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{{Short description|American comic book fan convention organizer (1934–1984)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|birthname = Philip Nicholas Seuling
| name = Phil Seuling
| birthname = Philip Nicholas Seuling
| image =
| image = Phil Seuling in 1974.jpg
⚫
| caption = Seuling in 1974
| imagesize =
⚫
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|1|20|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|1|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bensonhurst]], [[Brooklyn, New York]]
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|8|21|1934|1|20}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|8|21|1934|1|20}}
| death_place =[[New York City]]
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| occupation = Comic book distributor; convention organizer
| occupation = Comic book distributor; convention organizer
| networth =
| networth =
| education = [[City College of New York]]
| education = [[City College of New York]]
| spouse = Carole Seuling
| spouse = Carole Seuling
| website =
| children = 2
| footnotes =
| children = Gwenn; Heather
}}
}}
'''Philip Nicholas Seuling''' (January 20, 1934 – August 21, 1984)<ref>Social Security Death Index, Social Security #130-26-6243.</ref> was a [[comic book]] [[fan convention]] organizer and comics [[distribution (business)|distributor]] primarily active in the 1970s. Seuling was the organizer of the annual [[New York Comic Art Convention]], originally held in New York City every July 4 weekend throughout the 1970s. Later, with his Sea Gate Distributors company, Seuling developed the concept of the [[direct market]] distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method, where no choices of title, quantity, or delivery directions were permitted.
'''Philip Nicholas Seuling''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|j|uː|l|ɪ|ŋ}};<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IARz_2vJ3ls 1977 World Color Press Tour Sparta, Illinois & Phil Seuling]<!--at 1:15--></ref> January 20, 1934 – August 21, 1984)<ref>Social Security Death Index, Social Security #130-26-6243.</ref> was an American [[comic book]] [[fan convention]] organizer and comics [[distribution (business)|distributor]] primarily active in the 1970s. Seuling was the organizer of the annual [[New York Comic Art Convention]], originally held in New York City every July 4 weekend throughout the 1970s. Later, with his Sea Gate Distributors company, Seuling developed the concept of the [[direct market]] distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method, where no choices of title, quantity, or delivery directions were permitted.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==


===Early life===
===Early life===
Seuling was born in the [[Bensonhurst]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn, New York]],<ref name=foundingp6 /> and spent his entire life as a resident of that borough.<ref name=interview1971>{{cite web | title = An Interview with Phil Seuling | url = http://home.comcast.net/~jhw53/Phil_Seuling_Interview.htm | date = February 1972 | work = Fantastic Fanzine Special | issue = 2 | accessdate = July 12, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216174651/http://home.comcast.net/~jhw53/Phil_Seuling_Interview.htm | archivedate = February 16, 2010}} Interview conducted July 1971.</ref> He has a sister, Barbara and a brother Dennis, 13 years younger.<ref name=interview1971 /> He graduated from the [[City College of New York]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree.<ref name=interview1971 /> and earned several credits beyond.
Seuling was born in the [[Bensonhurst]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn, New York]],<ref name=foundingp6 /> and spent his entire life as a resident of that borough.<ref name=interview1971>{{cite web | title = An Interview with Phil Seuling | url = http://home.comcast.net/~jhw53/Phil_Seuling_Interview.htm | date = February 1972 | work = Fantastic Fanzine Special | issue = 2 | access-date = July 12, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216174651/http://home.comcast.net/~jhw53/Phil_Seuling_Interview.htm | archive-date = February 16, 2010}} Interview conducted July 1971.</ref> He has a sister, Barbara and a brother Dennis, 13 years younger.<ref name=interview1971 /> He graduated from the [[City College of New York]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree,<ref name=interview1971 /> and earned several credits beyond.


=== Comics retailer ===
=== Comics retailer ===
In 1958, he and a friend began buying and selling back-issue comic books,<ref name=interview1971 /> though his primary career was as an English teacher<ref name=interview1971 /> at Brooklyn's [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]].<ref name=nyt1974>{{cite news | title = Comic Books Displayed as Serious Art | first = Grace | last = Lichtenstein | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = October 10, 1974 | accessdate = July 12, 2013}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> By 1970, Seuling was also operating the After Hours Book Shop in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news | last =Sloane | first= Leonard | title = Nostalgia for Extinct Pop Culture Creates Industry | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B14FC385F107B93C0AB1788D85F448785F9 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date= March 22, 1970}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref>
In 1958, he and a friend began buying and selling back-issue comic books,<ref name=interview1971 /> though his primary career was as an English teacher<ref name=interview1971 /> at Brooklyn's [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]].<ref name=nyt1974>{{cite news | title = Comic Books Displayed as Serious Art | first = Grace | last = Lichtenstein | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = October 10, 1974 }} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> By 1970, Seuling was also operating the After Hours Book Shop in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news | last =Sloane | first= Leonard | title = Nostalgia for Extinct Pop Culture Creates Industry | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B14FC385F107B93C0AB1788D85F448785F9 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date= March 22, 1970}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref>


===Comic Art Convention===
===Comic Art Convention===
{{main|Comic Art Convention}}
{{main|Comic Art Convention}}
In 1968, Seuling — who as a sideline was president of the newly founded but short-lived<ref name=interview1971 /> Society for Comic Art Research and Preservation, Inc. (SCARP) — staged the First International Convention of Comic Art under that organization's auspices, holding it at New York City's [[Statler Hilton Hotel]].<ref name=nytimescarmody1968>{{cite news | title = Comic Books Get Star Billing at Convention Here | first = Deirdre | last= Carmody | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B14FF3854157493C4A9178CD85F4C8685F9 | date = July 6, 1968 | accessdate = July 13, 2013}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> He held another [[comics convention]] at that hotel the following year,<ref>{{cite news | title = Old Comic Book Art is on Display Here | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB355E1B7493C7A9178CD85F4D8685F9 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = July 5, 1969 | page= 16 | accessdate = July 12, 2013}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> launching the New York [[Comic Art Convention]] series. On March 11, 1973, Seuling was arrested at the New York Comic Art Convention for allegedly "selling indecent material to a minor". Seuling wrote a guest editorial in [[Warren Publishing]]'s black-and-white [[horror-comics]] magazine ''[[Vampirella]]'' #25 detailing his experience and denying the claim he had sold an [[underground comix|underground comic book]] to someone under 18.<ref>{{cite news | title = Vampirella | url= https://archive.org/stream/warren-vampirella-025/Vampirella-025-1973#page/n3/mode/2up |type= guest editorial |first= Phil |last= Seuling |work= [[Vampirella]] |date= June 1973 |publisher= [[Warren Publishing]]}}</ref>
In 1968, Seuling — who as a sideline was president of the newly founded but short-lived<ref name=interview1971 /> Society for Comic Art Research and Preservation, Inc. (SCARP) — staged the First International Convention of Comic Art under that organization's auspices, holding it at New York City's [[Statler Hilton Hotel]].<ref name=nytimescarmody1968>{{cite news | title = Comic Books Get Star Billing at Convention Here | first = Deirdre | last= Carmody | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B14FF3854157493C4A9178CD85F4C8685F9 | date = July 6, 1968 | access-date = July 13, 2013}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> He held another [[comics convention]] at that hotel the following year,<ref>{{cite news | title = Old Comic Book Art is on Display Here | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB355E1B7493C7A9178CD85F4D8685F9 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = July 5, 1969 | page= 16 | access-date = July 12, 2013}} (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)</ref> launching the New York [[Comic Art Convention]] series. On March 11, 1973, Seuling was arrested at the Second Sunday monthly comic book show for allegedly "selling indecent material to a minor". Seuling wrote a guest editorial in [[Warren Publishing]]'s black-and-white [[horror-comics]] magazine ''[[Vampirella]]'' #25 detailing his experience and denying the claim he had sold an [[underground comix|underground comic book]] to someone under 18.<ref>{{cite news | title = Vampirella | url= https://archive.org/stream/warren-vampirella-025/Vampirella-025-1973#page/n3/mode/2up |type= guest editorial |first= Phil |last= Seuling |date= June 1973 |publisher= [[Warren Publishing]]}}</ref>


=== Other activities ===
=== Other activities ===
Seuling performed as a voice actor in [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s 1972 ''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz the Cat]]'' movie, doing voices for two characters.<ref name=bails-phil>{{cite web|authorlink=Jerry Bails|last=Bails|first=Jerry |first2=Hames|last2=Ware |url= http://www.bailsprojects.com/(S(yzyupz4544pwc555m1lxq245))/bio.aspx?Name=SEULING%2c+PHIL| publisher=Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999| title=Seuling, Phil|accessdate=April 12, 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070511021818/http://www.bailsprojects.com/%28S%284fltw0ymnr4dmf45dkrq1eao%29%29/bio.aspx?Name=HEATH%2c+RUSS|archivedate=May 11, 2007 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
Seuling performed as a voice actor in [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s 1972 ''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz the Cat]]'' movie, doing voices for two characters.<ref name=bails-phil>{{cite web|author-link=Jerry Bails|last1=Bails|first1=Jerry |first2=Hames|last2=Ware |url= http://www.bailsprojects.com/(S(yzyupz4544pwc555m1lxq245))/bio.aspx?Name=SEULING%2c+PHIL| publisher=Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999| title=Seuling, Phil|access-date=April 12, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070511021818/http://www.bailsprojects.com/%28S%284fltw0ymnr4dmf45dkrq1eao%29%29/bio.aspx?Name=HEATH%2c+RUSS|archive-date=May 11, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1974, at the [[Brooklyn Museum]]'s Community Gallery, he staged the exhibit "Brooklyn's Comic Book Artists", featuring artwork by 13 comics artists who were born or lived in Brooklyn. Identified by neighborhood on the poster for the show, these included [[Neal Adams]], then living in the [[Coney Island]] neighborhood; [[Will Eisner]]; [[Carmine Infantino]], of [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]]; [[Joe Kubert]]; [[Harvey Kurtzman]], who lived along [[Eastern Parkway]]; and [[Gray Morrow]], formerly of [[East Flatbush]].<ref name=nyt1974 />
In 1974, at the [[Brooklyn Museum]]'s Community Gallery, he staged the exhibit "Brooklyn's Comic Book Artists", featuring artwork by 13 comics artists who were born or lived in Brooklyn. Identified by neighborhood on the poster for the show, these included [[Neal Adams]], then living in the [[Coney Island]] neighborhood; [[Will Eisner]]; [[Carmine Infantino]], of [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]]; [[Joe Kubert]]; [[Harvey Kurtzman]], who lived along [[Eastern Parkway]]; and [[Gray Morrow]], formerly of [[East Flatbush]].<ref name=nyt1974 />


Seuling appeared on the July 28, 1977 episode of the ''[[Mike Douglas Show]]'' to discuss comic book collecting and conventions along with a surprise appearance by [[Wendy Pini]] cosplaying as [[Red Sonja]].<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=P9wRii6aiUk&feature=youtu.be Red Sonja (Wendy Pini) on Mike Douglas 7/28/77]</ref>
⚫
=== Sea Gate Distributors ===

⚫
In [[1972 in comics|1972]], Seuling founded Sea Gate Distributors, named after the Brooklyn community [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]], where he lived as an adult.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rozanski | first=Chuck| url=http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg97.html |title=Evolution of the Direct Market Part III| publisher="Tales from the Database" (column), ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'' #97 via MileHighComics.com |date=December 2003|quote="One large California dealer, who was good friends with Phil, solved this problem by taking a vacation each year in New York. He stayed at Phil's house in the Seagat [sic]..."| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200420/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg97.html | archivedate=July 16, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> Seuling cut deals with [[Archie Comics|Archie]], [[DC Comics|DC]], [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]], and [[Warren Publishing|Warren]] to ship their comic books from a new distribution center in [[Sparta, Illinois]],<ref name="Beerbohm">{{cite web|last=Beerbohm|first= Bob | url = http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/please_consider_buying_some_comics_from_robert_beerbohm/ | title=Please Consider Buying Some Comics From Industry Icon Robert Beerbohm | publisher=The Comics Reporter |date=March 14, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203343/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/please_consider_buying_some_comics_from_robert_beerbohm/| archivedate=June 28, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> thereby developing the concept of the [[direct market]] distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method. The move from newsstand distribution to the direct market (nonreturnable, heavily discounted, direct purchasing of comics from publishers) went hand-in-hand with the growth of specialty comics shops that catered to collectors who could then buy [[Comics vocabulary#Back Issue|back issues]] months after a newsstand issue had disappeared.
=== Sea Gate Distributors<!--'Sea Gate Distributors' redirects here--> ===
{{Infobox company
⚫
| name = Sea Gate Distributors
| logo =
| type = [[Direct market|Comic book distributor]]
| company_slogan =
| foundation = 1972
| founder = Phil Seuling
| defunct = 1985
| key_people = Phil Seuling (founder)
| location = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| industry = [[Comics]]
}}
⚫
In 1972, Seuling founded '''Sea Gate Distributors'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, named after the Brooklyn community [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]], where he lived as an adult.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rozanski | first=Chuck| url=http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg97.html |title=Evolution of the Direct Market Part III |website=MileHighComics |department=Tales from the Database |date=December 2003|quote="One large California dealer, who was good friends with Phil, solved this problem by taking a vacation each year in New York. He stayed at Phil's house in the Seagat [sic]..."| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200420/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg97.html | archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Seuling cut deals with [[Archie Comics|Archie]], [[DC Comics|DC]], [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]], and [[Warren Publishing|Warren]] to ship their comic books from a new distribution center in [[Sparta, Illinois]] beginning in Fall 1973,<ref name="Beerbohm">{{cite web|last=Beerbohm|first= Bob | url = http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/please_consider_buying_some_comics_from_robert_beerbohm/ | title=Please Consider Buying Some Comics From Industry Icon Robert Beerbohm | publisher=The Comics Reporter |date=March 14, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203343/http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/please_consider_buying_some_comics_from_robert_beerbohm/| archive-date=June 28, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby developing the concept of the [[direct market]] distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method. The move from newsstand distribution to the direct market (nonreturnable, heavily discounted, direct purchasing of comics from publishers) went hand-in-hand with the growth of specialty comics shops that catered to collectors who could then buy [[Comics vocabulary#Back Issue|back issues]] months after a newsstand issue had disappeared.


Comics historian [[Mark Evanier]], noting the significance, wrote that
Comics historian [[Mark Evanier]], noting the significance, wrote that
{{quote|. . . it became apparent that the old method was being destroyed, with or without selling books the Seuling way, so DC, Marvel and other companies tried it. Within a year, around 25% of all comic books were being sold via 'direct' distribution, through Seuling's company and about a dozen others, with 75% still on conventional newsstands. Within ten years, those percentages were reversed. Today, the 'direct market' is the primary market.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Mark Evanier|last=Evanier|first= Mark|url= http://www.povonline.com/notes/Notes123104.htm |title=Around 1970, when I got into the comic book business...|publisher=P.O.V. Online: Notes from Me Archives|date=December 31, 2004|accessdate=April 28, 2009}}</ref>}}
{{quote|. . . it became apparent that the old method was being destroyed, with or without selling books the Seuling way, so DC, Marvel and other companies tried it. Within a year, around 25% of all comic books were being sold via 'direct' distribution, through Seuling's company and about a dozen others, with 75% still on conventional newsstands. Within ten years, those percentages were reversed. Today [in 2004], the 'direct market' is the primary market.<ref>{{cite web|author-link=Mark Evanier|last=Evanier|first= Mark|url= https://www.newsfromme.com/2004/12/31/phil-seuling-and-red-sonja/|title=Phil Seuling and Red Sonja|website=News from Me|date=December 31, 2004|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>}}


Seuling ran Sea Gate with his then-girlfriend Jonni Levas.<ref name="cbg98">Rozanski, [http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg98.html "Evolution, Part IV"], ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'' #98 via MileHighComics.com. "Joni Levas, Phil's girlfriend of the time and partner in Seagate [sic] Distributing." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200510/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg98.html |date=July 16, 2011 }}.</ref> A key element of Sea Gate's new distribution system was a prepay requirement for customers, which, given the low margins of comics retailing at the time (and the fact that many books shipped late), was onerous for many of the stores.<ref name="cbg98" /> By the late 1970s, however, thanks to Seuling's changes to distribution — and the merchandizing success of such comic-book-styled films as ''[[Star Wars]]'' and ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' — comics were selling well: in the six years between 1974 and 1980, U.S. "comic or fantasy-related specialty shops" rose from 200 or 300 to around 1500.<ref name="Sanford">{{cite news|last=Sanford | first=Jay Allen| url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2004/aug/19/two-men-and-their-comic-books/ |title=Two Men and their Comic Books| work=[[San Diego Reader]]|date= August 19, 2004|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717031106/http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2004/aug/19/two-men-and-their-comic-books/ | archivedate= July 17, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>
Seuling ran Sea Gate with his then-girlfriend Jonni Levas.<ref name="cbg98">Rozanski, [http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg98.html "Evolution, Part IV"], ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'' #98 via MileHighComics.com. "Joni Levas, Phil's girlfriend of the time and partner in Seagate [sic] Distributing." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200510/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg98.html |date=July 16, 2011 }}.</ref> A key element of Sea Gate's new distribution system was a prepay requirement for customers, which, given the low margins of comics retailing at the time (and the fact that many books shipped late), was onerous for many of the stores.<ref name="cbg98" /> By the late 1970s, however, thanks to Seuling's changes to distribution — and the merchandizing success of such comic-book-styled films as ''[[Star Wars]]'' and ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' — comics were selling well: in the six years between 1974 and 1980, U.S. "comic or fantasy-related specialty shops" rose from 200 or 300 to around 1500.<ref name="Sanford">{{cite news|last=Sanford | first=Jay Allen| url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2004/aug/19/two-men-and-their-comic-books/ |title=Two Men and their Comic Books| work=[[San Diego Reader]]|date= August 19, 2004|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717031106/http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2004/aug/19/two-men-and-their-comic-books/ | archive-date= July 17, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref>


In late 1977 or early 1978, Sea Gate set up regional sub-distributors who were buying product at a 50% discount. This reduced Seuling's paperwork and enabled the sub-distributors to sell smaller orders than Sea Gate's minimum of five copies of each comic book title.<ref name="cbg98" />
In late 1977 or early 1978, Sea Gate set up regional sub-distributors who were buying product at a 50% discount. This reduced Seuling's paperwork and enabled the sub-distributors to sell smaller orders than Sea Gate's minimum of five copies of each comic book title.<ref name="cbg98" />


Seuling maintained a virtual monopoly on comics distribution, until a lawsuit brought by [[New Media/Irjax]] in 1978.<ref name="DuinDD">"Direct Distribution" in Duin, Steve and [[Mike Richardson (publisher)|Richardson, Mike]] (ed.s). ''Comics Between the Panels'' ([[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse Publishing]], 1998), pp. 126-130.</ref> Irjax sued DC, Marvel, Archie, and Warren for their anti-competitive arrangement with Seagate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rozanski | first=Chuck| url= http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg104.html |title= Chuck Goes to New York Part I| publisher="Tales from the Database" (column), ''[[Comics Buyer's Guide]]'' #104 via MileHighComics.com|date= 2004, n.d.| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200404/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg104.html | archivedate= July 16, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref> As a result of the suit, Irjax eventually acquired "a sizable chunk of the direct-distribution market,"<ref name="DuinDD"/> and many of Seulings's sub-distributors left Sea Gate to become independent distributors.
Seuling maintained a virtual monopoly on comics distribution, until a lawsuit brought by [[New Media/Irjax]] in 1978.<ref name="DuinDD">"Direct Distribution" in Duin, Steve and [[Mike Richardson (publisher)|Richardson, Mike]] (ed.s). ''Comics Between the Panels'' ([[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse Publishing]], 1998), pp. 126-130.</ref> Irjax sued DC, Marvel, Archie, and Warren for their anti-competitive arrangement with Seagate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rozanski | first=Chuck| url= http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg104.html |title= Chuck Goes to New York Part I |website=MileHighComics |department=Tales from the Database |date= 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200404/http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg104.html | archive-date= July 16, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the suit, Irjax eventually acquired "a sizable chunk of the direct-distribution market,"<ref name="DuinDD"/> and many of Seulings's sub-distributors left Sea Gate to become independent distributors.


=== Death ===
=== Death ===
Seuling died of a rare liver disease<ref name=Schelly>Schelly, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&pg=PA108&dq=%22seuling+continued+his+comic+book+conventions%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8sbgUbnIJc3a4APogoHoDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22seuling%20continued%20his%20comic%20book%20conventions%22&f=false p. 108]</ref> on August 21, 1984.<ref>"Phil Seuling, father of the direct-sales Market, dies at age of 50," ''The Comics Journal'' #93 (September 1984), pp. 13-14.</ref> The following year, Sea Gate closed down.<ref>"Newswatch: Pioneering direct-sales distributor Sea Gate files for bankruptcy," ''The Comics Journal'' #101 (August 1985), pp. 17-18.</ref> Distribution competitors [[Bud Plant, Inc.]], and [[Capital City Distribution]] opened "an expanded facility in Sea Gate's old space in Sparta, alongside the [defunct publisher [[Pacific Comics]]'] printing plant."<ref name="Sanford"/>
Seuling died of the rare liver disease<ref name=Schelly>Schelly, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&dq=%22seuling+continued+his+comic+book+conventions%22&pg=PA108 p. 108]</ref> [[sclerosing cholangitis]]<ref>"Newspeak: Don Newton and Phil Seuling Die," ''Speakeasy'' #44 (Sept. 1984), p. 4.</ref> on August 21, 1984.<ref>"Phil Seuling, father of the direct-sales Market, dies at age of 50," ''The Comics Journal'' #93 (September 1984), pp. 13-14.</ref> The following year, Sea Gate closed down.<ref>"Newswatch: Pioneering direct-sales distributor Sea Gate files for bankruptcy," ''The Comics Journal'' #101 (August 1985), pp. 17-18.</ref> Distribution competitors [[Bud Plant, Inc.]], and [[Capital City Distribution]] opened "an expanded facility in Sea Gate's old space in Sparta, alongside the [defunct publisher [[Pacific Comics]]'] printing plant."<ref name="Sanford"/>


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
By 1957, Seulingbwas married to Carole Seuling, with whom he had two daughters, Gwenn<ref>{{cite new|last1=Haberman|first1=Clyde |first2=Laurie |last2=Johnston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/05/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-255609.html |title=New York Day by Day: A Comic-Book Fourth|work=ThevNew York Times|date=July 5, 1982}}</ref> and Heather.<ref name=foundingp6>{{cite book | title = Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s | first = Bill | last = Schelly | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=%22carole+seuling%22&source=bl&ots=bQ9Yr6VROW&sig=0AoQhaJrTogCAaHSTavRnYnyppY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A8TgUZXoCtix4APS8oGQBA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22carole%20seuling%22&f=false 6] | isbn = 9780786443475}}</ref> Carole Seuling would do a small amount of writing for comics, including co-creating, with artist [[George Tuska]], [[Marvel Comics]]' [[jungle girl (character)|jungle-girl]] heroine [[Shanna the She-Devil]] in 1972.
By 1957, Seuling was married to Carole Seuling, with whom he had two daughters, Gwenn<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Clyde |first2=Laurie |last2=Johnston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/05/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-255609.html |title=New York Day by Day: A Comic-Book Fourth|work=The New York Times|date=July 5, 1982}}</ref> and Heather.<ref name=foundingp6>{{cite book | title = Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s | first = Bill | last = Schelly | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2010 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&dq=%22carole+seuling%22&pg=PA106 6] | isbn = 9780786443475}}</ref> The couple grew apart as Phil became more interested in [[hippie]] culture, separating in 1971 and eventually getting a divorce but remaining close.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comic Shop|page=25|last=Gearino|first=Dan|date=2017|publisher=Swallow Press|isbn=9780804040839}}</ref> Carole would do a small amount of writing for comics, including co-creating, with artist [[George Tuska]], [[Marvel Comics]]' [[jungle girl (character)|jungle-girl]] heroine [[Shanna the She-Devil]] in 1972. Seuling entered a romantic relationship with Jonni Levas, a former student who was instrumental in running Sea Gate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comic Shop|page=35|last=Gearino|first=Dan|date=2017|publisher=Swallow Press|isbn=9780804040839}}</ref>


== Awards ==
== Awards ==
Line 58: Line 71:
== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[List of book distributors]]
*[[List of book distributors]]
*''[[Fifty Who Made DC Great]]''


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist | 2}}
{{Reflist | 2}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Beerbohm, Robert. "Secret Origins of the Direct Market, Part 2: Phil Seuling and the Undergrounds Emerge." ''[[Comic Book Artist]]'' #7 (February-March 2000), pp.116-125.
* Eisner, Will. "Interview with Phil Seuling." ''Will Eisner's Shop Talk.'' (Dark Horse Comics, 2001) pp.283-305.
* McLauchlin, Jim. [http://unpopularopinions-mclauchlin.blogspot.com/2017/12/phil-seuling-man-who-invented-your.html?m=1"The Man Who Invented Your Comic Shop (Among Other Things)."] ''[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]'' #219 (January 2010).
* Schelly, Bill. ''Golden Age of Comic Fandom'' (Hamster Press, 1995)
* Schelly, Bill. ''Golden Age of Comic Fandom'' (Hamster Press, 1995)
* Schelly, Bill, ed. ''Alter Ego, the Best of the Legendary Comics Fanzine'' (Hamster Press, 1997)
* Schelly, Bill, ed. ''Alter Ego, the Best of the Legendary Comics Fanzine'' (Hamster Press, 1997)


{{Inkpot Award 1970s}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seuling, Phil}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seuling, Phil}}
[[Category:American businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Comics industry]]
[[Category:Comics industry]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Deaths from primary sclerosing cholangitis]]

Latest revision as of 06:55, 5 July 2024

Phil Seuling
Seuling in 1974
Born
Philip Nicholas Seuling

(1934-01-20)January 20, 1934
New York City, U.S.
DiedAugust 21, 1984(1984-08-21) (aged 50)
New York City, U.S.
EducationCity College of New York
Occupation(s)Comic book distributor; convention organizer
SpouseCarole Seuling
Children2

Philip Nicholas Seuling (/ˈsjuːlɪŋ/;[1] January 20, 1934 – August 21, 1984)[2] was an American comic book fan convention organizer and comics distributor primarily active in the 1970s. Seuling was the organizer of the annual New York Comic Art Convention, originally held in New York City every July 4 weekend throughout the 1970s. Later, with his Sea Gate Distributors company, Seuling developed the concept of the direct market distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method, where no choices of title, quantity, or delivery directions were permitted.

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Seuling was born in the Bensonhurst neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York,[3] and spent his entire life as a resident of that borough.[4] He has a sister, Barbara and a brother Dennis, 13 years younger.[4] He graduated from the City College of New York with a Bachelor of Arts degree,[4] and earned several credits beyond.

Comics retailer

[edit]

In 1958, he and a friend began buying and selling back-issue comic books,[4] though his primary career was as an English teacher[4] at Brooklyn's Lafayette High School.[5] By 1970, Seuling was also operating the After Hours Book Shop in Brooklyn.[6]

Comic Art Convention

[edit]
Main article: Comic Art Convention

In 1968, Seuling — who as a sideline was president of the newly founded but short-lived[4] Society for Comic Art Research and Preservation, Inc. (SCARP) — staged the First International Convention of Comic Art under that organization's auspices, holding it at New York City's Statler Hilton Hotel.[7] He held another comics convention at that hotel the following year,[8] launching the New York Comic Art Convention series. On March 11, 1973, Seuling was arrested at the Second Sunday monthly comic book show for allegedly "selling indecent material to a minor". Seuling wrote a guest editorial in Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazine Vampirella #25 detailing his experience and denying the claim he had sold an underground comic book to someone under 18.[9]

Other activities

[edit]

Seuling performed as a voice actor in Ralph Bakshi's 1972 Fritz the Cat movie, doing voices for two characters.[10]

In 1974, at the Brooklyn Museum's Community Gallery, he staged the exhibit "Brooklyn's Comic Book Artists", featuring artwork by 13 comics artists who were born or lived in Brooklyn. Identified by neighborhood on the poster for the show, these included Neal Adams, then living in the Coney Island neighborhood; Will Eisner; Carmine Infantino, of Greenpoint; Joe Kubert; Harvey Kurtzman, who lived along Eastern Parkway; and Gray Morrow, formerly of East Flatbush.[5]

Seuling appeared on the July 28, 1977 episode of the Mike Douglas Show to discuss comic book collecting and conventions along with a surprise appearance by Wendy Pini cosplaying as Red Sonja.[11]

Sea Gate Distributors

[edit]
Sea Gate Distributors
Company typeComic book distributor
IndustryComics
Founded1972
FounderPhil Seuling
Defunct1985
HeadquartersBrooklyn, New York
Key people
Phil Seuling (founder)

In 1972, Seuling founded Sea Gate Distributors, named after the Brooklyn community Sea Gate, where he lived as an adult.[12] Seuling cut deals with Archie, DC, Marvel, and Warren to ship their comic books from a new distribution center in Sparta, Illinois beginning in Fall 1973,[13] thereby developing the concept of the direct market distribution system for getting comics directly into comic book specialty shops, bypassing the then established newspaper/magazine distributor method. The move from newsstand distribution to the direct market (nonreturnable, heavily discounted, direct purchasing of comics from publishers) went hand-in-hand with the growth of specialty comics shops that catered to collectors who could then buy back issues months after a newsstand issue had disappeared.

Comics historian Mark Evanier, noting the significance, wrote that

. . . it became apparent that the old method was being destroyed, with or without selling books the Seuling way, so DC, Marvel and other companies tried it. Within a year, around 25% of all comic books were being sold via 'direct' distribution, through Seuling's company and about a dozen others, with 75% still on conventional newsstands. Within ten years, those percentages were reversed. Today [in 2004], the 'direct market' is the primary market.[14]

Seuling ran Sea Gate with his then-girlfriend Jonni Levas.[15] A key element of Sea Gate's new distribution system was a prepay requirement for customers, which, given the low margins of comics retailing at the time (and the fact that many books shipped late), was onerous for many of the stores.[15] By the late 1970s, however, thanks to Seuling's changes to distribution — and the merchandizing success of such comic-book-styled films as Star Wars and Superman — comics were selling well: in the six years between 1974 and 1980, U.S. "comic or fantasy-related specialty shops" rose from 200 or 300 to around 1500.[16]

In late 1977 or early 1978, Sea Gate set up regional sub-distributors who were buying product at a 50% discount. This reduced Seuling's paperwork and enabled the sub-distributors to sell smaller orders than Sea Gate's minimum of five copies of each comic book title.[15]

Seuling maintained a virtual monopoly on comics distribution, until a lawsuit brought by New Media/Irjax in 1978.[17] Irjax sued DC, Marvel, Archie, and Warren for their anti-competitive arrangement with Seagate.[18] As a result of the suit, Irjax eventually acquired "a sizable chunk of the direct-distribution market,"[17] and many of Seulings's sub-distributors left Sea Gate to become independent distributors.

Death

[edit]

Seuling died of the rare liver disease[19] sclerosing cholangitis[20] on August 21, 1984.[21] The following year, Sea Gate closed down.[22] Distribution competitors Bud Plant, Inc., and Capital City Distribution opened "an expanded facility in Sea Gate's old space in Sparta, alongside the [defunct publisher Pacific Comics'] printing plant."[16]

Personal life

[edit]

By 1957, Seuling was married to Carole Seuling, with whom he had two daughters, Gwenn[23] and Heather.[3] The couple grew apart as Phil became more interested in hippie culture, separating in 1971 and eventually getting a divorce but remaining close.[24] Carole would do a small amount of writing for comics, including co-creating, with artist George Tuska, Marvel Comics' jungle-girl heroine Shanna the She-Devil in 1972. Seuling entered a romantic relationship with Jonni Levas, a former student who was instrumental in running Sea Gate.[25]

Awards

[edit]

Seuling was presented with an Inkpot Award at the 1974 San Diego Comic-Con. In 1985, he was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[26]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1977 World Color Press Tour Sparta, Illinois & Phil Seuling
  2. ^ Social Security Death Index, Social Security #130-26-6243.
  3. ^ a b Schelly, Bill (2010). Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s. McFarland & Company. p. 6. ISBN 9780786443475.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "An Interview with Phil Seuling". Fantastic Fanzine Special. February 1972. Archived from the original on February 16, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Interview conducted July 1971.
  5. ^ a b Lichtenstein, Grace (October 10, 1974). "Comic Books Displayed as Serious Art". The New York Times. (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)
  6. ^ Sloane, Leonard (March 22, 1970). "Nostalgia for Extinct Pop Culture Creates Industry". The New York Times. (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)
  7. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (July 6, 1968). "Comic Books Get Star Billing at Convention Here". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2013. (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)
  8. ^ "Old Comic Book Art is on Display Here". The New York Times. July 5, 1969. p. 16. Retrieved July 12, 2013. (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription)
  9. ^ Seuling, Phil (June 1973). "Vampirella" (guest editorial). Warren Publishing.
  10. ^ Bails, Jerry; Ware, Hames. "Seuling, Phil". Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  11. ^ Red Sonja (Wendy Pini) on Mike Douglas 7/28/77
  12. ^ Rozanski, Chuck (December 2003). "Evolution of the Direct Market Part III". Tales from the Database. MileHighComics. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. One large California dealer, who was good friends with Phil, solved this problem by taking a vacation each year in New York. He stayed at Phil's house in the Seagat [sic]...
  13. ^ Beerbohm, Bob (March 14, 2008). "Please Consider Buying Some Comics From Industry Icon Robert Beerbohm". The Comics Reporter. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011.
  14. ^ Evanier, Mark (December 31, 2004). "Phil Seuling and Red Sonja". News from Me. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  15. ^ a b c Rozanski, "Evolution, Part IV", Comics Buyer's Guide #98 via MileHighComics.com. "Joni Levas, Phil's girlfriend of the time and partner in Seagate [sic] Distributing." Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ a b Sanford, Jay Allen (August 19, 2004). "Two Men and their Comic Books". San Diego Reader. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Direct Distribution" in Duin, Steve and Richardson, Mike (ed.s). Comics Between the Panels (Dark Horse Publishing, 1998), pp. 126-130.
  18. ^ Rozanski, Chuck (2004). "Chuck Goes to New York Part I". Tales from the Database. MileHighComics. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
  19. ^ Schelly, p. 108
  20. ^ "Newspeak: Don Newton and Phil Seuling Die," Speakeasy #44 (Sept. 1984), p. 4.
  21. ^ "Phil Seuling, father of the direct-sales Market, dies at age of 50," The Comics Journal #93 (September 1984), pp. 13-14.
  22. ^ "Newswatch: Pioneering direct-sales distributor Sea Gate files for bankruptcy," The Comics Journal #101 (August 1985), pp. 17-18.
  23. ^ Haberman, Clyde; Johnston, Laurie (July 5, 1982). "New York Day by Day: A Comic-Book Fourth". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Gearino, Dan (2017). Comic Shop. Swallow Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780804040839.
  25. ^ Gearino, Dan (2017). Comic Shop. Swallow Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780804040839.
  26. ^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Phil Seuling The Beginning of Direct Distribution" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 46 (1985). DC Comics.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Beerbohm, Robert. "Secret Origins of the Direct Market, Part 2: Phil Seuling and the Undergrounds Emerge." Comic Book Artist #7 (February-March 2000), pp.116-125.
  • Eisner, Will. "Interview with Phil Seuling." Will Eisner's Shop Talk. (Dark Horse Comics, 2001) pp.283-305.
  • McLauchlin, Jim. "The Man Who Invented Your Comic Shop (Among Other Things)." Wizard #219 (January 2010).
  • Schelly, Bill. Golden Age of Comic Fandom (Hamster Press, 1995)
  • Schelly, Bill, ed. Alter Ego, the Best of the Legendary Comics Fanzine (Hamster Press, 1997)
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