in the North West] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327233111/http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/northw.htm |date=27 March 2015}}. Dkrenton.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> |
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In 1982, Webster – after making claims about the activities of the ANL – was sued for libel by [[Peter Hain]], then one of its leading members. In court, he admitted that ANL activity had severely damaged the NF.<ref>D Renton, [http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/anl_movement.html The Anti-Nazi League as social movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807170749/http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/anl_movement.html |date=7 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>Ed Vulliamy (4 March 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/04/race.otherparties?INTCMP=SRCH "Blood and glory"]. ''The Observer''. London.</ref> |
In 1982, Webster – after making claims about the activities of the ANL – was sued for libel by [[Peter Hain]], then one of its leading members. In court, he admitted that ANL activity had severely damaged the NF.<ref>D Renton, [http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/anl_movement.html The Anti-Nazi League as social movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807170749/http://www.dkrenton.co.uk/anl/anl_movement.html |date=7 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>Ed Vulliamy (4 March 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/04/race.otherparties?INTCMP=SRCH "Blood and glory"]. ''The Observer''. London.</ref> |
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==Our Nation== |
==Our Nation== |
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Webster briefly attempted to lead his own group, Our Nation, although this was to prove unsuccessful.<ref>Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, ''Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations'', Pinter (2000) p 192</ref> He viewed his new movement as being along the lines of the NF before the resignation of Tyndall; however, they had clashed before the expulsion, and so Webster was not invited to join Tyndall's [[British National Party]] (BNP). Webster sought out [[Françoise Dior]], who had by then split from [[Colin Jordan]] and returned to [[France]], as a source of funding.<ref>[[Gerry Gable|G. Gable]], "The Far Right in the United Kingdom", L. Cheles, R. Ferguson & M. Vaughan (eds.), ''Neo-Fascism in Europe'', London: Longman, 1991, p. 252</ref> Despite managing to secure a small sum from Dior, he soon found that his low reputation across the far right made it very difficult for him to attract members to his movement. Although long-standing activist [[Denis Pirie]] played a role in organising the group, his input was cut short by newspaper articles revealing that he had been involved whilst employed at a high level in the civil service.<ref>R. Hill & A. Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror'', London: Grafton, 1988, p. 206.</ref> As a result, Our Nation never really got off the ground; before long Webster was forced to abandon his plans. He was not admitted to the [[Flag Group]] after [[Ian Anderson (British politician)|Ian Anderson]] had supported his initial expulsion from the NF (despite being otherwise an opponent of [[Nick Griffin]] and [[Patrick Harrington]]). |
Webster briefly attempted to lead his own group, Our Nation, although this was to prove unsuccessful.<ref>Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, ''Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations'', Pinter (2000) p 192</ref> He viewed his new movement as being along the lines of the NF before the resignation of Tyndall; however, they had clashed before the expulsion, and so Webster was not invited to join Tyndall's [[British National Party]] (BNP). Webster sought out [[Françoise Dior]], who had by then split from [[Colin Jordan]] and returned to [[France]], as a source of funding.<ref>[[Gerry Gable|G. Gable]], "The Far Right in the United Kingdom", L. Cheles, R. Ferguson & M. Vaughan (eds.), ''Neo-Fascism in Europe'', London: Longman, 1991, p. 252</ref> Despite managing to secure a small sum from Dior, he soon found that his low reputation across the far right made it very difficult for him to attract members to his movement. Although long-standing activist [[Denis Pirie]] played a role in organising the group, his input was cut short by newspaper articles revealing that he had been involved whilst employed at a high level in the civil service.<ref>R. Hill & A. Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror'', London: Grafton, 1988, p. 206.</ref> As a result, Our Nation never really got off the ground; before long Webster was forced to abandon his plans. He was not admitted to the [[Flag Group]] after [[Ian Anderson (British politician)|Ian Anderson]] had supported his initial expulsion from the NF (despite being otherwise an opponent of [[Nick Griffin]] and [[Patrick Harrington (activist)|Patrick Harrington]]).{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} |
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==Current activity== |
==Current activity== |
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Webster has been semi-retired from political activity for some time (although he was associated with [[Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood|Lady Birdwood]] before her death).<ref>Nick Lowles, [http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=80 "A very English extremist"], ''[[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]]''</ref> He re-emerged in 1999, to claim that he had a four-year homosexual affair with Nick Griffin (in 1999, the newly elected BNP leader) that had begun in the mid-1970s, when Griffin was a teenager.<ref>Copsey, p. 111.</ref> Griffin has denied any such relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/sep/01/features.magazine37 |title=Flying the flag |location=London |work=The Observer |date=1 September 2002 | |
Webster has been semi-retired from political activity for some time (although he was associated with [[Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood|Lady Birdwood]] before her death).<ref>Nick Lowles, [http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=80 "A very English extremist"], ''[[Searchlight (magazine)|Searchlight]]''</ref> He re-emerged in 1999, to claim that he had a four-year homosexual affair with Nick Griffin (in 1999, the newly elected BNP leader) that had begun in the mid-1970s, when Griffin was a teenager.<ref>Copsey, p. 111.</ref> Griffin has denied any such relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/sep/01/features.magazine37 |title=Flying the flag |location=London |work=The Observer |date=1 September 2002 |access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> |
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Webster composes occasional e-bulletins,<ref>"Electronic Watch on Zion" [http://www.nwn-forum.co.uk/showthread.php?t=208 Martin Webster - CURRICULUM VITAE]</ref> under the title "Electronic Loose Cannon",{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} and "Electronic Watch on Zion".<ref>http://www.jrbooksonline.com/Martin_Webster_01.htm</ref> He has also written for ''[[Occidental Observer|The Occidental Observer]]'' website.<ref>[http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/author/martin-webster/ Occidental Observer website]</ref> |
Webster composes occasional e-bulletins,<ref>"Electronic Watch on Zion" [http://www.nwn-forum.co.uk/showthread.php?t=208 Martin Webster - CURRICULUM VITAE]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> under the title "Electronic Loose Cannon",{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} and "Electronic Watch on Zion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jrbooksonline.com/Martin_Webster_01.htm|title=The Electronic Watch on Zion}}</ref> He has also written for ''[[Occidental Observer|The Occidental Observer]]'' website.<ref>[http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/author/martin-webster/ Occidental Observer website]</ref> |
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In 2010, Webster spoke at the 29th meeting of the [[New Right (UK)|New Right]], giving a lecture on the Middle East conflict in favour of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] cause. In August 2011, he spoke at the 29th New Right meeting on Justice for the Palestinians.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
In 2010, Webster spoke at the 29th meeting of the [[New Right (UK)|New Right]], giving a lecture on the Middle East conflict in favour of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] cause. In August 2011, he spoke at the 29th New Right meeting on Justice for the Palestinians.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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! Date of election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! % |
! Date of election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! % |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[West Bromwich by-election |
| [[1973 West Bromwich by-election|24 May 1973 (by-election)]] || [[West Bromwich (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich]] || [[British National Front|NF]] || 4,789 || 16.0 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974]] || [[West Bromwich East (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich East]] || NF || 2,907 || 7.0 |
| [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974]] || [[West Bromwich East (UK Parliament constituency)|West Bromwich East]] || NF || 2,907 || 7.0 |
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| [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]] || [[Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Bow]] || NF || 1,740 || 6.1 |
| [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]] || [[Bethnal Green and Bow (UK Parliament constituency)|Bethnal Green and Bow]] || NF || 1,740 || 6.1 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Peckham by-election |
| [[1982 Peckham by-election|28 October 1982 (by-election)]] || [[Peckham (UK Parliament constituency)|Peckham]] || NF || 874 || 3.9 |
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|} |
|} |
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[[Category:1943 births]] |
[[Category:1943 births]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[Category:English neo-Nazis]] |
[[Category:English neo-Nazis convicted of crimes]] |
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[[Category:English politicians convicted of crimes]] |
[[Category:English politicians convicted of crimes]] |
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[[Category:English people convicted of assault]] |
[[Category:English people convicted of assault]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:English gay politicians]] |
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[[Category:LGBT politicians from England]] |
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[[Category:National Front (UK) politicians]] |
[[Category:National Front (UK) politicians]] |
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[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]] |
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]] |
Revision as of 17:19, 22 May 2024
Martin Webster | |
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National Activities Organiser of the National Front | |
In office 1969–1983 | |
Personal details | |
Born | 14 May 1943 |
Political party | League of Empire Loyalists, National Socialist Movement 1962–1964 Greater Britain Movement 1964–1967 National Front 1967–1983 Our Nation 1983 |
Martin Guy Alan Webster (born 14 May 1943) is a British neo-Nazi, a former leading figure on the far-right in the United Kingdom.[1] An early member of the National Labour Party (NLP), he was John Tyndall's closest ally, and followed him in joining the original British National Party (BNP), the National Socialist Movement (NSM) and the Greater Britain Movement. Webster also spent time in prison for helping to organise a paramilitary organisation, Spearhead, and was convicted under the Public Order Act 1936. Rumours of his homosexuality led to him becoming vilified in far-right circles, and he quietly disappeared from the political scene.
Early political activism
An early member of the Young Conservatives, from which he claimed to have been expelled, Webster was associated loosely with the League of Empire Loyalists until he joined the National Socialist Movement (NSM) in 1962.[2] He became Tyndall's closest ally within the NSM, and followed him in joining the Greater Britain Movement.[3] Webster also spent time in prison for knocking Jomo Kenyatta to the ground outside the London Hilton hotel, and for helping to organise the paramilitary organisation Spearhead.[4] He was convicted under the Public Order Act 1936.[5] He attracted further notice in 1972 when he was recorded as saying, "We are busy setting up a well-oiled Nazi machine in this country."[6]
National Front
With Tyndall
He continued to be a lieutenant to Tyndall, and followed him into the National Front (NF). Webster proved an early success in the NF, being appointed National Activities Organiser in 1969,[7] and from that position effectively shared the leadership of the party with Tyndall until 1974. Webster clashed with Tyndall's replacement John Kingsley Read, and the clash set in motion Kingsley Read's downfall, allowing Tyndall to return to the leadership.[7] Webster later broke with Tyndall, while remaining one of the most prominent figures in the NF during the subsequent chairmanship of Andrew Brons.[8]
Shortly after the police decided, under the Public Order Act 1936, to ban an NF march through Hyde town centre on the grounds that it was likely to be a focus of "serious disturbances", Webster announced in October 1977 that there would be two NF marches, the second being conducted by him alone. Watched by a crowd of members of the public and surrounded by an estimated 2,500 police, he marched down the main street of Hyde carrying a Union Flag and a sign reading "Defend British Free Speech from Red Terrorism". Webster was allowed to march, as 'one man' did not constitute a breaking of the ban. The tactic split the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) in two and made a farce of the ban, while attracting more media publicity for the NF.[9][10][11][12]
In 1982, Webster – after making claims about the activities of the ANL – was sued for libel by Peter Hain, then one of its leading members. In court, he admitted that ANL activity had severely damaged the NF.[13][14]
Later NF activity and expulsion
Rumours of Webster's homosexuality led to his becoming vilified within right-wing nationalist circles, and he also fell foul of the Political Soldier wing of the NF. In 1983, they ensured that he lost his position as National Activities Organiser, then deprived him of his place on the National Directorate, before expelling him from the party altogether along with his ally Michael Salt.[15]
Our Nation
Webster briefly attempted to lead his own group, Our Nation, although this was to prove unsuccessful.[16] He viewed his new movement as being along the lines of the NF before the resignation of Tyndall; however, they had clashed before the expulsion, and so Webster was not invited to join Tyndall's British National Party (BNP). Webster sought out Françoise Dior, who had by then split from Colin Jordan and returned to France, as a source of funding.[17] Despite managing to secure a small sum from Dior, he soon found that his low reputation across the far right made it very difficult for him to attract members to his movement. Although long-standing activist Denis Pirie played a role in organising the group, his input was cut short by newspaper articles revealing that he had been involved whilst employed at a high level in the civil service.[18] As a result, Our Nation never really got off the ground; before long Webster was forced to abandon his plans. He was not admitted to the Flag Group after Ian Anderson had supported his initial expulsion from the NF (despite being otherwise an opponent of Nick Griffin and Patrick Harrington).[citation needed]
Current activity
Webster has been semi-retired from political activity for some time (although he was associated with Lady Birdwood before her death).[19] He re-emerged in 1999, to claim that he had a four-year homosexual affair with Nick Griffin (in 1999, the newly elected BNP leader) that had begun in the mid-1970s, when Griffin was a teenager.[20] Griffin has denied any such relationship.[21]
Webster composes occasional e-bulletins,[22] under the title "Electronic Loose Cannon",[citation needed] and "Electronic Watch on Zion".[23] He has also written for The Occidental Observer website.[24]
In 2010, Webster spoke at the 29th meeting of the New Right, giving a lecture on the Middle East conflict in favour of the Palestinian cause. In August 2011, he spoke at the 29th New Right meeting on Justice for the Palestinians.[citation needed]
Elections contested
Date of election | Constituency | Party | Votes | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 May 1973 (by-election) | West Bromwich | NF | 4,789 | 16.0 |
February 1974 | West Bromwich East | NF | 2,907 | 7.0 |
1979 | Bethnal Green and Bow | NF | 1,740 | 6.1 |
28 October 1982 (by-election) | Peckham | NF | 874 | 3.9 |
See also
References
- ^ Copsey, Nigel (2004). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. inter alia. ISBN 1-4039-0214-3.
- ^ Martin Walker, The National Front, Glasgow: Fontana Collins, 1977, p. 45
- ^ Copsey, pp 8–9
- ^ Gerry Gable "A Century of British Fascism1958-1968 Rivers of blood – Fascists begin to unite", Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Searchlight website, [c.2000].
- ^ Copsey, pp. 13–14
- ^ The Listener. London. December 1972.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b Copsey, p. 16.
- ^ Copsey, pp. 23–24.
- ^ [1] Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ JPG image dated to 8 October 1977 Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. theoccidentalobserver.net
- ^ Martin Webster of the NF Marching Alone Through Hyde, 1977 on YouTube. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Anti-fascism in Manchester, Liverpool and elsewhere in the North West Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Dkrenton.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ D Renton, The Anti-Nazi League as social movement Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ed Vulliamy (4 March 2007). "Blood and glory". The Observer. London.
- ^ Copsey, p. 34.
- ^ Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations, Pinter (2000) p 192
- ^ G. Gable, "The Far Right in the United Kingdom", L. Cheles, R. Ferguson & M. Vaughan (eds.), Neo-Fascism in Europe, London: Longman, 1991, p. 252
- ^ R. Hill & A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror, London: Grafton, 1988, p. 206.
- ^ Nick Lowles, "A very English extremist", Searchlight
- ^ Copsey, p. 111.
- ^ Anthony, Andrew (1 September 2002). "Flying the flag". The Observer. London. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ^ "Electronic Watch on Zion" Martin Webster - CURRICULUM VITAE[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The Electronic Watch on Zion".
- ^ Occidental Observer website