3rd Philippine Legislature: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Philippine Congress |
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{{Infobox legislative term|box_width=25em|name=3rd Philippine Legislature|image=Coat of arms of the Philippines (1905–1935).svg|image_size=100px|alt=|caption=|body=|meeting_place=|election=|government=|opposition=|term_start=October 16, 1912|term_end=February 24, 1916|before=[[2nd Philippine Legislature|2nd]]|after=[[4th Philippine Legislature|4th]]|website=|chamber1=|chamber1_image=|chamber1_image_size=|chamber1_alt=|membership1=|control1=|chamber1_leader1_type=[[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]]|chamber1_leader1={{plainlist| |
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| rank = 3rd |
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| legislative_period = Philippine Legislature |
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| seal =[[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines (1905–1935).svg|150px]] |
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}}|chamber1_leader2_type=|chamber1_leader2=|chamber1_leader3_type=|chamber1_leader3=|chamber2=[[Taft Commission|Philippine Commission]]|chamber2_image=|chamber2_image_size=|chamber2_alt=|membership2=9|control2=|chamber2_leader1_type=President|chamber2_leader1={{plainlist| |
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| first_session = October 16, 1912 |
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*[[William Cameron Forbes]]<br>(until September 1, 1913) |
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| last_session = February 24, 1916 |
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*[[Francis Burton Harrison]]<br>(from September 2, 1913) |
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| governor_general = {{plainlist| |
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}}|chamber2_leader2_type=|chamber2_leader2=|chamber2_leader3_type=|chamber2_leader3=|chamber2_leader4_type=|chamber2_leader4=|chamber2_leader5_type=|chamber2_leader5=|chamber3=[[Philippine Assembly]]|membership3=81|chamber3_leader1_type=[[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker]]|chamber3_leader1=[[Sergio Osmeña]]|chamber3_leader2_type=[[Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Majority leader]]|chamber3_leader2={{plainlist| |
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*[[Macario Adriatico]]<br>(until November 5, 1914) |
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*[[Newton W. Gilbert]] |
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*[[Galicano Apacible]]<br>(from November 5, 1914) |
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}} |
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| commission_members = 10 |
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| assembly_speaker = [[Sergio Osmeña]] ([[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]]) |
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| assembly_majority = |
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| assembly_minority = |
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| assembly_members = 92 |
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| previous_special = 2nd Philippine Legislature |
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| previous_year = 1912 |
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| next_special = 4th Philippine Legislature |
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| next_year = 1916 |
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}} |
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==Sessions== |
==Sessions== |
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=== Philippine Commission === |
=== Philippine Commission === |
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* [[Gregorio S. Araneta]]{{Efn|Resigned as Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913.}} |
* [[Gregorio S. Araneta]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913.}} |
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* Frank A. Branagan{{Efn|Resigned on October 30, 1913.}} |
* Frank A. Branagan{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.}} |
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* [[Jaime C. de Veyra]]{{Efn|Took office on October 30, 1913, |
* [[Jaime C. de Veyra]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding Frank A. Branagan.}} |
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* [[Winfred Thaxter Denison]]{{Efn|Took office as Secretary of the Interior on January 28, 1914, |
* [[Winfred Thaxter Denison]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of the Interior on January 28, 1914, succeeding [[Dean Conant Worcester]].}} |
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* [[Charles B. Elliott]]{{Efn|Resigned as Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 4, 1912.}} |
* [[Charles B. Elliott]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 4, 1912.}} |
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* [[Vicente Singson Encarnacion]]{{Efn|Took office on October 30, 1913, |
* [[Vicente Singson Encarnacion]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding [[José de Luzuriaga|Jose de Luzuriaga]].}} |
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* [[William Cameron Forbes]]{{Efn|Resigned as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 1, 1913.}} |
* [[William Cameron Forbes]]{{Efn|Resigned as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 1, 1913.}} |
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* [[Newton W. Gilbert]]{{Efn|Resigned as Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913.}} |
* [[Newton W. Gilbert]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913.}} |
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* [[Francis Burton Harrison]]{{Efn|Took office as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 2, 1913, |
* [[Francis Burton Harrison]]{{Efn|Took office as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 2, 1913, succeeding [[William Cameron Forbes]].}} |
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* [[Vicente Ilustre]]{{Efn|Took office on October 30, 1913, |
* [[Vicente Ilustre]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding [[Juan Sumulong]].}} |
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* [[Victorino Mapa]]{{Efn|Took office as Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913, |
* [[Victorino Mapa]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913, succeeding [[Gregorio S. Araneta]].}} |
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* [[José de Luzuriaga|Jose de Luzuriaga]]{{Efn|Resigned on October 30, 1913.}} |
* [[José de Luzuriaga|Jose de Luzuriaga]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.}} |
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* Henderson S. Martin{{Efn|Took office as Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913, |
* Henderson S. Martin{{Efn|Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913, succeeding [[Newton W. Gilbert]].}} |
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* [[Rafael Palma]] |
* [[Rafael Palma]] |
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* [[Eugene E. Reed]]{{Efn|Took office as Secretary of Commerce and Police on May 24, 1916, |
* [[Eugene E. Reed]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on May 24, 1916, succeeding [[Clinton L. Riggs]].}} |
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* [[Clinton L. Riggs]]{{Efn|Took office as Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 1, 1913, |
* [[Clinton L. Riggs]]{{Efn|Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 1, 1913, succeeding [[Charles B. Elliott]]. Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on October 31, 1915.}} |
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* [[Juan Sumulong]]{{Efn|Resigned on October 30, 1913.}} |
* [[Juan Sumulong]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.}} |
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* [[Dean Conant Worcester]]{{Efn|Resigned as Secretary of the Interior on September 15, 1913.}} |
* [[Dean Conant Worcester]]{{Efn|Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of the Interior on September 15, 1913.}} |
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'''Sources:''' |
'''Sources:''' |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Ambrosio|Santos|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on May 15, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Ambrosio|Santos|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on May 15, 1914, succeeding Aguedo Velarde.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Venancio|Concepcion|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on May 16, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Venancio|Concepcion|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on May 16, 1914, succeeding Cresencio Marasigan.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Emilio|Acevedo|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on October 10, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Emilio|Acevedo|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on October 10, 1914, succeeding Simeon Dadivas.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Tomas N.|Alonso|link=Tomás N. Alonso}}{{Efn|Elected on November 21, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Tomas N.|Alonso|link=Tomás N. Alonso}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on November 21, 1914, succeeding Eulalio E. Causing.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Ilocos Sur]] |
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Ilocos Sur]] |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district|1st]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district|1st]] |
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|{{Sortname|Vicente|Singson Encarnacion}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Vicente|Singson Encarnacion}}{{Efn|Appointed to the Philippine Commission on October 30, 1913.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Alberto|Reyes|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on February 24, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Alberto|Reyes|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on February 24, 1914, succeeding [[Vicente Singson Encarnacion]].}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Leyte's 4th congressional district|4th]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Leyte's 4th congressional district|4th]] |
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|{{Sortname|Francisco|Enage}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Francisco|Enage}}{{Efn|Appointed as provincial fiscal of [[Iloilo]] on February 5, 1915.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Ruperto|Kapunan|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on September 18, 1915.|name= |
|{{Sortname|Ruperto|Kapunan|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on September 18, 1915, succeeding [[Francisco Enage]].|name=}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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| align="center" |[[Manila's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
| align="center" |[[Manila's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
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|{{Sortname|Luciano|de la Rosa|nolink=1}} |
|{{Sortname|Luciano|de la Rosa|nolink=1}} |
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| bgcolor=" |
| bgcolor="darkred" | |
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|Liga Popular |
|Liga Popular |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Mindoro (province)|Mindoro]] |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Mindoro (province)|Mindoro]] |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Mindoro's at-large congressional district|Lone]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Mindoro's at-large congressional district|Lone]] |
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|{{Sortname|Macario|Adriatico|nolink=1}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Macario|Adriatico|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Appointed to the Code Committee on March 1, 1914.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Mariano P.|Leuterio|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on June 8, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Mariano P.|Leuterio|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on June 8, 1914, succeeding Macario Adriatico.}} |
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| bgcolor=" |
| bgcolor="darkred" | |
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|Liga Popular |
|Liga Popular |
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|- |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Negros Oriental's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Negros Oriental's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
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|{{Sortname|Teofisto|Guingona Sr.}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Teofisto|Guingona Sr.}}{{Efn|Appointed as Governor of Agusan on June 10, 1914.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Leopoldo|Rovira|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on October 1, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Leopoldo|Rovira|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on October 1, 1914, succeeding [[Teofisto Guingona Sr.]].}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Progresista Party}}" | |
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|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
|[[Progresista Party|Progresista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Rizal's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Rizal's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
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|{{Sortname|Sixto|de los Angeles|nolink=1}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Sixto|de los Angeles|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Appointed to the Public Welfare Board on April 3, 1915.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Leandro A.|Jabson|nolink=1}}{{Efn||name= |
|{{Sortname|Leandro A.|Jabson|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on September 18, 1915, succeeding Sixto de los Angeles.|name=}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Zambales]] |
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Zambales]] |
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| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Zambales's at-large congressional district|Lone]] |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Zambales's at-large congressional district|Lone]] |
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|{{Sortname|Rafael|Corpus}}{{Efn| |
|{{Sortname|Rafael|Corpus}}{{Efn|Appointed as [[Solicitor General of the Philippines|Solicitor General]] on March 1, 1914.}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{Sortname|Gabriel|Alba|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected on July 22, 1914.}} |
|{{Sortname|Gabriel|Alba|nolink=1}}{{Efn|Elected in a special election on July 22, 1914, succeeding [[Rafael Corpus]].}} |
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| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}" | |
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|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
|[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] |
Latest revision as of 23:20, 10 June 2024
3rd Philippine Legislature | |||||
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Overview | |||||
Term | October 16, 1912 – February 24, 1916 | ||||
Governor-General |
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Philippine Commission | |||||
Members | 9 | ||||
President |
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Philippine Assembly | |||||
Members | 81 | ||||
Speaker | Sergio Osmeña | ||||
Majority leader |
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Philippines portal |
The 3rd Philippine Legislature was the meeting of the legislature of the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States from October 16, 1912, to February 24, 1916.
Sessions
[edit]- First Regular Session: October 16, 1912 – February 3, 1913
- First Special Session: February 6 – 11, 1913
- Second Regular Session: October 16, 1913 – February 3, 1914
- Second Special Session: February 4 – 28, 1914
- Third Regular Session: October 16, 1914 – February 5, 1915
- Fourth Regular Session: October 16, 1915 – February 4, 1916
- Third Special Session: February 14 – 24, 1916
Legislation
[edit]The Third Philippine Legislature passed a total of 473 laws (Act Nos. 2192–2664)
Leadership
[edit]Philippine Commission
[edit]- Governor-General and President of the Philippine Commission:
- William Cameron Forbes, until September 1, 1913
- Francis Burton Harrison, from September 2, 1913
- Vice-Governor:
- Newton W. Gilbert, until November 30, 1913
- Henderson S. Martin, from December 1, 1913
- Secretary of Finance and Justice:
- Gregorio S. Araneta, until October 30, 1913
- Victorino Mapa, from October 30, 1913
- Secretary of the Interior:
- Dean Conant Worcester, until September 15, 1913
- Winfred Thaxter Denison, from January 28, 1914
- Secretary of Commerce and Police:
- Charles B. Elliott, until December 4, 1912
- Clinton L. Riggs, December 1, 1913 – October 31, 1915
- Eugene E. Reed, from May 24, 1916
- Secretary of Public Instruction:
- Newton W. Gilbert, until December 1, 1913
- Henderson S. Martin, from December 1, 1913
Philippine Assembly
[edit]- Majority Floor Leader:
- Macario Adriatico (Mindoro, Nacionalista), until November 5, 1914
- Galicano Apacible (Batangas–1st, Nacionalista), from November 5, 1914[1]
Members
[edit]Philippine Commission
[edit]- Gregorio S. Araneta[a]
- Frank A. Branagan[b]
- Jaime C. de Veyra[c]
- Winfred Thaxter Denison[d]
- Charles B. Elliott[e]
- Vicente Singson Encarnacion[f]
- William Cameron Forbes[g]
- Newton W. Gilbert[h]
- Francis Burton Harrison[i]
- Vicente Ilustre[j]
- Victorino Mapa[k]
- Jose de Luzuriaga[l]
- Henderson S. Martin[m]
- Rafael Palma
- Eugene E. Reed[n]
- Clinton L. Riggs[o]
- Juan Sumulong[p]
- Dean Conant Worcester[q]
Sources:
- Journal of the Philippine Commission Being the First Session, October 16, 1912, to February 3, 1913, and A Special Session, February 6, 1913, to February 11, 1913, of the Third Philippine Legislature. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1913.
- Journal of the Philippine Commission Being the Second Session, October 16, 1913, to February 3, 1914, and A Special Session, February 6, 1914, to February 28, 1914, of the Third Philippine Legislature. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1914.
- Journal of the Philippine Commission Being the Third Session, October 16, 1914, to February 5, 1915, of the Third Philippine Legislature. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1915.
- Journal of the Philippine Commission Being the Fourth Session, October 16, 1915, to February 4, 1916, and A Special Session, February 14, 1916, to February 24, 1916, of the Third Philippine Legislature. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1916.
Philippine Assembly
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.
- ^ Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding Frank A. Branagan.
- ^ Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of the Interior on January 28, 1914, succeeding Dean Conant Worcester.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 4, 1912.
- ^ Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding Jose de Luzuriaga.
- ^ Resigned as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 1, 1913.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913.
- ^ Took office as Governor-General of the Philippines on September 2, 1913, succeeding William Cameron Forbes.
- ^ Took office as commissioner on October 30, 1913, succeeding Juan Sumulong.
- ^ Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Finance and Justice on October 30, 1913, succeeding Gregorio S. Araneta.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.
- ^ Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Public Instruction on December 1, 1913, succeeding Newton W. Gilbert.
- ^ Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on May 24, 1916, succeeding Clinton L. Riggs.
- ^ Took office as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on December 1, 1913, succeeding Charles B. Elliott. Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of Commerce and Police on October 31, 1915.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner on October 30, 1913.
- ^ Resigned as commissioner and concurrent Secretary of the Interior on September 15, 1913.
- ^ Died on December 22, 1913.
- ^ Elected in a special election on May 15, 1914, succeeding Aguedo Velarde.
- ^ Election invalidated on February 14, 1914 due to possession of Spanish citizenship and failure to submit a certificate of candidacy.
- ^ Elected in a special election on May 16, 1914, succeeding Cresencio Marasigan.
- ^ Died on July 27, 1914.
- ^ Elected in a special election on October 10, 1914, succeeding Simeon Dadivas.
- ^ Resigned on October 13, 1914.
- ^ Elected in a special election on November 21, 1914, succeeding Eulalio E. Causing.
- ^ Appointed to the Philippine Commission on October 30, 1913.
- ^ Elected in a special election on February 24, 1914, succeeding Vicente Singson Encarnacion.
- ^ Appointed as provincial fiscal of Iloilo on February 5, 1915.
- ^ Elected in a special election on September 18, 1915, succeeding Francisco Enage.
- ^ Appointed to the Code Committee on March 1, 1914.
- ^ Elected in a special election on June 8, 1914, succeeding Macario Adriatico.
- ^ Died on May 25, 1915.
- ^ Appointed as Governor of Agusan on June 10, 1914.
- ^ Elected in a special election on October 1, 1914, succeeding Teofisto Guingona Sr..
- ^ Appointed to the Public Welfare Board on April 3, 1915.
- ^ Elected in a special election on September 18, 1915, succeeding Sixto de los Angeles.
- ^ Appointed as Solicitor General on March 1, 1914.
- ^ Elected in a special election on July 22, 1914, succeeding Rafael Corpus.
References
[edit]- ^ Our Delegates to the Constitutional Assembly. Benipayo Press. 1935. p. 626.
External links
[edit]- "List of Senators". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006.
- "The LAWPHiL Project – Philippine Laws and Jurispudance Databank". Arellano Law Foundation. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2006.
Further reading
[edit]- Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library
- Paras, Corazon L. (2000). The Presidents of the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines. ISBN 971-8832-24-6.
- Pobre, Cesar P. (2000). Philippine Legislature 100 Years. ISBN 971-92245-0-9.