List of heads of state of Ghana: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|None}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}} |
{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} |
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This is a list of the '''heads of state of Ghana''', from the independence of [[Ghana]] in 1957 to the present day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–present|work=The Ghana Reader|year=2016|pages=299–300|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-060|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> |
This is a list of the '''heads of state of Ghana''', from the independence of [[Ghana]] in 1957 to the present day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–present|work=The Ghana Reader|year=2016|pages=299–300|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-060|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> |
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From 1957 to 1960 the head of state under the [[Constitution of Ghana|Constitution]] of 1957 was the [[Queen of |
From 1957 to 1960 the head of state under the [[Constitution of Ghana|Constitution]] of 1957 was the [[Queen of U.K]], [[Elizabeth II]], who was also the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]] and the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magnum Photos|url=https://pro.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&STID=2S5RYDIWIN32|website=pro.magnumphotos.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The monarch was represented in Ghana by a governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magnum Photos|url=https://pro.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&STID=2S5RYDIWIN32|website=pro.magnumphotos.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ghana became a [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|republic within the Commonwealth]] under the Constitution of 1960 and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by an executive [[President of Ghana|president]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana – INDEPENDENT GHANA|url=http://countrystudies.us/ghana/14.htm|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> |
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==Monarch (1957–1960)== |
==Monarch (1957–1960)== |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
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|- |
|- |
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!Reign start |
! Reign start |
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!Reign end |
! Reign end |
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!Duration |
! Duration |
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|- |
|- |
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! 1 |
! 1 |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
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|- |
|- |
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!Took office |
! Took office |
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!Left office |
! Left office |
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!Time in office |
! Time in office |
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|- |
|- |
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! 1 |
! 1 |
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| rowspan=3|[[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] |
| rowspan=3|[[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] |
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|-style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
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| |
| — |
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| [[File:Sir-Kobina-Arku-Korsah.jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:Sir-Kobina-Arku-Korsah.jpg|90px]] |
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| [[Kobina Arku Korsah|Sir Kobina Arku Korsah]]<br />{{small|(1894–1967)}} |
| [[Kobina Arku Korsah|Sir Kobina Arku Korsah]]<br />{{small|(1894–1967)}} |
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== |
==Republic (1960–present)== |
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⚫ | Under the Constitution of 1960, the first constitution of the Republic of Ghana, the president replaced the monarch as executive head of state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Todd E|first=Pettys|date=2018-02-09|title=Part Two The Iowa Constitution and Commentary, Art.IV Executive Department|journal=The Iowa State Constitution|doi=10.1093/law/9780190490836.003.0007}}</ref> The president was elected by [[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]] for a 5-year term. In the event of a vacancy three members of the Cabinet served jointly as [[acting (law)|acting]] president. |
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;Political parties |
;Political parties |
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{{legend|{{party color|Convention People's Party}}|[[Convention People's Party]] (CPP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
{{legend|{{party color|Convention People's Party}}|[[Convention People's Party]] (CPP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
;Symbols |
;Symbols |
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{{note label|C|C|C}} Constitutional referendum |
{{note label|C|C|C}} Constitutional referendum |
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⚫ | |||
===First Republic (1960–1966)=== |
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⚫ | Under the Constitution of 1960, the first constitution of the Republic of Ghana, the president replaced the monarch as executive head of state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Todd E|first=Pettys|date=2018-02-09|title=Part Two The Iowa Constitution and Commentary, Art.IV Executive Department|journal=The Iowa State Constitution|doi=10.1093/law/9780190490836.003.0007}}</ref> The president was elected by [[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]] for a 5-year term. In the event of a vacancy three members of the Cabinet served jointly as [[acting (law)|acting]] president. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
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! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|Convention People's Party}}; color:white;" | 1 |
! style="background:{{party color|Convention People's Party}}; color:white;" | 1 |
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| [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-50-1.jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-50-1.jpg|90px]] |
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| [[Kwame Nkrumah]]<br />{{small|(1909–1972)}} |
| [[Kwame Nkrumah]]<br />{{small|(1909–1972)}} |
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| [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|1960]]<br />{{ |
| [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|1960]]<br />{{Text|[[1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|1964]]{{ref label|C|C|C}}}} |
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| {{nowrap|1 July}} 1960 |
| {{nowrap|1 July}} 1960 |
||
| {{nowrap|26 February}} 1966<br />{{small|([[National Liberation Council#1966 coup|Deposed]])}} |
| {{nowrap|26 February}} 1966<br />{{small|([[National Liberation Council#1966 coup|Deposed in a coup]])}} |
||
| {{ayd|1960|7|1|1966|2|26}} |
| {{ayd|1960|7|1|1966|2|26}} |
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| [[Convention People's Party|CPP]] |
| [[Convention People's Party|CPP]] |
||
|} |
|} |
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==Military rule (1966–1969)== |
===Military rule (1966–1969)=== |
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[[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] led a [[coup d'état]] which overthrew President Nkrumah and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved. |
[[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] led a [[coup d'état]] which overthrew President Nkrumah and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved. |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
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! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | 2 |
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | 2 |
||
| [[File: |
| [[File:Joseph Arthur Ankrah in America (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
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| [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|{{small|Lieutenant-General}} Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]<br />{{small|(1915–1992)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[National Liberation Council|NLC]]}} |
| [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah|{{small|Lieutenant-General}} Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]<br />{{small|(1915–1992)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[National Liberation Council|NLC]]}} |
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| {{nowrap|24 February}} 1966 |
| {{nowrap|24 February}} 1966 |
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|} |
|} |
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==Second Republic (1969–1972)== |
===Second Republic (1969–1972)=== |
||
;Other factions |
|||
{{legend|{{party color|Military rule}}|[[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
Line 153: | Line 159: | ||
! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Ghana|Prime minister]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | {{small|(3)}} |
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | {{small|(3)}} |
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| {{ayd|1969|9|3|1970|8|7}} |
| {{ayd|1969|9|3|1970|8|7}} |
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| [[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]] |
| [[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]] |
||
| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3|[[Kofi Abrefa Busia|Busia]] |
||
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;" |
||
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" | — |
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| [[File:No image.png|90px]] |
| [[File:No image.png|90px]] |
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| [[Nii Amaa Ollennu]]<br />{{small|(1906–1986)}} |
| [[Nii Amaa Ollennu]]<br />{{small|(1906–1986)}} |
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| — |
| — |
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| {{nowrap|31 August}} 1970 |
| {{nowrap|31 August}} 1970 |
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| {{nowrap|13 January}} 1972<br />{{small|([[National Redemption Council#13 January 1972|Deposed]])}} |
| {{nowrap|13 January}} 1972<br />{{small|([[National Redemption Council#13 January 1972|Deposed in a coup]])}} |
||
| {{ayd|1970|8|31|1972|1|13}} |
| {{ayd|1970|8|31|1972|1|13}} |
||
| Independent |
| Independent |
||
|} |
|} |
||
==Military rule (1972–1979)== |
===Military rule (1972–1979)=== |
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[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong|General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]] led a coup d'état which overthrew President Akufo-Addo, Prime Minister Abrefa Busia and his government, all political parties, and Parliament were also dissolved.<ref>{{Citation|title=Busia, Dr. Kofi Abrefa, (11 July 1913–28 Aug. 1978), Prime Minister of Ghana, 1969–72|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/WW/9780199540884.013.u152838}}</ref> |
[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong|General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]] led a coup d'état which overthrew President Akufo-Addo, Prime Minister Abrefa Busia and his government, all political parties, and Parliament were also dissolved.<ref>{{Citation|title=Busia, Dr. Kofi Abrefa, (11 July 1913–28 Aug. 1978), Prime Minister of Ghana, 1969–72|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/WW/9780199540884.013.u152838}}</ref> |
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[[Fred Akuffo|Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo]] led a |
[[Fred Akuffo|Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo]] led a [[palace coup]] which overthrew General Acheampong,<ref>{{Citation|last=Rich|first=Jeremy|title=Akuffo, Fred|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48197|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> then [[Jerry Rawlings|Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings]] led a coup d'état which overthrown the [[Supreme Military Council (Ghana)|Supreme Military Council]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shillington, Kevin.|title=Ghana and the Rawlings factor|date=1992|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-56845-1|oclc=28182404}}</ref> |
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; Other factions |
|||
{{legend|{{party color|Military rule}}|[[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
! rowspan="2" |Portrait |
! rowspan="2" |Portrait |
||
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />{{small|( |
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}} |
||
! colspan="3" |Term of office |
! colspan="3" |Term of office |
||
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | 5 |
! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | 5 |
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| [[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong|{{small|General}} Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]]<br />{{small|(1931–1979)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[National Redemption Council|NRC]]}} |
| [[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong|{{small|General}} Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]]<br />{{small|(1931–1979)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[National Redemption Council|NRC]]}} |
||
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|13 January}} 1972 |
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|13 January}} 1972 |
||
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|5 July}} 1978<br />{{small|([[Supreme Military Council (Ghana)#Palace coup|Deposed]])}} |
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|5 July}} 1978<br />{{small|([[Supreme Military Council (Ghana)#Palace coup|Deposed in a coup]])}} |
||
| rowspan=2|{{ayd|1972|1|13|1978|7|5}} |
| rowspan=2|{{ayd|1972|1|13|1978|7|5}} |
||
| rowspan= |
| rowspan=4|[[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{small|Chairman of the [[Supreme Military Council (Ghana)|SMC]]<br>from 9 October 1975}} |
| {{small|Chairman of the [[Supreme Military Council (Ghana)|SMC]]<br>from 9 October 1975}} |
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| [[Fred Akuffo|{{small|Lieutenant-General}} Fred Akuffo]]<br />{{small|(1937–1979)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the SMC}} |
| [[Fred Akuffo|{{small|Lieutenant-General}} Fred Akuffo]]<br />{{small|(1937–1979)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the SMC}} |
||
| {{nowrap|5 July}} 1978 |
| {{nowrap|5 July}} 1978 |
||
| {{nowrap|4 June}} 1979<br />{{small|([[June 4th revolution in Ghana|Deposed]])}} |
| {{nowrap|4 June}} 1979<br />{{small|([[June 4th revolution in Ghana|Deposed in a coup]])}} |
||
| {{ayd|1978|7|5|1979|6|4}} |
| {{ayd|1978|7|5|1979|6|4}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|} |
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==Third Republic (1979–1981)<ref name="Nketia 2001">{{Citation |last=Nketia|first=J.H. Kwabena|title=Ghana, Republic of|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009}}</ref>== |
===Third Republic (1979–1981)<ref name="Nketia 2001">{{Citation |last=Nketia|first=J.H. Kwabena|title=Ghana, Republic of|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009}}</ref> === |
||
Under the Constitution of 1979 the president was head of both state and government. The president was directly elected and served a four-year term that expired at the next general election; a president might serve a maximum of two terms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yankson-Mensah, Marian.|title=Transitional justice in Ghana an appraisal of the National Reconciliation Commission|date=2020|publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press|isbn=978-94-6265-379-5|oclc=1151190908}}</ref> In the event of a vacancy the [[Vice-President of Ghana|vice-president]] served as acting president.<ref name="Nketia 2001"/> |
Under the Constitution of 1979 the president was head of both state and government. The president was directly elected and served a four-year term that expired at the next general election; a president might serve a maximum of two terms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yankson-Mensah, Marian.|title=Transitional justice in Ghana an appraisal of the National Reconciliation Commission|date=2020|publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press|isbn=978-94-6265-379-5|oclc=1151190908}}</ref> In the event of a vacancy the [[Vice-President of Ghana|vice-president]] served as acting president.<ref name="Nketia 2001"/> |
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;Political parties |
|||
⚫ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
Line 242: | Line 244: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|People's National Party (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | 8 |
! style="background:{{party color|People's National Party (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | 8 |
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Line 251: | Line 253: | ||
| [[1979 Ghanaian general election|1979]] |
| [[1979 Ghanaian general election|1979]] |
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| {{nowrap|24 September}} 1979 |
| {{nowrap|24 September}} 1979 |
||
| {{nowrap|31 December}} 1981<br />{{small|([[ |
| {{nowrap|31 December}} 1981<br />{{small|([[1981 Ghanaian coup d'état|Deposed in a coup]])}} |
||
| {{ayd|1979|9|24|1981|12|31}} |
| {{ayd|1979|9|24|1981|12|31}} |
||
| [[People's National Party (Ghana)|PNP]] |
| [[People's National Party (Ghana)|PNP]] |
||
|} |
|} |
||
==Military rule (1981–1993)== |
===Military rule (1981–1993)=== |
||
[[Jerry Rawlings|Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings]] led a coup d'état which overthrew President Limann and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gyimah-Boadi, E.|title=Ghana under the PNDC rule|date=1993|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=2-86978-018-4|oclc=475366719}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Isaacs|first=Anita|title=Development and Reform under Military Rule|date=1993|work=Military Rule and Transition in Ecuador, 1972–92|pages=35–65|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-08922-2_3|isbn=978-1-349-08924-6}}</ref> |
[[Jerry Rawlings|Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings]] led a coup d'état which overthrew President Limann and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gyimah-Boadi, E.|title=Ghana under the PNDC rule|date=1993|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=2-86978-018-4|oclc=475366719}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Isaacs|first=Anita|title=Development and Reform under Military Rule|date=1993|work=Military Rule and Transition in Ecuador, 1972–92|pages=35–65|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-08922-2_3|isbn=978-1-349-08924-6}}</ref> |
||
;Other factions |
|||
{{legend|{{party color|Military rule}}|[[Ghana Armed Forces|Military]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;"| {{small|(7)}} |
! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" | {{small|(7)}} |
||
| [[File:Fmr Prez. Rawlings (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:Fmr Prez. Rawlings (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
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| [[Jerry Rawlings|{{small|Flight Lieutenant}} Jerry Rawlings]]<br />{{small|(1947–2020)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[Provisional National Defence Council|PNDC]]}} |
| [[Jerry Rawlings|{{small|Flight Lieutenant}} Jerry Rawlings]]<br />{{small|(1947–2020)}}<br />{{small|Chairman of the [[Provisional National Defence Council|PNDC]]}} |
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Line 281: | Line 281: | ||
|} |
|} |
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==Fourth Republic (1993–present)== |
===Fourth Republic (1993–present)=== |
||
Under the current Constitution the president is head of both state and government.<ref name="Nketia 2001"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ghana - Constitution & Politics|doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034}}</ref> The president is directly elected and serves a four-year term that expires at the next general election; a president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy, the vice-president serves the remaining time as the president.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ghana - Constitution & Politics|doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034}}</ref> |
Under the current Constitution the president is head of both state and government.<ref name="Nketia 2001"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ghana - Constitution & Politics|doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034}}</ref> The president is directly elected and serves a four-year term that expires at the next general election; a president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy, the vice-president serves the remaining time as the president.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ghana - Constitution & Politics|doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034}}</ref> |
||
;Political parties |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
;Symbols |
|||
⚫ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} |
||
Line 298: | Line 292: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
! rowspan="2" |Political party |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Took office |
! Took office |
||
!Left office |
! Left office |
||
!Time in office |
! Time in office |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | {{small|( |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | {{small|(7)}} |
||
| [[File:Fmr Prez. Rawlings (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:Fmr Prez. Rawlings (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
||
| [[Jerry Rawlings]]<br />{{small|(1947–2020)}} |
| [[Jerry Rawlings]]<br />{{small|(1947–2020)}} |
||
Line 311: | Line 305: | ||
| [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
| [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|New Patriotic Party}}; color:white;" | |
! style="background:{{party color|New Patriotic Party}}; color:white;" | 8 |
||
| [[File:John Kufuor 080915-A-8817J-090.JPG|90px]] |
| [[File:John Kufuor 080915-A-8817J-090.JPG|90px]] |
||
| [[John Kufuor]]<br />{{small|(born 1938)}} |
| [[John Kufuor]]<br />{{small|(born 1938)}} |
||
Line 320: | Line 314: | ||
| [[New Patriotic Party|NPP]] |
| [[New Patriotic Party|NPP]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | 9 |
||
| [[File:John Atta Mills.jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:John Atta Mills.jpg|90px]] |
||
| [[John Atta Mills]]<br />{{small|(1944–2012)}} |
| [[John Atta Mills]]<br />{{small|(1944–2012)}} |
||
Line 329: | Line 323: | ||
| [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
| [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Congress (Ghana)}}; color:white;" | 10 |
||
| [[File:John Dramani Mahama Aug2014 (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:John Dramani Mahama Aug2014 (cropped).jpg|90px]] |
||
| [[John Mahama]]<br />{{small|(born 1958)}} |
| [[John Mahama]]<br />{{small|(born 1958)}} |
||
Line 336: | Line 330: | ||
| {{nowrap|7 January}} 2017 |
| {{nowrap|7 January}} 2017 |
||
| {{ayd|2012|7|24|2017|1|7}} |
| {{ayd|2012|7|24|2017|1|7}} |
||
|[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
| [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="background:{{party color|New Patriotic Party}}; color:white;" | |
! style="background:{{party color|New Patriotic Party}}; color:white;" | 11 |
||
| [[File:Nana Akufo Addo, Jan. 2020.jpg|90px]] |
| [[File:Nana Akufo Addo, Jan. 2020.jpg|90px]] |
||
| [[Nana Akufo-Addo]]<br />{{small|(born 1944)}} |
| [[Nana Akufo-Addo]]<br />{{small|(born 1944)}} |
||
Line 358: | Line 352: | ||
Colors = |
Colors = |
||
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent) |
id:independent value:rgb(0.710,0.710,0.710) legend:None_(Independent) |
||
id:military value:rgb(0.76,0.69,0.57) legend:Military |
id:military value:rgb(0.76,0.69,0.57) legend:Military |
||
id:cpp value:rgb(0.81,0.07,0.15) legend:Convention_People's_Party |
id:cpp value:rgb(0.81,0.07,0.15) legend:Convention_People's_Party |
||
id:pnp value:rgb(0.89,0.2,0.18) legend:People's_National_Party |
id:pnp value:rgb(0.89,0.2,0.18) legend:People's_National_Party |
||
id:ndc value:rgb(0.04,0.39,0.21) legend:National_Democratic_Congress |
id:ndc value:rgb(0.04,0.39,0.21) legend:National_Democratic_Congress |
||
id:npp value:rgb(0.04,0.18,0.48) legend:New_Patriotic_Party |
id:npp value:rgb(0.04,0.18,0.48) legend:New_Patriotic_Party |
||
id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) |
id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) |
||
Line 368: | Line 362: | ||
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy |
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy |
||
Period = from:01/01/1960 till: |
Period = from:01/01/1960 till:31/12/{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+1}} |
||
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal |
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal |
||
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1960 |
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1960 |
||
Line 398: | Line 392: | ||
bar:Nkrumah |
bar:Nkrumah |
||
from: 01/07/1960 till: 24/02/1966 color:cpp text:"[[Kwame Nkrumah]]" |
from: 01/07/1960 till: 24/02/1966 color:cpp text:"[[Kwame Nkrumah]]" |
||
bar:Ankrah |
bar:Ankrah |
||
from: 24/02/1966 till: 02/04/1969 color:military text:"[[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]" |
from: 24/02/1966 till: 02/04/1969 color:military text:"[[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]" |
||
bar:Afrifa |
bar:Afrifa |
||
from: 02/04/1969 till: 07/08/1970 color:military text:"[[Akwasi Afrifa]]" |
from: 02/04/1969 till: 07/08/1970 color:military text:"[[Akwasi Afrifa]]" |
||
bar:Ollennu |
bar:Ollennu |
||
from: 07/08/1970 till: 31/08/1970 color:independent text:"[[Nii Amaa Ollennu]] (acting)" |
from: 07/08/1970 till: 31/08/1970 color:independent text:"[[Nii Amaa Ollennu]] (acting)" |
||
Line 408: | Line 402: | ||
from: 31/08/1970 till: 13/01/1972 color:independent text:"[[Edward Akufo-Addo]]" |
from: 31/08/1970 till: 13/01/1972 color:independent text:"[[Edward Akufo-Addo]]" |
||
bar:Acheampong |
bar:Acheampong |
||
from: 13/01/1972 till: 05/07/1978 color:military text:"[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]]" |
from: 13/01/1972 till: 05/07/1978 color:military text:"[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]]" |
||
bar:Akuffo |
bar:Akuffo |
||
from: 05/07/1978 till: 04/06/1979 color:military text:"[[Fred Akuffo]]" |
from: 05/07/1978 till: 04/06/1979 color:military text:"[[Fred Akuffo]]" |
||
bar:Rawlings |
bar:Rawlings |
||
from: 04/06/1979 till: 24/09/1979 color:military |
from: 04/06/1979 till: 24/09/1979 color:military |
||
from: 31/12/1981 till: 28/07/1992 color:military |
from: 31/12/1981 till: 28/07/1992 color:military |
||
from: 28/07/1992 till: 07/01/2001 color:ndc text:"[[Jerry Rawlings]]" |
from: 28/07/1992 till: 07/01/2001 color:ndc text:"[[Jerry Rawlings]]" |
||
bar:Limann |
bar:Limann |
||
from: 24/09/1979 till: 31/12/1981 color:pnp text:"[[Hilla Limann]]" |
from: 24/09/1979 till: 31/12/1981 color:pnp text:"[[Hilla Limann]]" |
||
bar:Kufuor |
bar:Kufuor |
||
from: 07/01/2001 till: 07/01/2009 color:npp text:"[[John Kufuor]]" |
from: 07/01/2001 till: 07/01/2009 color:npp text:"[[John Kufuor]]" |
||
bar:Mills |
bar:Mills |
||
from: 07/01/2009 till: 24/07/2012 color:ndc text:"[[John Atta Mills]]" |
from: 07/01/2009 till: 24/07/2012 color:ndc text:"[[John Atta Mills]]" |
||
bar:Mahama |
bar:Mahama |
||
from: 24/07/2012 till: 07/01/2017 color:ndc text:"[[John Mahama]]" |
from: 24/07/2012 till: 07/01/2017 color:ndc text:"[[John Mahama]]" |
||
bar:NanaAkufo-Addo |
bar:NanaAkufo-Addo |
||
from: 07/01/2017 till: $today color:npp text:"[[Nana Akufo-Addo]]" |
from: 07/01/2017 till: $today color:npp text:"[[Nana Akufo-Addo]]" |
||
}} |
}} |
Revision as of 18:32, 19 June 2024
![]() |
---|
Constitution |
![]() ![]() |
This is a list of the heads of state of Ghana, from the independence of Ghana in 1957 to the present day.[1]
From 1957 to 1960 the head of state under the Constitution of 1957 was the Queen of U.K, Elizabeth II, who was also the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.[2] The monarch was represented in Ghana by a governor-general.[3] Ghana became a republic within the Commonwealth under the Constitution of 1960 and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by an executive president.[4]
Monarch (1957–1960)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Reign | Royal House | Prime minister | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign end | Duration | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022) |
6 March 1957 | 1 July 1960 | 3 years, 117 days | Windsor | Nkrumah |
Governor-general
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Ghana_%281957%E2%80%931960%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Ghana_%281957%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png)
The governor-general was the representative of the monarch in Ghana and exercised most of the powers of the monarch.[5] The governor-general was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Ghana was granted independence by the Ghana Independence Act 1957, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931,[6] the governor-general was to be always appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Ghana without the involvement of the British government, with the sole exception of Charles Arden-Clarke, the former colonial governor, who served as governor-general temporarily until he was replaced by William Hare.[7] In the event of a vacancy the chief justice served as officer administering the government.[8]
- Status
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch | Prime minister | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Sir Charles Arden-Clarke (1898–1962) |
6 March 1957 | 14 May 1957 | 69 days | Elizabeth II | Nkrumah |
— | ![]() |
Sir Kobina Arku Korsah (1894–1967) |
14 May 1957 | 13 November 1957 | 183 days | ||
2 | ![]() |
The Earl of Listowel (1906–1997) |
13 November 1957 | 1 July 1960 | 2 years, 231 days |
Republic (1960–present)
- Political parties
- Other factions
- Status
- Symbols
C Constitutional referendum
† Died in office
First Republic (1960–1966)
Under the Constitution of 1960, the first constitution of the Republic of Ghana, the president replaced the monarch as executive head of state.[9] The president was elected by Parliament for a 5-year term. In the event of a vacancy three members of the Cabinet served jointly as acting president.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) |
1960 1964[C] |
1 July 1960 | 26 February 1966 (Deposed in a coup) |
5 years, 240 days | CPP |
Military rule (1966–1969)
Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah led a coup d'état which overthrew President Nkrumah and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
2 | ![]() |
Lieutenant-General Joseph Arthur Ankrah (1915–1992) Chairman of the NLC |
24 February 1966 | 2 April 1969 (Resigned) |
3 years, 37 days | Military |
3 | ![]() |
Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa (1936–1979) Chairman of the NLC |
2 April 1969 | 3 September 1969 | 154 days |
Second Republic (1969–1972)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Prime minister | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
(3) | ![]() |
Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa (1936–1979) Chairman of the Presidential Commission |
— | 3 September 1969 | 7 August 1970 | 338 days | Military | Busia |
— | ![]() |
Nii Amaa Ollennu (1906–1986) |
— | 7 August 1970 | 31 August 1970 | 24 days | Independent | |
4 | ![]() |
Edward Akufo-Addo (1906–1979) |
— | 31 August 1970 | 13 January 1972 (Deposed in a coup) |
1 year, 135 days | Independent |
Military rule (1972–1979)
General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup d'état which overthrew President Akufo-Addo, Prime Minister Abrefa Busia and his government, all political parties, and Parliament were also dissolved.[10]
Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo led a palace coup which overthrew General Acheampong,[11] then Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led a coup d'état which overthrown the Supreme Military Council.[12]
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
5 | ![]() |
General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1931–1979) Chairman of the NRC |
13 January 1972 | 5 July 1978 (Deposed in a coup) |
6 years, 173 days | Military |
Chairman of the SMC from 9 October 1975 | ||||||
6 | ![]() |
Lieutenant-General Fred Akuffo (1937–1979) Chairman of the SMC |
5 July 1978 | 4 June 1979 (Deposed in a coup) |
334 days | |
7 | ![]() |
Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) Chairman of the AFRC |
4 June 1979 | 24 September 1979 | 112 days |
Third Republic (1979–1981)[13]
Under the Constitution of 1979 the president was head of both state and government. The president was directly elected and served a four-year term that expired at the next general election; a president might serve a maximum of two terms.[14] In the event of a vacancy the vice-president served as acting president.[13]
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
8 | ![]() |
Hilla Limann (1934–1998) |
1979 | 24 September 1979 | 31 December 1981 (Deposed in a coup) |
2 years, 98 days | PNP |
Military rule (1981–1993)
Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led a coup d'état which overthrew President Limann and his government, all political parties and Parliament were also dissolved.[15][16]
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
(7) | ![]() |
Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) Chairman of the PNDC |
31 December 1981 | 7 January 1993 | 11 years, 7 days | Military |
Fourth Republic (1993–present)
Under the current Constitution the president is head of both state and government.[13][17] The president is directly elected and serves a four-year term that expires at the next general election; a president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy, the vice-president serves the remaining time as the president.[18]
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
(7) | ![]() |
Jerry Rawlings (1947–2020) |
1992 1996 |
7 January 1993 | 7 January 2001 | 8 years | NDC |
8 | John Kufuor (born 1938) |
2000 2004 |
7 January 2001 | 7 January 2009 | 8 years | NPP | |
9 | ![]() |
John Atta Mills (1944–2012) |
2008 | 7 January 2009 | 24 July 2012[†] | 3 years, 199 days | NDC |
10 | ![]() |
John Mahama (born 1958) |
2012 | 24 July 2012 | 7 January 2017 | 4 years, 167 days | NDC |
11 | ![]() |
Nana Akufo-Addo (born 1944) |
2016 2020 |
7 January 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 247 days | NPP |
Timeline since 1960
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/c2b94vapg6dtrlnf8is3cqrsvfbb6zx.png)
Demographics
Head of state | Ethnicity | Religious affiliation |
Kwame Nkrumah | Nzema (Akan) | Roman Catholic (later Nondenominational Christian)[19] |
Joseph Ankrah | Ga | Methodist |
Akwasi Afrifa | Ashanti (Akan) | Anglican |
Nii Amaa Ollennu | Ga | Presbyterian |
Edward Akufo-Addo | Akuapem (Akan) | Presbyterian |
Kofi Abrefa Busia | Bono (Akan) | Methodist |
Ignatius Kutu Acheampong | Ashanti (Akan) | Roman Catholic |
Fred Akuffo | Akuapem (Akan) | Presbyterian |
Hilla Limann | Sissala | Roman Catholic |
Jerry John Rawlings | Scottish/Anlo Ewe | Roman Catholic |
John Agyekum Kufuor | Ashanti (Akan) | Roman Catholic |
John Atta Mills | Fante (Akan) | Methodist |
John Dramani Mahama | Gonja | Assemblies of God (raised Presbyterian) |
Nana Akufo-Addo | Akuapem/Akyem (Akan) | Anglican (raised Presbyterian) |
Standards
-
Governor-General's standard
-
Presidential standard
References
- ^ "Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–present", The Ghana Reader, Duke University Press, pp. 299–300, 2016, doi:10.1215/9780822374961-060, ISBN 978-0-8223-7496-1
- ^ "Magnum Photos". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Magnum Photos". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Ghana – INDEPENDENT GHANA". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Vandrei, Martha (19 July 2018). "That ubiquitous monarch". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198816720.003.0007.
- ^ Ibingira, Grace Stuart (30 April 2019), "Ghana", African Upheavals Since Independence, Routledge, pp. 51–59, doi:10.4324/9780429052002-4, ISBN 978-0-429-05200-2, S2CID 240905963
- ^ "Lewis, Sir Allen (Montgomery), (26 Oct. 1909–18 Feb. 1993), Governor-General of St Lucia, 1982–87 (first Governor-General, 1979–80; Governor, 1974–79)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u173811
- ^ Prempeh, H. Kwasi (30 July 2013). "Constitutional autochthony and the invention and survival of "absolute presidentialism" in postcolonial Africa". Order from Transfer: 209–234. doi:10.4337/9781781952115.00020. ISBN 9781781952115.
- ^ Todd E, Pettys (9 February 2018). "Part Two The Iowa Constitution and Commentary, Art.IV Executive Department". The Iowa State Constitution. doi:10.1093/law/9780190490836.003.0007.
- ^ "Busia, Dr. Kofi Abrefa, (11 July 1913–28 Aug. 1978), Prime Minister of Ghana, 1969–72", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/WW/9780199540884.013.u152838
- ^ Rich, Jeremy (8 December 2011), "Akuffo, Fred", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48197, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
- ^ Shillington, Kevin. (1992). Ghana and the Rawlings factor. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-56845-1. OCLC 28182404.
- ^ a b c Nketia, J.H. Kwabena (2001), Ghana, Republic of, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009
- ^ Yankson-Mensah, Marian. (2020). Transitional justice in Ghana an appraisal of the National Reconciliation Commission. T.M.C. Asser Press. ISBN 978-94-6265-379-5. OCLC 1151190908.
- ^ Gyimah-Boadi, E. (1993). Ghana under the PNDC rule. CODESRIA. ISBN 2-86978-018-4. OCLC 475366719.
- ^ Isaacs, Anita (1993), "Development and Reform under Military Rule", Military Rule and Transition in Ecuador, 1972–92, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 35–65, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08922-2_3, ISBN 978-1-349-08924-6
- ^ "Ghana - Constitution & Politics". doi:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Ghana - Constitution & Politics". doi:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Miller, Jon (22 May 2014). Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-136-87625-7.