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{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Pitonpair.JPG|right|thumb|250px|An aerial view of the [[Gros Piton]] and [[Petit Piton]], in [[St. Lucia]], 2006.]]
[[File:Pitonpair.JPG|right|thumb|250px|An aerial view of the [[Gros Piton]] and [[Petit Piton]], in [[St. Lucia]], 2006.]]
A '''volcanic plug''', also called a '''volcanic neck''' or '''lava neck''', is a [[volcano|volcanic]] object created when [[magma]] hardens within a [[Volcanic vent|vent]] on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas [[pressure]] if rising [[Volatiles#Igneous petrology|volatile]]-charged [[magma]] is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. In a [[plinian eruption]] the plug is destroyed and ash is ejected.<ref name="vlh">{{cite journal |last1=Huff |first1=W.D. |last2=Owen |first2=L.A. |date=2013 |title=Volcanic Landforms and Hazards |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123747396000890 |journal=Treatise on Geomorphology |volume=5 |issue= |pages=155 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00089-0 |isbn=9780080885223 |access-date=}}</ref>
A '''volcanic plug''', also called a '''volcanic neck''' or '''lava neck''', is a [[volcano|volcanic]] object created when [[magma]] hardens within a [[Volcanic vent|vent]] on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas [[pressure]] if rising [[Volatile (astrogeology)#Igneous petrology|volatile]]-charged [[magma]] is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. In a [[plinian eruption]] the plug is destroyed and ash is ejected.<ref name="vlh">{{cite journal |last1=Huff |first1=W.D. |last2=Owen |first2=L.A. |date=2013 |title=Volcanic Landforms and Hazards |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123747396000890 |journal=Treatise on Geomorphology |volume=5 |issue= |pages=155 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00089-0 |isbn=9780080885223 |access-date=}}</ref>


[[Glaciation|Glacial]] erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called [[crag and tail]]. If a plug is preserved, [[erosion]] may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform.
[[Glaciation|Glacial]] erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called [[crag and tail]]. If a plug is preserved, [[erosion]] may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform.
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=== North America and the Caribbean ===
=== North America and the Caribbean ===


There are several volcanic plugs in the [[United States]], including [[Morro Rock]] in [[California]], Devils Elbow located in the [[Heceta Head Lighthouse]] Scenic State Park on the [[Oregon]] coast, Thumb Butte in the [[Sierra Prieta]] of Arizona, and [[Shiprock]] in [[New Mexico]]. [[Devils Tower]] in [[Wyoming]] and [[Little Devils Postpile]] in [[Yosemite National Park]], California, are also believed, by many [[geologist]]s, to be volcanic plugs. In [[Canada]], the [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province]] gives rise to several confirmed and suspected plugs. Chief among these is [[Castle Rock (volcano)|Castle Rock]], located in [[British Columbia]], which last erupted during the [[Pleistocene]]. The southern coast of [[Saint Lucia]] is dominated by the iconic [[Pitons (Saint Lucia)|Pitons]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The twin peaks, Gros Piton and Petit Piton, steeply rise more than {{convert|770|m|ft}} above the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]].
There are several volcanic plugs in the [[United States]], including [[Morro Rock]] in [[California]], Devils Elbow located in the [[Heceta Head Lighthouse]] Scenic State Park on the [[Oregon]] coast, Thumb Butte in the [[Sierra Prieta]] of Arizona, and [[Shiprock]] in [[New Mexico]]. [[Devils Tower]] in [[Wyoming]] and [[Little Devils Postpile]] in [[Yosemite National Park]], California, are also believed, by many [[geologist]]s, to be volcanic plugs. In Canada, the [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province]] gives rise to several confirmed and suspected plugs. Chief among these is [[Castle Rock (volcano)|Castle Rock]], located in [[British Columbia]], which last erupted during the [[Pleistocene]]. The southern coast of [[Saint Lucia]] is dominated by the iconic [[Pitons (Saint Lucia)|Pitons]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The twin peaks, Gros Piton and Petit Piton, steeply rise more than {{convert|770|m|ft}} above the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]].

=== South America ===

[[Pinnacle Rock (Galápagos)|Pinnacle Rock, Galápagos, Ecuador]].


=== Oceania ===
=== Oceania ===
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* Paritutu and the adjacent [[Sugar Loaf Islands]] in [[Taranaki]]
* Paritutu and the adjacent [[Sugar Loaf Islands]] in [[Taranaki]]
* St. Paul's Rock at [[Whangaroa Harbour]]
* St. Paul's Rock at [[Whangaroa Harbour]]
* [[Piha]]'s Lion Rock, which hosted a fortified [[Māori people|Maori]] [[Pā (Māori)|pa]].
* [[Piha]]'s Lion Rock, which hosted a fortified [[Māori people|Maori]] [[pā]]
* Mount Pohaturoa near the village of [[Ātiamuri|Atiamuri]], a distinctive sight for travelers along [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]]
* Mount Pohaturoa near the village of [[Ātiamuri]], a distinctive sight for travelers along [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]]


In New Zealand's [[South Island]], [[Ōnawe Peninsula|Onawe Peninsula]] on [[Banks Peninsula]] is a prominent volcanic plug, and erosion of [[Saddle Hill (New Zealand)|Saddle Hill]] near [[Dunedin]] has also revealed a plug. Dunedin's [[Mount Cargill]] displays two plugs: its main summit and the subsidiary summit of Buttar's Peak.
In New Zealand's [[South Island]], [[Ōnawe Peninsula|Onawe Peninsula]] on [[Banks Peninsula]] is a prominent volcanic plug, and erosion of [[Saddle Hill (New Zealand)|Saddle Hill]] near [[Dunedin]] has also revealed a plug. Dunedin's [[Mount Cargill]] displays two plugs: its main summit and the subsidiary summit of Buttar's Peak.


In [[Australia]], [[The Nut (Tasmania)|The Nut]] in [[Tasmania]] are further examples, along with [[Mount Warning]] and the several peaks in the [[Warrumbungles]] in New South Wales. The 11 peaks of the [[Glass House Mountains National Park|Glasshouse Mountains National Park]] including [[Mount Beerwah]], [[Mount Tibrogargan]], [[Mount Coonowrin]], [[Mount Cooroora]], [[Mount Ngungun]], Mount Tibberoowuccum, Mount Tunbubudla, and Mount Beerburrum, in [[South East Queensland]] are volcanic plugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/places/brisbane-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-glass-house-mountains.html |title=Guide to the Glass House Mountains - Tourism Australia |date=21 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
In [[Australia]], [[The Nut (Tasmania)|The Nut]] in [[Tasmania]] are further examples, along with [[Mount Warning]] and the several peaks in the [[Warrumbungles]] in New South Wales. The 11 peaks of the [[Glass House Mountains National Park|Glasshouse Mountains National Park]] including [[Mount Beerwah]], [[Mount Tibrogargan]], [[Mount Coonowrin]], [[Mount Cooroora]], [[Mount Ngungun]], Mount Tibberoowuccum, Mount Tunbubudla, and Mount Beerburrum, in [[South East Queensland]] are volcanic plugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/places/brisbane-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-glass-house-mountains.html |title=Guide to the Glass House Mountains – Tourism Australia |date=21 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/mountwarning.php
|url= http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/mountwarning.php
|work= Geological sites of NSW
|work= Geological sites of NSW

Latest revision as of 04:26, 28 June 2024

An aerial view of the Gros Piton and Petit Piton, in St. Lucia, 2006.

A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of high gas pressure if rising volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. In a plinian eruption the plug is destroyed and ash is ejected.[1]

Glacial erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called crag and tail. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform.

Examples of volcanic plugs

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Volcanic plug near Rhumsiki, Cameroon.

Africa

[edit]

Near the village of Rhumsiki in the Far North Province of Cameroon, Kapsiki Peak is an example of a volcanic plug and is one of the most photographed parts of the Mandara Mountains. Spectacular volcanic plugs are present in the center of La Gomera island in the Canary Islands archipelago, within the Garajonay National Park.

Roque Bentayga from the town of Artenara

Europe

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Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe chapel, on top of a volcanic plug in Le Puy-en-Velay, France.

Borgarvirki is a volcanic plug located in north Iceland.

A volcanic plug is situated in the town of Motta Sant'Anastasia in Italy.

Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe chapel, whose construction started in 969,[2] near Le Puy-en-Velay in France. The volcanic plug rises about 85 metres (279 ft) above the surroundings. Another building on a volcanic plug is the 14th century Trosky Castle in the Czech Republic. Strombolicchio, the northernmost of the Aeolian Islands, and Rockall, a small, uninhabited, remote islet in the North Atlantic Ocean, are also volcanic plugs.

In the United Kingdom, two examples of a building on a volcanic plug are the Castle Rock in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Deganwy Castle, Wales. The Law, Dundee, Ailsa Craig, Bass Rock, North Berwick Law and Dumgoyne hill are other examples of volcanic plugs located in Scotland. There are over 30 volcanic plugs in Northern Ireland, including Slemish in Ballymena, Tievebulliagh, Scawt Hill, Carrickarede, Scrabo and Slieve Gallion.[3]

North America and the Caribbean

[edit]

There are several volcanic plugs in the United States, including Morro Rock in California, Devils Elbow located in the Heceta Head Lighthouse Scenic State Park on the Oregon coast, Thumb Butte in the Sierra Prieta of Arizona, and Shiprock in New Mexico. Devils Tower in Wyoming and Little Devils Postpile in Yosemite National Park, California, are also believed, by many geologists, to be volcanic plugs. In Canada, the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province gives rise to several confirmed and suspected plugs. Chief among these is Castle Rock, located in British Columbia, which last erupted during the Pleistocene. The southern coast of Saint Lucia is dominated by the iconic Pitons, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The twin peaks, Gros Piton and Petit Piton, steeply rise more than 770 metres (2,530 ft) above the Caribbean.

South America

[edit]

Pinnacle Rock, Galápagos, Ecuador.

Oceania

[edit]

There are several volcanic plugs in the North Island of New Zealand, including:

In New Zealand's South Island, Onawe Peninsula on Banks Peninsula is a prominent volcanic plug, and erosion of Saddle Hill near Dunedin has also revealed a plug. Dunedin's Mount Cargill displays two plugs: its main summit and the subsidiary summit of Buttar's Peak.

In Australia, The Nut in Tasmania are further examples, along with Mount Warning and the several peaks in the Warrumbungles in New South Wales. The 11 peaks of the Glasshouse Mountains National Park including Mount Beerwah, Mount Tibrogargan, Mount Coonowrin, Mount Cooroora, Mount Ngungun, Mount Tibberoowuccum, Mount Tunbubudla, and Mount Beerburrum, in South East Queensland are volcanic plugs.[4][5]

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volcanic plugs.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Huff, W.D.; Owen, L.A. (2013). "Volcanic Landforms and Hazards". Treatise on Geomorphology. 5: 155. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00089-0. ISBN 9780080885223.
  2. ^ Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Michel, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
  3. ^ Wilson, H E et al (1986) Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, HMSO
  4. ^ "Guide to the Glass House Mountains – Tourism Australia". 21 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Wollumbin/Mt Warning Shield Volcano". Geological sites of NSW. Cartoscope Pty Limited. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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