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'''Lao<Sup>z</Sup>''' ([[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]]: {{lang|za|Bou<Sup>x</Sup>raeu<Sup>z</Sup>}}), '''Liao''' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: 僚人) or '''Lao peoples''' ({{lang-lo|ລາວລຸ່ມ}}),<ref>However, whether Lao belongs to the Lao group or [[Tai peoples|Tày]] group is disputed.</ref> is an ethnic cluster covering [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Buyei]], [[Tay people|Tay]]–[[Nung people|Nùng]] and other Northern [[Tai language]]-speaking peoples. These peoples are inclined to call themselves as lao which means "person" or "venerable person".
The '''Rau people''' ([[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]]: {{lang|za|Bou<Sup>x</Sup>raeu<Sup>z</Sup>}}), also known as '''Lao''' ({{zh|c=僚人|p=Lǎorén}}; {{lang-lo|ລາວ}}), were an ethnic group of [[History of China|ancient China]]. Their descendants are the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Bouyei people|Buyei]], [[Tày people|Tày]]–[[Nùng people|Nùng]] and other [[Kra–Dai-speaking peoples]].


==List==
==Names==
The ethnonym and autonym of the [[Lao people]], together with the ethnonym of the [[Kra languages|Kra]]-speaking [[Gelao people]], would have emerged from the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] {{ipa|*k(ə)ra:w}} 'human being'.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|pp = 3–4}}{{sfn|Pain|2008|p = 646}}
⚫
[[File:僚人分布图.jpg|thumb|400px|Distribution of Rau people in [[China]]: [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Buyei]], [[Tai peoples|Tày]], [[Nung people|Nùng]], [[Giáy_people|Giáy]] (Notes: Only reflex the distribution trend, the date accuracy need to be proved)]]


{{Quote box
⚫
[[File:Percentage Tay+Nung+Giay+Bo Y.png|thumb|300px|Tay and Nung people in [[Vietnam]] (excluding Thais and Lao)<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724 |publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee|pages=148–224}}</ref>{{legend|#800000|60%-80%}}]]
|quote = {{transl|zh|lǎo}} {{lang|zh|獠}} < [[Middle Chinese|MC]] {{ipa|lawX}} < [[Old Chinese|OC]] {{ipa|*C-rawʔ}} [{{ipa|C.rawˀ}}]
|width = 28%
|align = center
}}


The etymon {{ipa|*k(ə)ra:w}} would have also yielded the ethnonym {{transl|lo|Keo}}/{{transl|lo|Kæw}} {{ipa|/kɛːw<sup>A1</sup>/}}, a name given to the Vietnamese by [[Tai peoples|Tai speaking peoples]], currently slightly derogatory.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|p = 4}} In fact, {{transl|lo|Keo}}/{{transl|lo|Kæw}} {{ipa|/kɛːw<sup>A1</sup>/}} was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the [[Literature of Laos#The epic poem of Thao Hung Thao Cheuang|epic poem of Thao Cheuang]], and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.{{sfn|Chamberlain|2016|pp = 69–70}} In [[Qabiao language|Pupeo]] ([[Kra languages|Kra]]), ''kew'' is used to name the [[Tay people|Tay]] ([[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]) of North Vietnam.{{sfn|Ferlus|2009|p = 3}}
⚫
===Li people===
The [[Li people|Li]] reside primarily, if not completely, within the [[Hainan|Hainan Province]] of [[China]].


The name ''Lao'' is used almost exclusively by the majority population of [[Laos]], the [[Lao people]], and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai]]: [[Isan people]] (occasionally), [[Nyaw people]] and [[Phu Thai language|Phu Thai speakers]].
⚫
===Kra peoples===
⚫
The Kra peoples are clustered in the [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]] and [[Hainan]] provinces of China, as well as the [[Hà Giang Province|Hà Giang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lào Cai Province|Lào Cai]] and [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] provinces of [[Vietnam]].
⚫
{{For|detailed geographic distribution|Kra languages}}


The name ''Rau'' comes from [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] {{lang|za|raeu<Sup>z</Sup>}} and means 'we, us'.
⚫
===Kam–Sui peoples===


==Kam–Tai populations in China==
⚫
The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in [[People's Republic of China|China]] as well as neighboring portions of northern [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].
{{Main article|Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China}}
⚫
[[File:僚人分布图.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Distribution of Rau people in [[China]]: [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]], [[Buyei]], [[Tai peoples|Tày]], [[Nung people|Nùng]], [[Giáy people|Giáy]] (Note: Only reflects the distribution trend, the data accuracy needs to be proven)]]


⚫
In Southern China, people speaking Kam–Tai (Zhuang–Dong) languages are mainly found in [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]]. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:
⚫
===Saek people===


; Zhuang
⚫
The center of the [[Saek people|Saek]] population is the [[Mekong|Mekong River]] in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the [[Isan]] region of northeast [[Thailand]], near the border with Laos.
⚫
: [[Zhuang people]] are the largest ethnic minority in China, with a population of 15,489,630. The Zhuang live mainly in Guangxi and in [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]], Yunnan. In addition, there are some Zhuang scattered throughout Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan (Zhao Jia 1994).


; Bouyei (Buyi)
⚫
===Biao people===
⚫
: The [[Bouyei people]] are mostly found in the south and southwest of Guizhou Province, where there are two autonomous prefectures and three autonomous counties designated for the Buyi and the Miao. There are also Buyi living in the suburban areas of the [[Guiyang|capital of Guizhou]], in Yunnan, and in [[Sichuan]]. According to statistics collected in 1990, the total number of Buyi is 2,545,059 (Zhou Guomao et al. 1994). Although the Chinese regard them as a group separate from the Zhuang, a commonly held belief among the Buyi is that they are Zhuang.


; Kam (Dong)
⚫
The [[Biao people]] are clustered in the [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]] of [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name="Biao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=byk Biao at Ethnologue]</ref>
: The [[Kam people]] have a population of 2,514,014. They are found mainly in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Hubei (Yang Quan et al. 1994).


; Hlai (Li)
===Lakkia people===
: [[Hlai people]], with a population of 1,110,900, reside primarily in Hainan (Wen Mingying 1994).


; Mulam (Mulao)
⚫
The [[Lakkia language|Lakkia]] are an ethnic group clustered in the [[Guangxi|Guangxi Province]] of [[People's Republic of China|China]] and neighboring portions of [[Vietnam]], whose members are of [[Yao people|Yao]] descent, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called ''Lakkia''.<ref name="Lakkia on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lbc Lakkia on Ethnologue]</ref> These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the [[Biao people]]).
⚫
: The [[Mulao people]] have a population of 159,328. 80% live in [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County]], Guangxi. The rest are scattered throughout Guangxi (Qin Xiaohang 1994)


; Maonan
===Lingao people===
⚫
: The [[Maonan people]] have a population of 71,968, mainly in [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County]], Guangxi, while the rest are scattered throughout the province (Che Rushan 1994). In the early 1990s, about thirty thousand Yanghuang ([[Then language|T'en]]) people in Guizhou identified themselves as ethnic Maonan (Zhang Min 1991).


;Lin'gao
The [[Lingao people]] are an ethnic group clustered in the [[Hainan|Hainan Province]] of [[China]] who speak a Tai–Kadai language called ''Lincheng''.<ref name="Lingao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=onb Lingao on Ethnologue]</ref> They are categorized as [[Han Chinese]] under China's system of ethnic classification.
: The Lin'gao people are an ethnic group clustered in [[Hainan]] who speak the [[Be language|Lin'gao language]].<ref name="Lingao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=onb Lingao on Ethnologue]</ref> According to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the language. At this stage, they have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990). They are categorized as [[Han Chinese]] under China's system of ethnic classification.


==Other populations==
==Population in China==
⚫
[[File:Percentage Tay+Nung+Giay+Bo Y.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Tay and Nung people in [[Vietnam]] (excluding Thais and Lao)<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724|publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee|pages=148–224}}</ref>{{legend|#800000|60%-80%}}]]


⚫
===Kra peoples===
⚫
In Southern [[China]], people speaking Kam–Tai (Zhuang–Dong) languages are mainly found in [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]]. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:
⚫
Kra peoples are reside in the [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]] and [[Hainan]] provinces of China, as well as in the [[Hà Giang Province|Hà Giang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lào Cai Province|Lào Cai]] and [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] provinces of [[Vietnam]].
⚫
{{For|detailed geographic distribution|Kra languages}}


⚫
===Kam–Sui peoples===
⚫
'''Zhuang''' is the largest of these languages and also the largest ethnic minority in [[People's Republic of China|China]], with a population of 15,489,630. The Zhuang live mainly in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]] in Yunnan Province. In addition, there are some Zhuang scattered throughout Lianshan Zhuang–Yao Autonomous County in Guangdong Province, [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture]] in Guizhou Province and Jianghua Yao Autonomous County in Hunan Province (Zhao Jia 1994).
⚫
[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]] peoples are found in [[China]] (as Kam, Mulam, Maonan, etc.), as well as in neighboring portions of Northern [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].


⚫
===Saek people===
⚫
The '''Buyi''' people are mostly found in the south and southwest of Guizhou Province, where there are two autonomous prefectures and three autonomous counties designated for the Buyi and the Miao. There are also Buyi living in the suburban areas of [[Guiyang]] (the capital of Guizhou Province), [[Liupanshui]] District, [[Luoping County|Luoping]] and [[Maguan County|Maguan]] counties of Yunnan Province and [[Ningnan County|Ningnan]] County of [[Sichuan]] Province. According to statistics collected in 1990, the total number of Buyi is 2,545,059 (Zhou Guomao et al. 1994). Although the Chinese regard them as a group separate from the Zhuang, a commonly held belief among the Buyi is that they are, indeed, Zhuang.
⚫
The center of the [[Saek people|Saek population]] is the [[Mekong|Mekong River]] in Central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the [[Isan]] region of Northeast [[Thailand]], near the border with Laos.


⚫
===Biao people===
The '''Kam''' ([[Dong people|Dong]]) have a population of 2,514,014, found mainly in counties such as [[Liping County|Liping]], [[Rongjiang County|Rongjiang]], [[Congjiang County|Congjiang]], [[Jingping]], [[Sanshui District|Sanshui]], Tianzhu, [[Jianhe County|Jianhe]], [[Zhenyuan County, Guizhou|Zhenyuan]], [[Chengong]] of [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture]], Yuping, Jiangkou of [[Tongren|Tongren Prefecture]] in Guizhou Province, Xinhuang, Tongdao, Chengbu, Zhijiang, Jingxian, Huitong and Shining etc. in Hunan Province; Sanjiang, Longsheng, Rongshui in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Enshi Xuan'en, Xianfeng in Hubei Province (Yang Quan et al. 1994).
⚫
[[Biao language|Biao]]-speaking people are found in [[Guangdong]], China.<ref name="Biao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=byk Biao at Ethnologue]</ref>


⚫
===Lakkia people===
'''Hlai (Li)''', with a population of 1,110,900, is found mainly in the following counties and districts in Hainan Province: [[Ledong Li Autonomous County|Ledong]], [[Dongfang, Hainan|Dongfang]], [[Baisha Li Autonomous County|Baisha]], [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County|Lingshui]], [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang]], [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County|Baoting]], [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County|Qiongzhong]], [[Sanya]] and [[Tongzha]]. A few are also scattered throughout [[Wanning]], [[Tunchang County|Tunchang]], [[Chengmai County|Chengmai]] and [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]] (Wen Mingying 1994).
⚫
Lakkia people are an ethnic group residing in [[Guangxi]], China, and neighboring portions of [[Vietnam]]. They are of [[Yao people|Yao descent]] but speak a Tai–Kadai language called [[Lakkia language|Lakkia]].<ref name="Lakkia on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lbc Lakkia on Ethnologue]</ref> These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the ancestor of the [[Biao language]]).

⚫
'''Mulam (Mulao)''' have a population of 159,328, 80% of which lives in [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County]] in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The rest are scattered throughout Xincheng, Yishan, Liucheng, Du'an huanjiang, Hechi, Rongshui and Rong'an, etc. in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Qin Xiaohang 1994)

⚫
'''Maonan''' have a population of 71,968, mainly living in [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County]] in Guangxi Autonomous Region, while the rest are scattered throughout Hechi Nandan, Yishan and Du'an etc. in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Che Rushan 1994). In the early 1990s, about thirty thousand T'en ([[Then language|Yanghuang]]) people in Pingtang, Huishui, Dushan in Guizhou Province identified themselves as ethnic Maonan (Zhang Min 1991).

'''Lin'gao''', according to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the Lin'gao language. They live in Lin'gao, [[Qiongshan District|Qiongshan]], [[Chengmai, Hainan|Chengmai]], [[Danzhou|Danxian]] counties and the suburban districts of [[Haikou]] city in Hainan Province, but at this stage have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990).


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Tày people]]
* [[Tày people]]
* [[Lao people]]
* [[Lao people]]
⚫
* [[Tai peoples]]
* [[Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples]]
* [[Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples]]
⚫
* [[Tai peoples]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last = Chamberlain |first = James R. |year = 2016 |title = Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam |url = https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 |journal = Journal of the Siam Society |language = en |volume = 104 |pages = 27–77 }}
* {{citation
|title = Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia
|first = Michel
|last = Ferlus
|journal = 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics
|location = [[Chiang Mai]]
|year = 2009
|pages = 1–6
|url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01182596/document
|postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai
| first = Frédéric | last = Pain
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=128 |issue=4 |year = 2008 | pages = 641–662
| postscript = .
| jstor = 25608449 }}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103012135/http://www.gysk.com/mzms/mzst/20041029/005344.asp 僚人概况]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103012135/http://www.gysk.com/mzms/mzst/20041029/005344.asp 僚人概况]

{{Ethnic groups in Vietnam}}
{{Ethnic groups in China}}


[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 24 June 2024

The Rau people (Zhuang: Bouxraeuz), also known as Lao (Chinese: 僚人; pinyin: Lǎorén; Lao: ລາວ), were an ethnic group of ancient China. Their descendants are the Zhuang, Buyei, Tày–Nùng and other Kra–Dai-speaking peoples.

Names

[edit]

The ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people, together with the ethnonym of the Kra-speaking Gelao people, would have emerged from the Austro-Asiatic *k(ə)ra:w 'human being'.[1][2]

lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C.rawˀ]

The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/Kæw /kɛːwA1/, a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.[3] In fact, Keo/Kæw /kɛːwA1/ was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of Thao Cheuang, and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.[4] In Pupeo (Kra), kew is used to name the Tay (Central Tai) of North Vietnam.[5]

The name Lao is used almost exclusively by the majority population of Laos, the Lao people, and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai: Isan people (occasionally), Nyaw people and Phu Thai speakers.

The name Rau comes from Zhuang raeuz and means 'we, us'.

Kam–Tai populations in China

[edit]
Main article: Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China
Distribution of Rau people in China: Zhuang, Buyei, Tày, Nùng, Giáy (Note: Only reflects the distribution trend, the data accuracy needs to be proven)

In Southern China, people speaking Kam–Tai (Zhuang–Dong) languages are mainly found in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong and Hainan. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:

Zhuang
Zhuang people are the largest ethnic minority in China, with a population of 15,489,630. The Zhuang live mainly in Guangxi and in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. In addition, there are some Zhuang scattered throughout Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan (Zhao Jia 1994).
Bouyei (Buyi)
The Bouyei people are mostly found in the south and southwest of Guizhou Province, where there are two autonomous prefectures and three autonomous counties designated for the Buyi and the Miao. There are also Buyi living in the suburban areas of the capital of Guizhou, in Yunnan, and in Sichuan. According to statistics collected in 1990, the total number of Buyi is 2,545,059 (Zhou Guomao et al. 1994). Although the Chinese regard them as a group separate from the Zhuang, a commonly held belief among the Buyi is that they are Zhuang.
Kam (Dong)
The Kam people have a population of 2,514,014. They are found mainly in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi and Hubei (Yang Quan et al. 1994).
Hlai (Li)
Hlai people, with a population of 1,110,900, reside primarily in Hainan (Wen Mingying 1994).
Mulam (Mulao)
The Mulao people have a population of 159,328. 80% live in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County, Guangxi. The rest are scattered throughout Guangxi (Qin Xiaohang 1994)
Maonan
The Maonan people have a population of 71,968, mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Guangxi, while the rest are scattered throughout the province (Che Rushan 1994). In the early 1990s, about thirty thousand Yanghuang (T'en) people in Guizhou identified themselves as ethnic Maonan (Zhang Min 1991).
Lin'gao
The Lin'gao people are an ethnic group clustered in Hainan who speak the Lin'gao language.[6] According to statistics from the early 1980s, there are about 500,000 speakers of the language. At this stage, they have not been recognized as an individual ethnic group (Ni Dabai 1990). They are categorized as Han Chinese under China's system of ethnic classification.

Other populations

[edit]
Tay and Nung people in Vietnam (excluding Thais and Lao)[7]
  60%-80%

Kra peoples

[edit]

Kra peoples are reside in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Hainan provinces of China, as well as in the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces of Vietnam.

For detailed geographic distribution, see Kra languages.

Kam–Sui peoples

[edit]

Kam–Sui peoples are found in China (as Kam, Mulam, Maonan, etc.), as well as in neighboring portions of Northern Laos and Vietnam.

Saek people

[edit]

The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in Central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of Northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.

Biao people

[edit]

Biao-speaking people are found in Guangdong, China.[8]

Lakkia people

[edit]

Lakkia people are an ethnic group residing in Guangxi, China, and neighboring portions of Vietnam. They are of Yao descent but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lakkia.[9] These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the ancestor of the Biao language).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ferlus 2009, pp. 3–4.
  2. ^ Pain 2008, p. 646.
  3. ^ Ferlus 2009, p. 4.
  4. ^ Chamberlain 2016, pp. 69–70.
  5. ^ Ferlus 2009, p. 3.
  6. ^ Lingao on Ethnologue
  7. ^ "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. pp. 148–224.
  8. ^ Biao at Ethnologue
  9. ^ Lakkia on Ethnologue

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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