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{{Short description|American educator}}
{{Short description|American educator}}{{Infobox person
| name = Mary Hatwood Futrell
| birth_name = Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Altavista, Virginia]]
| nationality = American
| education = {{Plainlist|
*[[Virginia State College]], 1962, BA
*[[George Washington University]], 1968, MA; 1992, Ed.D.}}
| occupation = Educator and professor
| years_active = 1962–
| employer = [[George Washington University]]
| organization = [[National Education Association]]
| spouse = Donald Futrell
}}


'''Mary Hatwood Futrell''' (born 1940) is an American [[educator]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Julie |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1989-07-03 |title=Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/03/us/retiring-teachers-leader-calls-for-restructuring-of-school-system.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1987-07-04 |title=N.E.A. President Re-elected |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/04/us/nea-president-re-elected.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
'''Mary Hatwood Futrell''' (born May 24, 1940) is an American educator, professor, and pioneer in women's rights education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Julie |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1989-07-03 |title=Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/03/us/retiring-teachers-leader-calls-for-restructuring-of-school-system.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1987-07-04 |title=N.E.A. President Re-elected |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/04/us/nea-president-re-elected.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Fantus, Cherise. "Awarding Our Advocates." ''Diverse: Issues in Higher Education'', vol. 30, no. 2, Feb. 2013, p. 6. </ref> In her unprecedented six-year-term as president of the [[National Education Association]], she worked to advocate for students in poorer and lower-achieving schools.

She was a business and typing teacher at George Washington High School (Alexandria, VA) in the mid-to-late 1960’s.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Futrell was born on 24 May 1940 in Altavista, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> She received her early education from George Washington High School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> She completed her BA from [[Virginia State College]] in 1962 and MA from [[George Washington University]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-hatwood-futrell-40 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> Later, she attended the [[University of Maryland]], [[University of Virginia]], and [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute]] for further education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-hatwood-futrell-40 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref>
Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood was born on 24 May 1940 in Altavista, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> After her father, a construction worker,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Trescott |first=Jacqueline |date=1989-07-01 |title=THE BOOTSTRAP EDUCATION OF MARY FUTRELL |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/07/01/the-bootstrap-education-of-mary-futrell/d676e41c-7eb3-4008-956a-05dec4bdb8b1/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> died when she was four, she and her three sisters were raised in relative poverty by a single mother, Josephine Hatwood Austin, who worked in a factory and as a domestic.<ref name=":1">Hunter, Cheron N. "Mary Hatwood Futrell." ''Great Lives from History: African Americans'', Sept. 2021, p. 26.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Goldberg, Mark F. “The Ability to Persuade People to Change.” ''Phi Delta Kappan'', vol. 82, no. 6, Feb. 2001, p. 465. </ref> By the time she was eight, Hatwood was joining her mother work "dusting church pews and offices." A few years later, she worked during her summers as a babysitter and housekeeper at the beach.<ref name=":0" /> Even though Josephine only had a sixth grade education herself, she was very involved in her daughters' educations.<ref name=":1" />

Hatwood attended segregated [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]] before transferring to Dunbar High School, where she was a cheerleader and participated in the student government, Future Business Leaders of America, and the National Honor Society.<ref name=":1" /> Though her teachers knew she was bright, Hatwood was put into the vocational track as they knew her family would be unable to afford to send her to college. However, due to her academic success, Hatwood was switched to the more rigorous college-track program.<ref name=":3">Brennan, Carol. "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940–." ''Contemporary Black Biography'', edited by Ashyia N. Henderson, vol. 33, Gale, 2002, pp. 62–64.</ref> Upon graduating from high school, her teachers, who had collected money from local businesses, churches, and sororities, presented her with a "scholarship" of $1,500 for college.<ref name=":2" /> She completed her BA from [[Virginia State College]], where she majored in business, in 1962 and MA from [[George Washington University]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-hatwood-futrell-40 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Later, she attended the [[University of Maryland]], [[University of Virginia]], and [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute]] for further education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/mary-hatwood-futrell-40 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Futrell started her career as a high school teacher and worked in [[Alexandria, Virginia]] between 1963 and 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
Hatwood started her career as a high school teacher and worked as a business education teacher at the all-black Parker Gray High School, [[Alexandria, Virginia]] between 1962 and 1964.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She then worked as a business teacher at [[George Washington Middle School (Virginia)|George Washington High School (Alexandria, Virginia)]], where she worked to integrate the faculty and condemn the lingering racism among school community members.<ref name=":1" />


In 1967, Hatwood joined the Virginia Education Association. She was blocked from joining the board by her school district, who refused to distribute her campaign literature. After successfully challenging the district in court, she became the president of the Education Association of Alexandria in 1973.<ref name=":3" /> In 1976, she ran for president of the VEA in 1976, becoming the first African American to hold the position. Around this time, she married Donald Futrell, a coach and physical education teacher with two children from a previous marriage, and took a leave of absence from teaching.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
⚫
In 1983, Futrell joined the [[National Education Association]] as secretary–treasurer and later elected as its president in 1983, and continued to serve the organization until 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Julie |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1989-07-03 |title=Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/03/us/retiring-teachers-leader-calls-for-restructuring-of-school-system.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During her tenure, she worked to lower the student dropout rate by increasing the use of technology in the classroom and supporting families of children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> The National Education Association later established an award in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>


⚫
In 1978, Futrell joined the board of directors of the [[National Education Association]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1980, Futrell was elected secretary–treasurer and later elected as its president in 1983, and continued to serve the organization until 1989, becoming the longest-reigning president in the organization's history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Julie |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1989-07-03 |title=Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/03/us/retiring-teachers-leader-calls-for-restructuring-of-school-system.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1987-11-04 |title=Seeking Profession's 'Soul' |language=en |work=Education Week |url=https://www.edweek.org/education/seeking-professions-soul/1987/11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0277-4232}}</ref>
⚫
In 1992, Futrell joined George Washington University as a faculty member and later became the dean of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary {{!}} The Graduate School of Education and Human Development {{!}} The George Washington University |url=https://gsehd.gwu.edu/directory/mary-futrell |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Graduate School of Education and Human Development |language=en}}</ref>

During her tenure, she worked to lower the student dropout rate by increasing the use of technology in the classroom and supporting families of children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> She worked to fight the impression that organizations like the NEA protected the jobs of teachers at the cost of students. Futrell was also instrumental in the NEA's collaboration with the [[American Federation of Teachers]], forming the [[National Board for Professional Teaching Standards]].<ref name=":1" /> Under her leadership, the NEA increased in size from 1.6 to 2 million members.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, [[People (magazine)|People]] named her "<dfn>one of the most</dfn> powerful Black women in America."<ref name=":1" /> The National Education Association later established an award in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

⚫
After earning her [[Doctor of Education]] from George Washington University in 1992, she joined the school faculty member and in 1995 became the dean of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Mary Hatwood Futrell {{!}} GW Alumni Association {{!}} The George Washington University |url=https://www.alumni.gwu.edu/mary-hatwood-futrell |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=GW Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/110 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary {{!}} The Graduate School of Education and Human Development {{!}} The George Washington University |url=https://gsehd.gwu.edu/directory/mary-futrell |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Graduate School of Education and Human Development |language=en}}</ref> Under her leadership, the program was consistently rated among the top American graduate schools for education.<ref name=":1" />

In 1993, Futrell became the founding president of [[Education International]]. In 2005, Education International established an annual award in her honor.<ref name=":4" />


==Awards==
==Awards==
* American Black Achievement Award, 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* American Black Achievement Award, 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/futrell-mary-hatwood-1940 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* Distinguished Service Medal ([[Columbia University]]), 1987<ref name=":1" />

* [[Phoenix Award (Congressional Black Caucus Foundation)]], 1992<ref>Retired air force general benjamin O. davis presented congressional black caucus' lifetime achievement award. (1992, Oct 20). ''Atlanta Daily World (1932–).''</ref>
* Jan Amos Comenius Medal (UNESCO), 2004<ref name=":4" />
* Named President of Americans for UNESCO, 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Explorations in Black Leadership, U.Va. |url=https://blackleadership.virginia.edu/interview/futrell-mary |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=blackleadership.virginia.edu}}</ref>
* John Hope Franklin Award ( <dfn>Diverse</dfn>: Issues in Higher Education), 2013
* Over 20 honorary degrees, including Virginia State University; George Washington University (1984); [[Spelman College]] (1986); [[Central State University]]; [[Eastern Michigan University]] (1987); [[Adrian College]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Futrell, Mary Hatwwod}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Futrell, Mary Hatwwod}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]


{{improve categories|date=January 2023}}

Latest revision as of 00:19, 7 July 2024

Mary Hatwood Futrell
Born
Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood

(1940-05-24) May 24, 1940 (age 84)
Altavista, Virginia
NationalityAmerican
Education
Occupation(s)Educator and professor
Years active1962–
EmployerGeorge Washington University
OrganizationNational Education Association
SpouseDonald Futrell

Mary Hatwood Futrell (born May 24, 1940) is an American educator, professor, and pioneer in women's rights education.[1][2][3] In her unprecedented six-year-term as president of the National Education Association, she worked to advocate for students in poorer and lower-achieving schools.

She was a business and typing teacher at George Washington High School (Alexandria, VA) in the mid-to-late 1960’s.

Early life

[edit]

Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood was born on 24 May 1940 in Altavista, Virginia.[4] After her father, a construction worker,[5] died when she was four, she and her three sisters were raised in relative poverty by a single mother, Josephine Hatwood Austin, who worked in a factory and as a domestic.[6][5][7] By the time she was eight, Hatwood was joining her mother work "dusting church pews and offices." A few years later, she worked during her summers as a babysitter and housekeeper at the beach.[5] Even though Josephine only had a sixth grade education herself, she was very involved in her daughters' educations.[6]

Hatwood attended segregated Lynchburg before transferring to Dunbar High School, where she was a cheerleader and participated in the student government, Future Business Leaders of America, and the National Honor Society.[6] Though her teachers knew she was bright, Hatwood was put into the vocational track as they knew her family would be unable to afford to send her to college. However, due to her academic success, Hatwood was switched to the more rigorous college-track program.[8] Upon graduating from high school, her teachers, who had collected money from local businesses, churches, and sororities, presented her with a "scholarship" of $1,500 for college.[7] She completed her BA from Virginia State College, where she majored in business, in 1962 and MA from George Washington University in 1968.[9][10][6] Later, she attended the University of Maryland, University of Virginia, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for further education.[11][12]

Career

[edit]

Hatwood started her career as a high school teacher and worked as a business education teacher at the all-black Parker Gray High School, Alexandria, Virginia between 1962 and 1964.[6][13][8] She then worked as a business teacher at George Washington High School (Alexandria, Virginia), where she worked to integrate the faculty and condemn the lingering racism among school community members.[6]

In 1967, Hatwood joined the Virginia Education Association. She was blocked from joining the board by her school district, who refused to distribute her campaign literature. After successfully challenging the district in court, she became the president of the Education Association of Alexandria in 1973.[8] In 1976, she ran for president of the VEA in 1976, becoming the first African American to hold the position. Around this time, she married Donald Futrell, a coach and physical education teacher with two children from a previous marriage, and took a leave of absence from teaching.[5][6]

In 1978, Futrell joined the board of directors of the National Education Association.[6] In 1980, Futrell was elected secretary–treasurer and later elected as its president in 1983, and continued to serve the organization until 1989, becoming the longest-reigning president in the organization's history.[14][15][16]

During her tenure, she worked to lower the student dropout rate by increasing the use of technology in the classroom and supporting families of children.[17] She worked to fight the impression that organizations like the NEA protected the jobs of teachers at the cost of students. Futrell was also instrumental in the NEA's collaboration with the American Federation of Teachers, forming the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.[6] Under her leadership, the NEA increased in size from 1.6 to 2 million members.[5] In 1983, People named her "one of the most powerful Black women in America."[6] The National Education Association later established an award in her honor.[18]

After earning her Doctor of Education from George Washington University in 1992, she joined the school faculty member and in 1995 became the dean of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development.[19][20][21] Under her leadership, the program was consistently rated among the top American graduate schools for education.[6]

In 1993, Futrell became the founding president of Education International. In 2005, Education International established an annual award in her honor.[19]

Awards

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Johnson, Julie; Times, Special To the New York (1989-07-03). "Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  2. ^ Ap (1987-07-04). "N.E.A. President Re-elected". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  3. ^ Fantus, Cherise. "Awarding Our Advocates." Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, vol. 30, no. 2, Feb. 2013, p. 6.
  4. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Trescott, Jacqueline (1989-07-01). "THE BOOTSTRAP EDUCATION OF MARY FUTRELL". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hunter, Cheron N. "Mary Hatwood Futrell." Great Lives from History: African Americans, Sept. 2021, p. 26.
  7. ^ a b Goldberg, Mark F. “The Ability to Persuade People to Change.” Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 82, no. 6, Feb. 2001, p. 465.
  8. ^ a b c d Brennan, Carol. "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940–." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Ashyia N. Henderson, vol. 33, Gale, 2002, pp. 62–64.
  9. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  10. ^ "Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  11. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  12. ^ "Mary Hatwood Futrell's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  13. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  14. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  15. ^ Johnson, Julie; Times, Special To the New York (1989-07-03). "Retiring Teachers' Leader Calls For Restructuring of School System". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  16. ^ "Seeking Profession's 'Soul'". Education Week. 1987-11-04. ISSN 0277-4232. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  17. ^ "Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers". edu.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  18. ^ "Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers". edu.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  19. ^ a b c d "Mary Hatwood Futrell | GW Alumni Association | The George Washington University". GW Alumni Association. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  20. ^ "Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell · Virginia Changemakers". edu.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  21. ^ "Futrell, Mary | The Graduate School of Education and Human Development | The George Washington University". The Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  22. ^ "Futrell, Mary Hatwood 1940– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  23. ^ Retired air force general benjamin O. davis presented congressional black caucus' lifetime achievement award. (1992, Oct 20). Atlanta Daily World (1932–).
  24. ^ "| Explorations in Black Leadership, U.Va". blackleadership.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-02.


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