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The '''Fraser''' or '''Old Lisu script''' is an [[constructed script|artificial]] [[abugida]] invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a [[Karen people|Karen]] preacher from [[Myanmar]] and improved by the [[missionary]] [[James O. Fraser]], to write the [[Lisu language]]. It is a single-[[letter case|case]] ([[Unicase|unicameral]]) [[alphabet]]. It was also used for the [[Naxi language]], e.g. the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socidoc.com/queue/m-ko-te-dna-hsi-mark-1932-_5a02b933d64ab2e82e1e3176_pdf?queue_id=5a1b047ed64ab2e8253d9734|title=Naxi Gospel of Mark 1932|access-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234029/https://socidoc.com/queue/m-ko-te-dna-hsi-mark-1932-_5a02b933d64ab2e82e1e3176_pdf?queue_id=5a1b047ed64ab2e8253d9734|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> and used in the Zaiwa or [[Zaiwa language|Atsi language]] e.g. the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.
The '''Fraser''' or '''Old Lisu script''' is an [[constructed script|artificial]] [[abugida]] for the [[Lisu language]] invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a [[Karen people|Karen]] preacher from [[Myanmar]], and improved by the [[missionary]] [[James O. Fraser]]. It is a single-[[letter case|case]] ([[Unicase|unicameral]]) [[alphabet]]. It was also used for the [[Naxi language]], e.g. in the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socidoc.com/queue/m-ko-te-dna-hsi-mark-1932-_5a02b933d64ab2e82e1e3176_pdf?queue_id=5a1b047ed64ab2e8253d9734|title=Naxi Gospel of Mark 1932|access-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234029/https://socidoc.com/queue/m-ko-te-dna-hsi-mark-1932-_5a02b933d64ab2e82e1e3176_pdf?queue_id=5a1b047ed64ab2e8253d9734|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> and used in the Zaiwa or [[Zaiwa language|Atsi language]], e.g. in the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.


The script uses uppercase letters from the [[Latin script]] (Except for the letter [[Q]]) and rotated versions thereof (Except for the letters [[M]], [[Q]] and [[W]]), to write [[consonant]]s and [[vowel]]s. [[Tonal language|Tones]] and [[nasalization]] are written with Roman [[punctuation]] marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic [[abugida]]s, the vowel {{IPA|[a]}} is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.
The script uses uppercase letters from the [[Latin script]] (except for the letter [[Q]]) and rotated versions thereof (except for the letters [[M]], [[Q]] and [[W]]) to write [[consonant]]s and [[vowel]]s. [[Tonal language|Tones]] and [[nasalization]] are written with Roman [[punctuation]] marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic [[abugida]]s, the vowel {{IPA|[a]}} is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.


The local [[China|Chinese]] government in Nujiang ''de facto'' recognized the script in 1992 as the [[official script]] for writing in Lisu, although other Lisu autonomous territories continue to use the New Lisu.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}
The local Chinese government in [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]] ''de facto'' recognized the script in 1992 as the [[official script]] for writing in Lisu, although other Lisu autonomous territories continue to use the New Lisu.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
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|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
| || || {{script|Lisu|ꓤ}} {{IPAblink|z}}<sup>4</sup> || {{script|Lisu|ꓣ}} {{IPAblink|ʒ}} || {{script|Lisu|ꓭ}} {{IPAblink|ɰ}}?, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}<sup>2</sup> ||
| || || {{script|Lisu|ꓤ}} {{IPAblink|z}}<sup>4</sup> || {{script|Lisu|ꓣ}} {{IPAblink|ʒ}} || {{script|Lisu|ꓭ}} {{IPAblink|ɯ}}?, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}<sup>2</sup> ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
Line 56: Line 56:
|| || || || {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} {{IPAblink|ʝʰ}}, {{IPAblink|i̯ʰ}}<sup>2</sup> <sup>5</sup> || ||
|| || || || {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} {{IPAblink|ʝʰ}}, {{IPAblink|i̯ʰ}}<sup>2</sup> <sup>5</sup> || ||
|}
|}
#Initial glottal stop is only written when the inherit vowel {{IPAblink|ɑ}} follows, and just like all consonants, the inherit vowel suffix {{script|Lisu|ˍ}} must not be written as that would indicate another {{IPAblink|ɑ}} follows ({{IPA|ʔɑɑ}} instead of {{IPA|ʔɑ}}). It is automatic before all initial vowels but {{IPAblink|ɯ}} and {{IPAblink|ə}}.
#Initial glottal stop is only written when the inherent vowel {{IPAblink|ɑ}} follows, and just like all consonants, the inherent vowel suffix {{script|Lisu|ˍ}} must not be written as that would indicate another {{IPAblink|ɑ}} follows ({{IPA|ʔɑɑ}} instead of {{IPA|ʔɑ}}). It is automatic before all initial vowels but {{IPAblink|ɯ}} and {{IPAblink|ə}}.
# {{script|Lisu|ꓭ}} represents a "vowel" in the [[Naxi language]], presumably a [[Central consonant|medial]] {{IPAblink|ɰ}}, and a consonant in the [[Lisu language]] {{IPAblink|ɣ}}. {{script|Lisu|ꓪ}}, {{script|Lisu|ꓬ}} and {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} are likewise ambiguous.
# {{script|Lisu|ꓭ}} represents a "vowel" in the [[Naxi language]], presumably a [[Central consonant|medial]] {{IPAblink|ɯ}}, and a consonant in the [[Lisu language]] {{IPAblink|ɣ}}. {{script|Lisu|ꓪ}}, {{script|Lisu|ꓬ}} and {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} are likewise ambiguous.
# {{script|Lisu|ꓨ}} only occurs in an [[Imperative mood|imperative]] [[Grammatical particle|particle]]. It is an [[allophone]] of {{script|Lisu|ꓦ}} {{IPAblink|h̃}}, which causes nasalization to the syllable.
# {{script|Lisu|ꓨ}} only occurs in an [[Imperative mood|imperative]] [[Grammatical particle|particle]]. It is an [[allophone]] of {{script|Lisu|ꓦ}} {{IPAblink|h̃}}, which causes nasalization to the syllable.
# {{script|Lisu|ꓤ}}, {{script|Lisu|ꓨ}} and {{script|Lisu|ꓩ}} are used only in [[Lisu language]].
# {{script|Lisu|ꓤ}}, {{script|Lisu|ꓨ}} and {{script|Lisu|ꓩ}} are used only in [[Lisu language]].
# {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} is used only in [[Naxi language]].
# {{script|Lisu|𑾰}} is used only in [[Naxi language]].


==Vowels==
==Vowels<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradley |title=Southern Lisu dictionary}}</ref>==
[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03963.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lisu language]] Bible in the Fraser script]]
[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03963.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lisu language]] Bible in the Fraser script]]


Line 85: Line 85:
|{{script|Lisu|ꓬ}} {{IPAblink|i̯ɑ}}
|{{script|Lisu|ꓬ}} {{IPAblink|i̯ɑ}}
|}
|}
:<nowiki>**</nowiki>Only written after a syllable (consonant letter) to indicate a second vowel. Other vowels do not have special letters to emphasize a secondary vowel without glottal stop initial, such as {{script|Lisu|ꓡꓷꓰꓹ}} ({{IPA|[ləe]}}) is not written as {{script|Lisu|ꓡꓷˍꓰꓹ}} and can only be distinguished from {{script|List|ꓡꓷ ꓰꓹ}} ({{IPA|[lə ʔe]}}) by a space.
:<nowiki>**</nowiki>Only written after a syllable (consonant letter) to indicate a second vowel. Other vowels do not have special letters to emphasize a secondary vowel without glottal stop initial, such as {{script|Lisu|ꓡꓷꓰꓹ}} ({{IPA|[ləe]}}) is not written as {{script|Lisu|ꓡꓷˍꓰꓹ}} and can only be distinguished from {{Script|Lisu|ꓡꓷ ꓰꓹ}} ({{IPA|[lə ʔe]}}) by a space.


For example, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsɑ̄]}}, while {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝꓰ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsē]}}.
For example, {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsɑ̄]}}, while {{angle bracket|{{script|Lisu|ꓝꓰ}}}} is {{IPA|[tsē]}}.
Line 91: Line 91:
When consonant ꓠꓬ, ꓬ is used with vowel ꓬꓱ, ꓬ, without being ambiguous only one ꓬ is written.
When consonant ꓠꓬ, ꓬ is used with vowel ꓬꓱ, ꓬ, without being ambiguous only one ꓬ is written.


When transcribing exotic rimes (diphthongs or nasal endings), letters ꓮ and ꓬ can work like vowels just like English letter Y, making Fraser script behave like an [[matres lectionis|abjadic]] alphabet like the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] instead of an abugida like [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]; meanwhile space works like a delimiter like a Tibetan tseg, making a final consonant (such as ꓠ) possible without necessity of a [[virama|halanta sign]]: 凉粉 {{script|List|ꓡꓬꓮꓳ ꓩꓷꓠ}} reads as {{IPA|/li̯ɛw fən/}} rather than as {{script|List|ꓡꓬ ꓮ ꓳ ꓩꓷ ꓠ}} {{IPA|/li̯ɑ ʔɑ ʔʊ fə nɑ/}}.
When transcribing exotic rimes (diphthongs or nasal endings), letters ꓮ and ꓬ can work like vowels just like English letter Y, making Fraser script behave like an [[matres lectionis|abjadic]] alphabet like the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] instead of an abugida like [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]; meanwhile space works like a delimiter like a Tibetan tseg, making a final consonant (such as ꓠ) possible without necessity of a [[virama|halanta sign]]: 凉粉 {{Script|Lisu|ꓡꓬꓮꓳ ꓩꓷꓠ}} reads as {{IPA|/li̯ɛw fən/}} rather than as {{Script|Lisu|ꓡꓬ ꓮ ꓳ ꓩꓷ ꓠ}} {{IPA|/li̯ɑ ʔɑ ʔʊ fə nɑ/}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradley |title=Southern Lisu dictionary}}</ref>


[[Image:Fraser alphabet.png]]
[[Image:Fraser alphabet.png]]
Line 136: Line 136:
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/fraser.htm ''Omniglot'' entry on Fraser script]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/fraser.htm ''Omniglot'' entry on Fraser script]
*[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3317.pdf Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS]
*[http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3317.pdf Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808022144/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3317.pdf |date=2017-08-08 }}
*[https://phjamr.github.io/lisu.html Lisu Unicode, Open source font for users of the Lisu script]
*[https://phjamr.github.io/lisu.html Lisu Unicode, Open source font for users of the Lisu script]
*[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/david_bradley.pdf Issues in orthography development and reform] by David Bradley
*[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/david_bradley.pdf Issues in orthography development and reform] by David Bradley

Latest revision as of 00:21, 6 June 2024

Fraser
Script type
CreatorJames O. Fraser
Time period
c. 1915–present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesLisu
Related scripts
Parent systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Lisu (399), ​Lisu (Fraser)
Unicode
Unicode alias
Lisu
U+A4D0–U+A4FF, U+11FB0–U+11FBF
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Fraser or Old Lisu script is an artificial abugida for the Lisu language invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar, and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. in the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark,[1] and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language, e.g. in the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.

The script uses uppercase letters from the Latin script (except for the letter Q) and rotated versions thereof (except for the letters M, Q and W) to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization are written with Roman punctuation marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic abugidas, the vowel [a] is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.

The local Chinese government in Nujiang de facto recognized the script in 1992 as the official script for writing in Lisu, although other Lisu autonomous territories continue to use the New Lisu.[citation needed]

Consonants

[edit]

Note: You may need to download a Lisu capable Unicode font if not all characters display.

Fraser consonants
Labial Alveolar Alveolar
sibilant
Post-
alveolar
Velar Glottal
Plosive Tenuis [p] [t] [ts] [] [k] [ʔ]1
Aspirate [] [] [tsʰ] [tʃʰ] []
Voiced [b] [d] [dz] [] [ɡ] [ɦ]3 4
Fricative Voiceless [f]4 [s] [ʃ] [x]
Voiced [z]4 [ʒ] [ɯ]?, [ɣ]2
Nasal [m] [n] ꓠꓬ [ȵ] [ŋ] []3
Approximant Tenuis [w], []2 [l] [ʝ], []2
Aspirate 𑾰 [ʝʰ], [i̯ʰ]2 5
  1. Initial glottal stop is only written when the inherent vowel [ɑ] follows, and just like all consonants, the inherent vowel suffix ˍ must not be written as that would indicate another [ɑ] follows (ʔɑɑ instead of ʔɑ). It is automatic before all initial vowels but [ɯ] and [ə].
  2. represents a "vowel" in the Naxi language, presumably a medial [ɯ], and a consonant in the Lisu language [ɣ]. , and 𑾰 are likewise ambiguous.
  3. only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of [], which causes nasalization to the syllable.
  4. , and are used only in Lisu language.
  5. 𑾰 is used only in Naxi language.

Vowels

[edit]
Lisu language Bible in the Fraser script
Fraser vowels
Front Central/back
High [i] [y] [ɯ] [u]
Mid [e] [ø] ꓬꓱ [i̯ø] [ə] [ʊ] ꓮꓳ [ɑw]/[ɔ]
Low [ɛ] ˍ** [ɑ] [] [i̯ɑ]
**Only written after a syllable (consonant letter) to indicate a second vowel. Other vowels do not have special letters to emphasize a secondary vowel without glottal stop initial, such as ꓡꓷꓰꓹ ([ləe]) is not written as ꓡꓷˍꓰꓹ and can only be distinguished from ꓡꓷ ꓰꓹ ([lə ʔe]) by a space.

For example, is [tsɑ̄], while ꓝꓰ is [tsē].

When consonant ꓠꓬ, ꓬ is used with vowel ꓬꓱ, ꓬ, without being ambiguous only one ꓬ is written.

When transcribing exotic rimes (diphthongs or nasal endings), letters ꓮ and ꓬ can work like vowels just like English letter Y, making Fraser script behave like an abjadic alphabet like the Roman instead of an abugida like Tibetan; meanwhile space works like a delimiter like a Tibetan tseg, making a final consonant (such as ꓠ) possible without necessity of a halanta sign: 凉粉 ꓡꓬꓮꓳ ꓩꓷꓠ reads as /li̯ɛw fən/ rather than as ꓡꓬ ꓮ ꓳ ꓩꓷ ꓠ /li̯ɑ ʔɑ ʔʊ nɑ/.[2]

Tones

[edit]

Tones are written with standard punctuation. Lisu punctuation therefore differs from international norms: the comma is (hyphen period) and the full stop is (equal sign).

Diacritics on the syllable [tsɑ]
[tsɑ̄] ꓝꓸ [tsɑ́] ꓝꓹ [tsɑ̌]
ꓝꓻ [tsɑ̄ˀ]* ꓝꓺ [tsɑ̄ˀ] ꓝʼ [tsɑ̄̃]
ꓝꓼ [tsɑ̂ˀ] ꓝꓽ [tsɑ̂] ꓝˍ [tsɑ̄ɑ̂]
*It is not clear how the mid tone differs from the unmarked mid tone.

The tones , , , may be combined with and as compound tones. However, the only one still in common use is ꓹꓼ.

The apostrophe indicates nasalization. It is combined with tone marks.

The understrike (optionally a low macron) indicates the Lisu "A glide", a contraction of [ɑ̂] without an intervening glottal stop. The tone is not always falling, depending on the environment, but is written ˍ regardless.

Unicode

[edit]

The Fraser script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block for the Fraser script, called 'Lisu', is U+A4D0–U+A4FF:

Lisu[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+A4Dx
U+A4Ex
U+A4Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

An additional character, the inverted Y used in the Naxi language, was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0. It is in the Lisu Supplement block (U+11FB0–U+11FBF):

Lisu Supplement[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+11FBx 𑾰
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Naxi Gospel of Mark 1932". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  2. ^ Bradley. Southern Lisu dictionary.
[edit]