Rau peoples: Difference between revisions
m Link repair: Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County -> Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County - You can help! |
No edit summary |
||
(42 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Rau |
The '''Rau people''' ([[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]]: {{lang|za|Bou<Sup>x</Sup>raeu<Sup>z</Sup>}}), also known as '''Lao''' ({{zh|c=僚人|p=Lǎorén}}; {{lang-lo|ລາວ}}), were an ethnic group of [[History of China|ancient China]]. Their descendants are the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Bouyei people|Buyei]], [[Tày people|Tày]]–[[Nùng people|Nùng]] and other [[Kra–Dai-speaking peoples]]. |
||
== |
==Names== |
||
The ethnonym and autonym of the [[Lao people]], together with the ethnonym of the [[Kra languages|Kra]]-speaking [[Gelao people]], would have emerged from the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] {{ipa|*k(ə)ra:w}} 'human being'.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|pp = 3–4}}{{sfn|Pain|2008|p = 646}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{Quote box |
|||
The [[Li people|Li]] reside primarily, if not completely, within the [[Hainan Province]] of [[China]]. |
|||
|quote = {{transl|zh|lǎo}} {{lang|zh|獠}} < [[Middle Chinese|MC]] {{ipa|lawX}} < [[Old Chinese|OC]] {{ipa|*C-rawʔ}} [{{ipa|C.rawˀ}}] |
|||
|width = 28% |
|||
|align = center |
|||
}} |
|||
The etymon {{ipa|*k(ə)ra:w}} would have also yielded the ethnonym {{transl|lo|Keo}}/{{transl|lo|Kæw}} {{ipa|/kɛːw<sup>A1</sup>/}}, a name given to the Vietnamese by [[Tai peoples|Tai speaking peoples]], currently slightly derogatory.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|p = 4}} In fact, {{transl|lo|Keo}}/{{transl|lo|Kæw}} {{ipa|/kɛːw<sup>A1</sup>/}} was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the [[Literature of Laos#The epic poem of Thao Hung Thao Cheuang|epic poem of Thao Cheuang]], and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.{{sfn|Chamberlain|2016|pp = 69–70}} In [[Qabiao language|Pupeo]] ([[Kra languages|Kra]]), ''kew'' is used to name the [[Tay people|Tay]] ([[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]) of North Vietnam.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|p = 3}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
The name ''Lao'' is used almost exclusively by the majority population of [[Laos]], the [[Lao people]], and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai]]: [[Isan people]] (occasionally), [[Nyaw people]] and [[Phu Thai language|Phu Thai speakers]]. |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{See also|Kra peoples}} ''for detailed geographic distribution'' |
|||
The name ''Rau'' comes from [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] {{lang|za|raeu<Sup>z</Sup>}} and means 'we, us'. |
|||
⚫ | |||
==Kam–Tai populations in China== |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{Main article|Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China}} |
|||
[[File:僚人分布图.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Distribution of Rau people in [[China]]: [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Buyei]], [[Tai peoples|Tày]], [[Nung people|Nùng]], [[Giáy people|Giáy]] (Note: Only reflects the distribution trend, the data accuracy needs to be proven)]] |
|||
⚫ | In Southern China, people speaking Kam–Tai (Zhuang–Dong) languages are mainly found in [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]]. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows: |
||
⚫ | |||
; Zhuang |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
; Bouyei (Buyi) |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | : The [[Bouyei people]] are mostly found in the south and southwest of Guizhou Province, where there are two autonomous prefectures and three autonomous counties designated for the Buyi and the Miao. There are also Buyi living in the suburban areas of the [[Guiyang|capital of Guizhou]], in Yunnan, and in [[Sichuan]]. According to statistics collected in 1990, the total number of Buyi is 2,545,059 (Zhou Guomao et al. 1994). Although the Chinese regard them as a group separate from the Zhuang, a commonly held belief among the Buyi is that they are Zhuang. |
||
; Kam (Dong) |
|||
⚫ | |||
: The [[Kam people]] have a population of 2,514,014. They are found mainly in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Hubei (Yang Quan et al. 1994). |
|||
; Hlai (Li) |
|||
===Lakkia people=== |
|||
: [[Hlai people]], with a population of 1,110,900, reside primarily in Hainan (Wen Mingying 1994). |
|||
; Mulam (Mulao) |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
; Maonan |
|||
===Lingao people=== |
|||
⚫ | : The [[Maonan people]] have a population of 71,968, mainly in [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County]], Guangxi, while the rest are scattered throughout the province (Che Rushan 1994). In the early 1990s, about thirty thousand Yanghuang ([[Then language|T'en]]) people in Guizhou identified themselves as ethnic Maonan (Zhang Min 1991). |
||
;Lin'gao |
|||
The |
: The Lin'gao people are an ethnic group clustered in [[Hainan]] who speak the [[Be language|Lin'gao language]].<ref name="Lingao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=onb Lingao on Ethnologue]</ref> According to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the language. At this stage, they have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990). They are categorized as [[Han Chinese]] under China's system of ethnic classification. |
||
==Other populations== |
|||
==Population in China== |
|||
[[File:Percentage Tay+Nung+Giay+Bo Y.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Tay and Nung people in [[Vietnam]] (excluding Thais and Lao)<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724|publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee|pages=148–224}}</ref>{{legend|#800000|60%-80%}}]] |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | In |
||
⚫ | |||
{{For|detailed geographic distribution|Kra languages}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | The |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
The '''Kam''' ([[Dong people|Dong]]) have a population of 2,514,014, found mainly in counties such as [[Liping]], [[Rongjiang]], [[Congjiang]], [[Jingping]], [[Sanshui]], Tianzhu, [[Jianhe]], [[Zhenyuan]], [[Chengong]] of [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture]], Yuping, Jiangkou of [[Tongren Prefecture]] in Guizhou Province, Xinhuang, Tongdao, Chengbu, Zhijiang, Jingxian, Huitong and Shining etc. in Hunan Province; Sanjiang, Longsheng, Rongshui in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Enshi Xuan'en, Xianfeng in Hubei Province (Yang Quan et al. 1994). |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
'''Hlai (Li)''', with a population of 1,110,900, is found mainly in the following counties and districts in Hainan Province: [[Ledong]], [[Dongfang]], [[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha]], [[Lingshui]], [[Changjiang]], [[Baoting]], [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong]], [[Sanya]], and [[Tongzha]]. A few are also scattered throughout [[Wanning]], [[Tunchang]], [[Chengmai]] and [[Ding'an]] (Wen Mingying 1994). |
|||
⚫ | Lakkia people are an ethnic group residing in [[Guangxi]], China, and neighboring portions of [[Vietnam]]. They are of [[Yao people|Yao descent]] but speak a Tai–Kadai language called [[Lakkia language|Lakkia]].<ref name="Lakkia on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lbc Lakkia on Ethnologue]</ref> These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the ancestor of the [[Biao language]]). |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
'''Lin'gao''', according to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the Lin'gao language. They live in Lin'gao, [[Qiongshan District|Qiongshan]], [[Chengmai, Hainan|Chengmai]], [[Danxian]] counties, and the suburban districts of [[Haikou]] city in Hainan Province, but at this stage have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990). |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
* [[ |
* [[Tày people]] |
||
* [[Lao people]] |
|||
* [[Tai peoples]] |
* [[Tai peoples]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples]] |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
== Bibliography == |
|||
* {{cite journal |last = Chamberlain |first = James R. |year = 2016 |title = Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam |url = https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 |journal = Journal of the Siam Society |language = en |volume = 104 |pages = 27–77 }} |
|||
* {{citation |
|||
|title = Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia |
|||
|first = Michel |
|||
|last = Ferlus |
|||
|journal = 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics |
|||
|location = [[Chiang Mai]] |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|pages = 1–6 |
|||
|url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01182596/document |
|||
|postscript = . |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{citation |
|||
| title = An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai |
|||
| first = Frédéric | last = Pain |
|||
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=128 |issue=4 |year = 2008 | pages = 641–662 |
|||
| postscript = . |
|||
| jstor = 25608449 }} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://www.gysk.com/mzms/mzst/20041029/005344.asp 僚人概况] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103012135/http://www.gysk.com/mzms/mzst/20041029/005344.asp 僚人概况] |
||
{{Ethnic groups in Vietnam}} |
|||
{{Ethnic groups in China}} |
|||
[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]] |
|||
[[zh:僚人]] |
Latest revision as of 09:46, 24 June 2024
The Rau people (Zhuang: Bouxraeuz), also known as Lao (Chinese: 僚人; pinyin: Lǎorén; Lao: ລາວ), were an ethnic group of ancient China. Their descendants are the Zhuang, Buyei, Tày–Nùng and other Kra–Dai-speaking peoples.
Names
[edit]The ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people, together with the ethnonym of the Kra-speaking Gelao people, would have emerged from the Austro-Asiatic *k(ə)ra:w 'human being'.[1][2]
The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/Kæw /kɛːwA1/, a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.[3] In fact, Keo/Kæw /kɛːwA1/ was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of Thao Cheuang, and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.[4] In Pupeo (Kra), kew is used to name the Tay (Central Tai) of North Vietnam.[5]
The name Lao is used almost exclusively by the majority population of Laos, the Lao people, and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai: Isan people (occasionally), Nyaw people and Phu Thai speakers.
The name Rau comes from Zhuang raeuz and means 'we, us'.
Kam–Tai populations in China
[edit]In Southern China, people speaking Kam–Tai (Zhuang–Dong) languages are mainly found in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong and Hainan. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:
- Zhuang
- Zhuang people are the largest ethnic minority in China, with a population of 15,489,630. The Zhuang live mainly in Guangxi and in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. In addition, there are some Zhuang scattered throughout Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan (Zhao Jia 1994).
- Bouyei (Buyi)
- The Bouyei people are mostly found in the south and southwest of Guizhou Province, where there are two autonomous prefectures and three autonomous counties designated for the Buyi and the Miao. There are also Buyi living in the suburban areas of the capital of Guizhou, in Yunnan, and in Sichuan. According to statistics collected in 1990, the total number of Buyi is 2,545,059 (Zhou Guomao et al. 1994). Although the Chinese regard them as a group separate from the Zhuang, a commonly held belief among the Buyi is that they are Zhuang.
- Kam (Dong)
- The Kam people have a population of 2,514,014. They are found mainly in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Hubei (Yang Quan et al. 1994).
- Hlai (Li)
- Hlai people, with a population of 1,110,900, reside primarily in Hainan (Wen Mingying 1994).
- Mulam (Mulao)
- The Mulao people have a population of 159,328. 80% live in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County, Guangxi. The rest are scattered throughout Guangxi (Qin Xiaohang 1994)
- Maonan
- The Maonan people have a population of 71,968, mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Guangxi, while the rest are scattered throughout the province (Che Rushan 1994). In the early 1990s, about thirty thousand Yanghuang (T'en) people in Guizhou identified themselves as ethnic Maonan (Zhang Min 1991).
- Lin'gao
- The Lin'gao people are an ethnic group clustered in Hainan who speak the Lin'gao language.[6] According to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the language. At this stage, they have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990). They are categorized as Han Chinese under China's system of ethnic classification.
Other populations
[edit]Kra peoples
[edit]Kra peoples are reside in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Hainan provinces of China, as well as in the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces of Vietnam.
Kam–Sui peoples
[edit]Kam–Sui peoples are found in China (as Kam, Mulam, Maonan, etc.), as well as in neighboring portions of Northern Laos and Vietnam.
Saek people
[edit]The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in Central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of Northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.
Biao people
[edit]Biao-speaking people are found in Guangdong, China.[8]
Lakkia people
[edit]Lakkia people are an ethnic group residing in Guangxi, China, and neighboring portions of Vietnam. They are of Yao descent but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lakkia.[9] These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the ancestor of the Biao language).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ferlus 2009, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Pain 2008, p. 646.
- ^ Ferlus 2009, p. 4.
- ^ Chamberlain 2016, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Ferlus 2009, p. 3.
- ^ Lingao on Ethnologue
- ^ "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. pp. 148–224.
- ^ Biao at Ethnologue
- ^ Lakkia on Ethnologue
Bibliography
[edit]- Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam". Journal of the Siam Society. 104: 27–77.
- Ferlus, Michel (2009), "Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia", 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Chiang Mai: 1–6.
- Pain, Frédéric (2008), "An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 128 (4): 641–662, JSTOR 25608449.