Mogao Christian painting: Difference between revisions

Painting of a Christian figure
Painting of a Christian figure
Artist	Unknown
Year	9th century
Type	Ink and colours on silk
Dimensions	88 cm × 55 cm (35 in × 22 in)
Location	British Museum, London

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 17:07, 25 May 2024

The Mogao Christian painting, also known as Painting of a Christian figure or Fragment of a Christian figure, is a fragmentary silk painting of a haloed man with crosses on his head and chest who has been interpreted as a Christian figure associated with the Church of the East. The painting dates to the end of the 9th century,^[1] during the Guiyi rule of Dunhuang under the Zhang family. It was discovered by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist Aurel Stein at the Library Cave (Cave 17) of the Mogao Caves in 1908, and is now kept in the British Museum, London.

Description

The figure is represented in a three-quarter view in a manner very similar to some of the paintings of Bodhisattvas, even to the gesture of the right hand. The outer circle of the nimbus has flame-like decoration. He has a fairly thick moustache and a slight beard, both in red. He is wearing a silk stole of red with a yellow lining, over a garment that has faded to a greenish colour very similar to that of the background. The sleeves of the garment end in ruffs and golden bracelets adorn the wrists. A cross, each arm that ends in extensions of beads, appears both in the headdress of the figure and pendant of the necklace that he is wearing, as well as on the top of the long staff that he is holding in the left hand.

Analysis

According to Meicun Lin (a professor of the School of Archeology and Museology at Peking University) and Szonja Buslig (a lecturer of Eötvös Loránd University), they believe that the style of this painting deliberately imitates the reliefs at Taq-i Bustan, a site with a series of large rock reliefs from the era of Sasanian Empire. For example, both have nimbi, wear similar necklaces, and even basic positions are very similar. It is speculated that this painting was made based on the icon of Christ that the Persian missionary Alopen carried to Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Empire.^{[note 1]}^[2]

The figure with the right hand held open and the thumb touching the middle finger, which is a variant of the Vitarka Mudrā, the gesture of discussion and transmission of the teachings, it is generally seen in the Hindu and Buddhist iconography. At first glance, the figure resembles a Bodhisattva, but the western features of the face, together with the red mustache and beard, which are quite different from the green, curling moustaches of Bodhisattvas, begin to hint at a different type of holy figure. That the figure is Christian is evident from the cross on the lotus in the headdress, a symbol can also be seen on the Xi'an Stele, the cross pattern on the necklace, the cross pendant and the staff of a processional cross. The headdress decorated with wings is known from the Kushano-Sasanian art and symbolises sovereignty, the curls at the shoulders remind us of the images of Gandhara Buddha. The narrow flame border of the nimbus is found throughout the Buddhist iconography of Central Asia. The background is scattered with small flowers which may serve to enhance the sanctity, and therefore the devotion (bhakti).^[3]

Icon of Christ

According to the German professor Hans-Joachim Klimkeit [de] and Swiss scholar Christoph Baumer, “the figure represents Jesus Christ or a saint”.^[4]^[5]^[6] Tōru Haneda [ja], a Japanese historian and professor of Kyoto University, argues that “the unearthed in Dunhuang must be an image of Christ”.^[2] P. Y. Saeki, the Japanese scholar of religion, also considers the painting to be an icon of Jesus.^[7]

Gallery

A copy
A reconstruction by a Japanese artist
The complete reconstruction
Top of the nimbus, the triangle shape is associated with fire, like a flame that peaks at the top.
The winged or feathered headdress decorated with the cross on the lotus flower.
The face with red moustache and wispy beard.
The curls at the shoulders.
The cross pattern on the necklace and the cross pendant.
The Vitarka Mudrā.
The golden bracelet.
The sleeve ruffs.
The sash with a bow knot.

In popular culture

The image appears on a missionary leaflet handed to Tan Qi (Rayzha Alimjan) by the Monk Jingde (Volker Helfrich [de]) in the 20th episode of The Longest Day in Chang'an.

Notes

^ The inscription on the Xi'an Stele mentions that Alopen carried with him the Christian scriptures and icons.

References

^ "Collection online, museum number 1919,0101,0.48". British Museum. Retrieved 28 March 2022. Two minor features suggest that this painting dates from the end of the ninth century
^ ^a ^b Lin, Meicun; Buslig, Szonja (31 January 2007). "西域における景教芸術の発見：敦煌蔵経洞のキリスト画像" [Discovery of Nestorian Christian Art in Western Regions: Image of Christ from the Library Cave at Dunhuang]. dsr.nii.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ Parry, Ken (1996). "Images in the Church of the East: The Evidence from Central Asia and China" (PDF). Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 78 (3): 160. doi:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.11. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1995). 達·伽馬以前中亞和東亞的基督敎 [Christianity in Central and Eastern Asia before Vasco da Gama]. A Series of the Cultures of the World (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Vol. 31. Translated by Lin, Wushu. Taipei: Shu Hsin Press. p. 31. ISBN 957-531-421-2.
^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity (New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-78453-683-1.
^ Tubach, Jürgen (1999). "Die nestorianische Kirche in China" [The Nestorian Church in China]. Nubica et Æthiopica (in German). Warsaw: Zaś Pan: 66.
^ Kung, Tien Min (1960). 唐朝基督教之研究 [Christianity in the T‘ang Dynasty] (PDF) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: The Council on Christian Literature for Overseas Chinese. p. 7 (PDF page). 佐伯博士主張此像乃景敎的耶穌像

External links

A Christian figure, ink and colours on silk (fragment) at Google Arts & Culture

[2] The inscription on the Xi'an Stele mentions that Alopen carried with him the Christian scriptures and icons.

[1] "Collection online, museum number 1919,0101,0.48". British Museum. Retrieved 28 March 2022. Two minor features suggest that this painting dates from the end of the ninth century

[Discover-Ching-chiao-3] Lin, Meicun; Buslig, Szonja (31 January 2007). "西域における景教芸術の発見：敦煌蔵経洞のキリスト画像" [Discovery of Nestorian Christian Art in Western Regions: Image of Christ from the Library Cave at Dunhuang]. dsr.nii.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 July 2018.

[4] Parry, Ken (1996). "Images in the Church of the East: The Evidence from Central Asia and China" (PDF). Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 78 (3): 160. doi:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.11. Retrieved 21 July 2018.

[5] Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1995). 達·伽馬以前中亞和東亞的基督敎 [Christianity in Central and Eastern Asia before Vasco da Gama]. A Series of the Cultures of the World (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Vol. 31. Translated by Lin, Wushu. Taipei: Shu Hsin Press. p. 31. ISBN 957-531-421-2.

[6] Baumer, Christoph (2016). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity (New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-78453-683-1.

[7] Tubach, Jürgen (1999). "Die nestorianische Kirche in China" [The Nestorian Church in China]. Nubica et Æthiopica (in German). Warsaw: Zaś Pan: 66.

[8] Kung, Tien Min (1960). 唐朝基督教之研究 [Christianity in the T‘ang Dynasty] (PDF) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: The Council on Christian Literature for Overseas Chinese. p. 7 (PDF page). 佐伯博士主張此像乃景敎的耶穌像

[1]

[note 1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|9th-century Christian painting}}
 {{Infobox artwork
-| image_file         = T'ang dynasty Nestorian image of Jesus Christ (Original version).jpg
+| image_file         = Mogao Christian painting (original version).jpg
-| painting_alignment = right
 | image_size         = 260px
-| title              = Painting of a Nestorian Christian figure
+| title              = Painting of a Christian figure
 | artist             = Unknown
 | year               = 9th century
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 }}
-The '''Painting of a Nestorian Christian figure''' or '''Fragment of a Christian figure''', '''Nestorian painting of Jesus Christ''', is a late 9th-century<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=6602&partId=1 |title=Collection online, museum number 1919,0101,0.48 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[www.britishmuseum.org]] |accessdate=21 July 2018 |quote=Two minor features suggest that this painting dates from the end of the ninth century}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] fragmentary [[silk painting]] of a [[halo (religious iconography)|haloed]] man with crosses on his head and chest who has been interpreted as a Christian figure, associated with the [[Church of the East in China]]. It was discovered by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] at the Library Cave (cave 17) of the [[Mogao Caves]] in 1908. The painting is in the [[British Museum]] in London.
+The '''Mogao Christian painting''', also known as '''Painting of a Christian figure''' or '''Fragment of a Christian figure''', is a fragmentary [[silk painting]] of a [[halo (religious iconography)|haloed]] man with crosses on his head and chest who has been interpreted as a Christian figure associated with the [[Church of the East]]. The painting dates to the end of the 9th century,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1919-0101-0-48 |title=Collection online, museum number 1919,0101,0.48 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[British Museum]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |quote=Two minor features suggest that this painting dates from the end of the ninth century}}</ref> during the [[Guiyi Circuit|Guiyi rule]] of [[Dunhuang]] under the Zhang family. It was discovered by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] at the [[Mogao Caves#The Library Cave|Library Cave]] (Cave 17) of the [[Mogao Caves]] in 1908, and is now kept in the [[British Museum]], [[London]].
-== Description ==
+==Description==
 The figure is represented in a three-quarter view in a manner very similar to some of the paintings of [[Bodhisattvas]], even to the gesture of the right hand. The outer circle of the [[Halo (religious iconography)|nimbus]] has flame-like decoration. He has a fairly thick moustache and a slight beard, both in red. He is wearing a silk stole of red with a yellow lining, over a garment that has faded to a greenish colour very similar to that of the background. The sleeves of the garment end in ruffs and golden bracelets adorn the wrists. A cross, each arm that ends in extensions of beads, appears both in the headdress of the figure and pendant of the necklace that he is wearing, as well as on the top of the long staff that he is holding in the left hand.
-== Analysis ==
+==Analysis==
-[[File:Cathayan Nestorian Cross from the Nestorian Stele.jpg|thumb|left|The cross-on-lotus symbol carved on the [[Nestorian Stele]], which can also be seen in the headdress worn by the figure in this painting.]]
+[[File:Cathayan Nestorian Cross from the Nestorian Stele.jpg|thumb|left|The cross-on-lotus symbol carved on the [[Xi'an Stele]], which can also be seen in the headdress worn by the figure in this painting.]]
-According to Meicun Lin (a [[Professor (highest academic rank)|professor]] of the School of Archeology and Museology at Peking University) and Szonja Buslig (a [[lecturer]] of [[Eötvös Loránd University]]), they believe that the style of this painting deliberately imitates the reliefs at [[Taq-i Bustan]], a site with a series of large rock reliefs from the era of [[Sasanian Empire]]. For example, both have [[Halo (religious iconography)|nimbi]], wear similar necklaces, and even basic positions are very similar. It is speculated that this painting was made based on the icon of Christ that the Persian missionary [[Alopen]] carried to [[Chang'an]], the capital of the [[Tang Empire]].{{refn|group=note|The inscription on the [[Nestorian Stele]] mentions that [[Alopen]] carried with him the Christian scriptures and icons.}}<ref name=Discover-Ching-chiao>{{cite web |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/narratives/discovery/09/index.html.ja |title=西域における景教芸術の発見：敦煌蔵経洞のキリスト画像 |trans-title=Discovery of the Ching-chiao Christian Art in Western Regions: Image of Christ from the Library Cave at Tunhwang |last1=Lin |first1=Meicun |last2=Buslig |first2=Szonja |date=31 January 2007 |website=dsr.nii.ac.jp |accessdate=21 July 2018 |language=ja}}</ref>
+According to Meicun Lin (a [[Professor (highest academic rank)|professor]] of the School of Archeology and Museology at Peking University) and Szonja Buslig (a [[lecturer]] of [[Eötvös Loránd University]]), they believe that the style of this painting deliberately imitates the reliefs at [[Taq-i Bustan]], a site with a series of large rock reliefs from the era of [[Sasanian Empire]]. For example, both have [[Halo (religious iconography)|nimbi]], wear similar necklaces, and even basic positions are very similar. It is speculated that this painting was made based on the icon of Christ that the Persian missionary [[Alopen]] carried to [[Chang'an]], the capital of the [[Tang Empire]].{{refn|group=note|The inscription on the [[Xi'an Stele]] mentions that [[Alopen]] carried with him the Christian scriptures and icons.}}<ref name=Discover-Ching-chiao>{{cite web |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/narratives/discovery/09/index.html.ja |title=西域における景教芸術の発見：敦煌蔵経洞のキリスト画像 |trans-title=Discovery of Nestorian Christian Art in Western Regions: Image of Christ from the Library Cave at Dunhuang |last1=Lin |first1=Meicun |last2=Buslig |first2=Szonja |date=31 January 2007 |website=dsr.nii.ac.jp |access-date=21 July 2018 |language=ja}}</ref>
-The figure with the right hand held open and the thumb touching the middle finger, which is a variant of the {{IAST|[[Vitarka Mudrā]]}}, the gesture of discussion and transmission of the teachings, it is generally seen in the [[Hindu iconography|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist iconography]]. At first glance, the figure resembles a Bodhisattva, but the western features of the face, together with the red mustache and beard, which are quite different from the green, curling moustaches of Bodhisattvas, begin to hint at a different type of holy figure. That the figure is Christian is evident from the cross on the lotus in the headdress, a symbol can also be seen on the [[Nestorian Stele]], the cross pattern on the necklace, the cross pendant and the staff of a processional cross. The headdress decorated with wings is known from the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom|Kushano]]-[[Sasanian art]] and symbolises sovereignty, the curls at the shoulders remind us of the images of [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhara Buddha]]. The narrow flame border of the nimbus is found throughout the Buddhist iconography of Central Asia. The background is scattered with small flowers which may serve to
+The figure with the right hand held open and the thumb touching the middle finger, which is a variant of the {{IAST|[[Vitarka Mudrā]]}}, the gesture of discussion and transmission of the teachings, it is generally seen in the [[Hindu iconography|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist iconography]]. At first glance, the figure resembles a Bodhisattva, but the western features of the face, together with the red mustache and beard, which are quite different from the green, curling moustaches of Bodhisattvas, begin to hint at a different type of holy figure. That the figure is Christian is evident from the cross on the lotus in the headdress, a symbol can also be seen on the [[Xi'an Stele]], the cross pattern on the necklace, the cross pendant and the staff of a processional cross. The headdress decorated with wings is known from the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom|Kushano]]-[[Sasanian art]] and symbolises sovereignty, the curls at the shoulders remind us of the images of [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhara Buddha]]. The narrow flame border of the nimbus is found throughout the Buddhist iconography of Central Asia. The background is scattered with small flowers which may serve to
-enhance the sanctity, and therefore the devotion ([[bhakti]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parry |first=Ken |date=1996 |title=Images in the Church of the East: The Evidence from Central Asia and China |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m2404&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=160 |accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>
+enhance the sanctity, and therefore the devotion ([[bhakti]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parry |first=Ken |date=1996 |title=Images in the Church of the East: The Evidence from Central Asia and China |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m2404&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=160 |doi=10.7227/BJRL.78.3.11 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>
-== Image of Christ ==
+==Icon of Christ==
-According to the Swiss scholar [[Christoph Baumer]], and {{ill|Tōru Haneda|ja|羽田亨}}, a Japanese historian and professor of [[Kyoto University]], “the figure represents Jesus Christ or a saint”;<ref>{{cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |date=2016 |title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity (New Edition) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSXXjwEACAAJ |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=187 |isbn=978-1-78453-683-1 |author-link=Christoph Baumer}}</ref><ref>{{cite article |last=Tubach |first=Jürgen |date=1999 |title=Die nestorianische Kirche in China |trans-title=The Nestorian Church in China |page=66 |url= |language=de |journal=Nubica et Æthiopica |location=Warsaw |publisher=Zaś Pan }}</ref> “the unearthed in [[Dunhuang|Tunhwang]] must be an image of Christ” (Haneda).<ref name=Discover-Ching-chiao /> [[P. Y. Saeki]], the Japanese scholar of religion, also argues that the painting is an [[icon]] of Jesus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kung |first=Tien Min |date=1960 |title=唐朝基督教之研究 |trans-title=Christianity in the T‘ang Dynasty |url=http://divinity-adhoc.library.yale.edu/HKBU/CCLOC/c469_cittd.pdf |language=zh-HK |location=Hong Kong |publisher=The Council on Christian Literature for Overseas Chinese |page=7 (PDF page) |quote=佐伯博士主張此像乃景敎的耶穌像}}</ref>
+According to the German professor {{ill|Hans-Joachim Klimkeit|de}} and Swiss scholar [[Christoph Baumer]], “the figure represents Jesus Christ or a saint”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Klimkeit |first=Hans-Joachim |translator-last=Lin |translator-first=Wushu |date=1995 |title=達·伽馬以前中亞和東亞的基督敎 |trans-title=Christianity in Central and Eastern Asia before Vasco da Gama |series=A Series of the Cultures of the World |volume=31 |language=zh-TW |location=Taipei |publisher=Shu Hsin Press |page=31 |isbn=957-531-421-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |date=2016 |title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSXXjwEACAAJ |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=187 |isbn=978-1-78453-683-1 |author-link=Christoph Baumer|edition=New }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tubach |first=Jürgen |date=1999 |title=Die nestorianische Kirche in China |trans-title=The Nestorian Church in China |page=66 |language=de |journal=Nubica et Æthiopica |location=Warsaw |publisher=Zaś Pan }}</ref> {{ill|Tōru Haneda|ja|羽田亨}}, a Japanese historian and professor of [[Kyoto University]], argues that “the unearthed in [[Dunhuang]] must be an image of Christ”.<ref name=Discover-Ching-chiao /> [[P. Y. Saeki]], the Japanese scholar of religion, also considers the painting to be an [[icon]] of Jesus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kung |first=Tien Min |date=1960 |title=唐朝基督教之研究 |trans-title=Christianity in the T‘ang Dynasty |url=http://divinity-adhoc.library.yale.edu/HKBU/CCLOC/c469_cittd.pdf |language=zh-HK |location=Hong Kong |publisher=The Council on Christian Literature for Overseas Chinese |page=7 (PDF page) |quote=佐伯博士主張此像乃景敎的耶穌像}}</ref>
-== Gallery ==
+==Gallery==
 <gallery>
-File:T'ang dynasty Nestorian image of Jesus Christ.jpg|A copy
+File:Mogao Christian painting (line drawing copy).jpg|A copy
-File:Restoration of T‘ang Dynasty Nestorian Image of Jesus Christ.jpg|A reconstruction by a Japanese artist
+File:Restored Mogao Christian painting 2.jpg|A reconstruction by a Japanese artist
-File:Restoration of T‘ang Dynasty Ching-chiao Image of Jesus Christ.jpg|The complete reconstruction
+File:Restored Mogao Christian painting 3.jpg|The complete reconstruction
 File:Nestorian painting of Jesus Christ (detail 0).jpg|Top of the nimbus, the triangle shape is associated with fire, like a flame that peaks at the top.
 File:Nestorian painting of Jesus Christ (detail 1).jpg|The winged or feathered headdress decorated with the cross on the lotus flower.
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 </gallery>
-== See also ==
+==In popular culture==
+* The image appears on a [[Christian mission|missionary]] [[Folded leaflet|leaflet]] handed to Tan Qi ([[Rayzha Alimjan]]) by the Monk Jingde ({{ill|Volker Helfrich|de}}) in the 20th episode of ''[[The Longest Day in Chang'an]]''.
+==See also==
 * [[Jesus Sutras]]
 * [[Nestorian cross]]
-* [[Nestorian Stele]]
+* [[Xi'an Stele]]
+* [[Church of the East in China]]
+* [[Nestorian pillar of Luoyang]]
+* [[Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho]]
+* [[Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus]]
+* ''[[Sogdian Daēnās]]''
+* ''[[Ancient Arts of Central Asia]]''
-== Notes ==
+==Notes==
 {{Reflist|group=note}}
-== References ==
+==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-== External links ==
+==External links==
 * [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/a-christian-figure-ink-and-colours-on-silk-fragment/-QGWZfdPB41FAA A Christian figure, ink and colours on silk (fragment)] at [[Google Arts & Culture]]
+{{British Museum}}
-[[Category:Tang dynasty paintings]]
+{{Central Asian history}}
-[[Category:Jesus in art]]
+{{Christianity and China}}
+{{Church of the East in China}}
+[[Category:Paintings of Jesus]]
+[[Category:Paintings of saints]]
+[[Category:9th-century paintings]]
+[[Category:Ancient Central Asian art]]
+[[Category:Christianity in Gansu]]
+[[Category:Church of the East in Central Asia]]
 [[Category:Church of the East in China]]
 [[Category:Asian objects in the British Museum]]