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Union League of Philadelphia building on Broad Street in Center City of Philadelphia is a Victorian style architecture mansion with a mansard roof, constructed in 1865.

The Union Leagues were quasi-secretive men's clubs established separately, starting in 1862, and continuing throughout the Civil War (1861–1865). The oldest Union League of America council member, an organization originally called "The League of Union Men", was formed in June 1862 in Pekin, Illinois. Four months later, on November 22, 1862, the Union League of Philadelphia, the first of the elite eastern Leagues and the second oldest ULA council member, was established (and is still active today, as are the Union League Clubs of New York and Chicago).

The Union Leagues were established to promote loyalty to the Union of the United States of America, to support the policies of newly elected 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865, served 1861–1865) and to assure his reelection in 1864, and to combat what they believed to be the treasonous words and actions of anti-war, anti-black "Copperhead" Democrats. Though initially nonpartisan, by the election year of 1864 they were in open alliance with the Republican Party, supporting the reelection of Abraham Lincoln, but were also supportive of pro-Union Democrats.

The largest and best known of these clubs formed in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, were composed of prosperous men who raised money for war-related service organizations such as the United States Sanitary Commission, which provided medical care to treat Federal soldiers wounded in battle at a time when the military was ill-prepared for the scale of need.

At the same time as these elite clubs were formed, Union Leagues sprang-up throughout the rest of the North, created primarily by working-class men, while women's organizations known as Ladies Union Leagues appeared in towns across the North. In the spring of 1863 these separate, though (mostly) philosophically aligned groups, were organized under the Union League of America (ULA), headquartered in Washington, D.C.

Postwar

During the Reconstruction era, Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as working auxiliaries of the Republican Party, supported entirely by Northern interests.^{[citation needed]} They were secret organizations that mobilized freedmen to register to vote and to vote Republican. They taught freedmen Union views on political issues and which way to vote on them, and promoted civic projects.^{[citation needed]} Eric Foner reports:

By the end of 1867 it seemed that virtually every black voter in the South had enrolled in the Union League, the Loyal League, or some equivalent local political organization. Meetings were generally held in a black church or school.^[1]

The Ku Klux Klan; a secret society of white supremacists which opposed civil rights and terrorized black voters, sometimes assassinated leaders of the Union Leagues.^[2]^[3]

The Union Leagues still do support the Republican Party despite the changes in party idealogy over the years. In 2023, there was a controversy in the New York City Union League about whether to put a picture of Donald Trump on the wall of their Union Hall; the NYC Union League had a picture of every previous Republican president. The pro-Trump and anti-Trump Republicans in the NYC Union League ultimately compromised by putting up a picture of Trump that was hidden behind a couch. ^[4] Many Union Leagues preferred other candidates such as Ron DeSantis to Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries. The Philadelphia Union League bestowed their highest honor on DeSantis, which caused a small protest by NAACP members and other civil rights supporters outside of the Union League building. ^[5] ^[6]

Philanthropic endeavors

After the Civil War, members of the Union League Club of New York broadened their support of other philanthropic purposes. For instance, they helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art,^[7] and funded construction of the Statue of Liberty's pedestal^[8] and Grant's Tomb.

Some former Union League buildings have been adapted for other uses. In Brooklyn, New York, the former Union League Club building now serves as a senior citizens' home.^[9] The former Union League building in New Haven, Connecticut, built on the site of founding father, Roger Sherman's home is now a restaurant.^[10]^[11] In 1949, members of the Union League Club of Chicago raised contributions to found the Union League Civic and Arts Foundation as a public, not-for-profit charitable, educational organization, whose mission is community enrichment.^[12]

References

Notes

^ Foner, Eric (1991). "Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots". In Litwack, Leon F.; Meier, August (eds.). Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. University of Illinois Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780252062131.
^ Mitchell Snay (2010). Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction. LSU Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780807137161.
^ Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration (2003). pp. 165–205.
^ https://pagesix.com/2023/05/11/union-league-club-divided-over-honoring-donald-trump-with-portrait/
^ https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/the-union-league-stands-strong/
^ https://www.thebullhornnews.com/article/2023/03/protest-at-the-union-league-for-awarding-ron-desantis
^ John K. Howat, "Founding friends – of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York", The Magazine Antiques, January 2000 issue.
^ National Park Service Statue of Liberty website Archived August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Landmark Architecture of Crown Heights North", Gothamist Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, July 20, 2006.
^ Union League Cafe website Archived February 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Historic Buildings of Connecticut : Union League Club of New Haven (1902)". historicbuildingsct.com/. 26 January 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
^ Union League Civic and Arts Foundation

External links

[1] Foner, Eric (1991). "Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots". In Litwack, Leon F.; Meier, August (eds.). Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. University of Illinois Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780252062131.

[2] Mitchell Snay (2010). Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction. LSU Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780807137161.

[3] Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration (2003). pp. 165–205.

[4] ttps://pagesix.com/2023/05/11/union-league-club-divided-over-honoring-donald-trump-with-portrait/

[5] ttps://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/the-union-league-stands-strong/

[6] ttps://www.thebullhornnews.com/article/2023/03/protest-at-the-union-league-for-awarding-ron-desantis

[7] John K. Howat, "Founding friends – of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York", The Magazine Antiques, January 2000 issue.

[8] National Park Service Statue of Liberty website Archived August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.

[9] "Landmark Architecture of Crown Heights North", Gothamist Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, July 20, 2006.

[10] Union League Cafe website Archived February 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

[11] "Historic Buildings of Connecticut : Union League Club of New Haven (1902)". historicbuildingsct.com/. 26 January 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2022.

[12] Union League Civic and Arts Foundation

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:UnionLeauge.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Union League of Philadelphia]] building on Broad Street in Center City of [[Philadelphia]] is a [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]] architecture mansion with a mansard roof, constructed in 1865.]]
 [[File:Union League Club, Manhattan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Union League Club of New York]], established 1863.]]
+[[File:Union League of America Pekin 20231112 0013.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Historical plaque in [[Pekin, Illinois]]]]
+The '''Union Leagues''' were quasi-secretive men's clubs established separately, starting in 1862, and continuing throughout the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] (1861–1865). The oldest Union League of America council member, an organization originally called "The League of Union Men", was formed in June 1862 in [[Pekin, Illinois]]. Four months later, on November 22, 1862, the [[Union League of Philadelphia]], the first of the elite eastern Leagues and the second oldest ULA council member, was established (and is still active today, as are the Union League Clubs of [[Union League Club of New York|New York]] and [[Union League Club of Chicago|Chicago]]).
-The '''Union Leagues''' were quasi-secretive men’s clubs established during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) to promote loyalty to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] of the [[United States of America]], the policies of newly elected 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1809–1865, served 1861–1865), and to combat what they believed to be the treasonous words and actions of anti-war, anti-black "[[Copperhead (politics)|Copperhead" Democrats]]. Though initially nonpartisan, by the war's last year they were in open alliance with the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], pro-Union Democrats, and the Union military. The most famous of these clubs were formed in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston and were composed of prosperous men who raised money for war-related service organizations, such as the [[United States Sanitary Commission]], which provided medical care to treat Federal soldiers wounded in battle at a time when the military was ill-prepared for the scale of need. The clubs supported the Republican Party with funding, organizational support, and activism. Union Leagues also existed throughout the land which were created primarily by working-class men. By the spring of 1863, these disparate councils were organized under the Union League of America (ULA) organization which was headquartered in Washington, D.C. Like-minded organizations aimed at the working class, which became known as '''Loyal Leagues''', were also created in New York. Similar patriotic organizations also existed for women and were known as Ladies Union Leagues.
+The Union Leagues were established to promote loyalty to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] of the [[United States of America]], to support the policies of newly elected 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1809–1865, served 1861–1865) and to assure his reelection in 1864, and to combat what they believed to be the treasonous words and actions of anti-war, anti-black [[Copperhead (politics)|"Copperhead" Democrats]]. Though initially nonpartisan, by the election year of 1864 they were in open alliance with the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], supporting the reelection of Abraham Lincoln, but were also supportive of pro-Union Democrats.
-In December 1862, the [[Union League of Philadelphia]] was the first of the elite eastern Leagues to be established, though the first ULA council had formed in Pekin, Illinois in the summer of 1862. The famous Union League of Philadelphia building on Broad Street in center city [[Philadelphia]], south of City Hall was built in 1865, and is designed in the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]]. It is still active, as are the Union League Clubs of [[Union League Club of New York|New York]] and [[Union League Club of Chicago|Chicago]]. Membership in the league is selective, and is comparable in social status to membership in a country club. Union League buildings often serve as [[gentlemen's club|private social clubs]], with areas devoted to drinking establishments, meetings, lectures, libraries, dinners/banquets, speeches/addresses, socializing and relaxing, etc.
+The largest and best known of these clubs formed in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, were composed of prosperous men who raised money for war-related service organizations such as the [[United States Sanitary Commission]], which provided medical care to treat Federal soldiers wounded in battle at a time when the military was ill-prepared for the scale of need.
+At the same time as these elite clubs were formed, Union Leagues sprang-up throughout the rest of the North, created primarily by working-class men, while women's organizations known as Ladies Union Leagues appeared in towns across the North. In the spring of 1863 these separate, though (mostly) philosophically aligned groups, were organized under the Union League of America (ULA), headquartered in Washington, D.C.
 ==Postwar==
-During the [[Reconstruction era]], Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as working auxiliaries of the Republican Party, supported entirely by Northern interests.{{cn|date=June 2020}} They were secret organizations that mobilized [[freedmen]] to register to vote and to vote Republican. They taught freedmen Union views on political issues and which way to vote on them, and promoted civic projects.{{cn|date=June 2020}} [[Eric Foner]] reports:
+During the [[Reconstruction era]], Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as working auxiliaries of the Republican Party, supported entirely by Northern interests.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} They were secret organizations that mobilized [[freedmen]] to register to vote and to vote Republican. They taught freedmen Union views on political issues and which way to vote on them, and promoted civic projects.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[Eric Foner]] reports:
-<blockquote>By the end of 1867 it seemed that virtually every black voter in the South had enrolled in the Union League, the Loyal League, or some equivalent local political organization. Meetings were generally held in a black church or school.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |year=1991 |chapter=Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots |editor1-last=Litwack |editor1-first=Leon F. |editor2-last=Meier |editor2-first=August |title=Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QB-Y2Ejlp9oC&pg=PA221 |page=221}}</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>By the end of 1867 it seemed that virtually every black voter in the South had enrolled in the Union League, the Loyal League, or some equivalent local political organization. Meetings were generally held in a black church or school.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |year=1991 |chapter=Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots |editor1-last=Litwack |editor1-first=Leon F. |editor2-last=Meier |editor2-first=August |title=Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QB-Y2Ejlp9oC&pg=PA221 |page=221|publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252062131 }}</ref></blockquote>
-The [[Ku Klux Klan]], a secret alliance of [[white supremacist]]s that opposed civil rights and terrorized leaders of the African American community and African American voters, sometimes assassinated Union League leadership.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mitchell Snay |title=Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6uTfOK_HsEC&pg=PA61|year=2010|publisher=LSU Press|page=61}}</ref><ref>Steven Hahn, ''A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration'' (2003). pp. 165–205.</ref>
+The [[Ku Klux Klan]]; a secret society of [[white supremacist]]s which opposed civil rights and terrorized black voters, sometimes assassinated leaders of the Union Leagues.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mitchell Snay |title=Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6uTfOK_HsEC&pg=PA61|year=2010|publisher=LSU Press|page=61|isbn=9780807137161 }}</ref><ref>Steven Hahn, ''A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration'' (2003). pp. 165–205.</ref>
+The Union Leagues still do support the Republican Party despite the changes in party idealogy over the years. In 2023, there was a controversy in the New York City Union League about whether to put a picture of Donald Trump on the wall of their Union Hall; the NYC Union League had a picture of every previous Republican president. The pro-Trump and anti-Trump Republicans in the NYC Union League ultimately compromised by putting up a picture of Trump that was hidden behind a couch. <ref>https://pagesix.com/2023/05/11/union-league-club-divided-over-honoring-donald-trump-with-portrait/</ref> Many Union Leagues preferred other candidates such as [[Ron DeSantis]] to Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries. The Philadelphia Union League bestowed their highest honor on DeSantis, which caused a small protest by NAACP members and other civil rights supporters outside of the Union League building. <ref>https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/the-union-league-stands-strong/</ref> <ref>https://www.thebullhornnews.com/article/2023/03/protest-at-the-union-league-for-awarding-ron-desantis</ref>
 ==Philanthropic endeavors==
-[[File:Chapel Street Commercial11.jpg|150px|thumb|Former Beaux-Arts building of the Union League club of [[New Haven, Connecticut]]]]
+[[File:Chapel Street Commercial11.jpg|150px|thumb|Beaux-Arts building formerly the Union League club of [[New Haven, Connecticut]]]]
 After the Civil War, members of the [[Union League Club of New York]] broadened their support of other philanthropic purposes. For instance, they helped to found the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>John K. Howat, "Founding friends – of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York", [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_1_157/ai_59014980 ''The Magazine Antiques''], January 2000 issue.</ref> and funded construction of the [[Statue of Liberty]]'s pedestal<ref>National Park Service [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11c.htm Statue of Liberty website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831132037/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11c.htm |date=August 31, 2006}}.</ref> and [[Grant's Tomb]].
-Some former Union League buildings have been adapted for other uses; for instance, in Brooklyn, New York, the former Union League Club building now serves as a senior citizens' home.<ref>"Landmark Architecture of Crown Heights North", [http://www.gothamist.com/archives/arts_and_events/architecture/ ''Gothamist''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821212955/http://www.gothamist.com/archives/arts_and_events/architecture/ |date=2006-08-21}}, July 20, 2006.</ref> The former Union League building in [[New Haven, Connecticut]] is used as a restaurant. It was built on the site of the previous home of founding father, [[Roger Sherman]], and has been visited by [[George Washington]] at the time.<ref>[http://www.unionleaguecafe.com/home.html Union League Cafe website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201001058/http://www.unionleaguecafe.com/home.html |date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>
+Some former Union League buildings have been adapted for other uses. In Brooklyn, New York, the former Union League Club building now serves as a senior citizens' home.<ref>"Landmark Architecture of Crown Heights North", [http://www.gothamist.com/archives/arts_and_events/architecture/ ''Gothamist''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821212955/http://www.gothamist.com/archives/arts_and_events/architecture/ |date=2006-08-21}}, July 20, 2006.</ref> The former Union League building in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], built on the site of founding father, [[Roger Sherman|Roger Sherman's]] home is now a restaurant.<ref>[http://www.unionleaguecafe.com/home.html Union League Cafe website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201001058/http://www.unionleaguecafe.com/home.html |date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>
-{{cite web |title=Historic Buildings of Connecticut : Union League Club of New Haven (1902)|url=http://historicbuildingsct.com/union-league-club-of-new-haven-1902/ |website=historicbuildingsct.com/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the post-World War II period, members of the [[Union League Club of Chicago]] raised contributions to found the Union League Civic and Arts Foundation in 1949 as a public, [[not-for-profit]] charitable and educational organization.<ref>[http://www.civicandarts.org/ Union League Civic and Arts Foundation]</ref> The Foundation's mission is one of community enrichment.
+{{cite web |title=Historic Buildings of Connecticut : Union League Club of New Haven (1902)|url=http://historicbuildingsct.com/union-league-club-of-new-haven-1902/ |website=historicbuildingsct.com/ |date=26 January 2010 |access-date=September 27, 2022 }}</ref> In 1949, members of the [[Union League Club of Chicago]] raised contributions to found the Union League Civic and Arts Foundation as a public, [[not-for-profit]] charitable, educational organization, whose mission is community enrichment.<ref>[http://www.civicandarts.org/ Union League Civic and Arts Foundation]</ref>
-==Notable members==
-Members of the League in Philadelphia include [[Cyrus McCormick]], [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], [[Adolph E. Borie]], [[Daniel Burnham]], [[William D. Boyce]],<ref name="pett">{{cite book |last=Petterchak |first=Janice A. |title=Lone Scout: W. D. Boyce and American Boy Scouting |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AVAV4tsPtPAC |publisher=Legacy Press |year=2003 |place=Rochester, Illinois |isbn=0-9653198-7-3 |page=11}}</ref> [[Charles D. Barney]],<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y9ctAAAAYAAJ ''Union League of Philadelphia'']. The League, 1909</ref> and [[George J. Smith]].<ref name="GeorgeJSmith">{{cite book | last=Hamersly | first=L.R. | last2=Leonard | first2=J.W. | last3=Mohr | first3=W.F. | last4=Knox | first4=H.W. | last5=Holmes | first5=F.R. | title=Who's who in New York City and State | publisher=L.R. Hamersly Company | series=Cornell Library New York State Historical Literature | issue=v. 6 | year=1914 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5exHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA666 | access-date=9 March 2022 | page=666}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 37: / Line 41: @@
 {{reflist}}
-==Other reading==
+==Further reading==
+* Bahde, Thomas. " 'Our Cause Is a Common One': Home Guards, Union Leagues, and Republican Citizenship in Illinois, 1861–1863." ''Civil War History'' 56.1 (2010): 66–98. [https://scholar.archive.org/work/sgawerxlqbhn5bjthfdematyzu/access/wayback/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/372997/pdf online]
-* Taylor, Paul (2018) ''"The Most Complete Political Machine Ever Known": The North's Union Leagues in the American Civil War.''  Kent, Oh.: Kent State Univ. Press.
-* Fitzgerald, Michael W. (1989) ''The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction''<!-- need publication data -->
+* Fitzgerald, Michael W. ''The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction'' (Louisiana State University Press, 1989.) [https://archive.org/details/unionleaguemovem00mich online]
 * Fleming, Walter L. (1905) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41680/41680-h/41680-h.htm ''Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama''], New York: Macmillan, pp 553–59
+* Foner, Eric (1988) ''[[Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877|Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877]]''
-::the most detailed study, full text online at the [[Gutenberg Project]] at link above
+* Gibson, Guy James. “Lincoln's League: the Union League movement during the Civil War" (PhD dissertation,  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1957. 00252270.
-* Foner, Eric (1988) ''[[Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877|Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877]]'', March 8, 1989 (Harper Perennial Modern Classics) (English)
-* Lawson, Melinda (2002) "The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism", ''Civil War History'' Volume: 48. Issue: 4, pp.&nbsp;338+.
+* Lawson, Melinda (2002) "The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism", ''Civil War History'' 48#4  pp.&nbsp;338+.
-* Lawson, Melinda (2002) ''Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North''<!-- need publication data -->
+* Lawson, Melinda. ''Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North''((University Press of Kansas, 2002)
+* Owens, Susie Lee, “The Union League of America: political activities in Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Virginia, 1865–1870” (PhD dissertation,   New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1943. 7318079).
-* Silvestro, Clement M. (1966) ''Rally Round the Flag: The Union Leagues in the Civil War'' <!-- need publication data -->
+* Silvestro, Clement M. ''Rally Round the Flag: The Union Leagues in the Civil War'' (Historical Society of Michigan, 1966).
-* Tremel, Andrew T. (Winter 2013) "The Union League, Black Leaders, and the Recruitment of Philadelphia's African American Civil War Regiments," ''Pennsylvania History,'' 80, pp.&nbsp;13–36.
+* Taylor, Paul (2018) ''"The Most Complete Political Machine Ever Known": The North's Union Leagues in the American Civil War.''  Kent, Oh.: Kent State Univ. Press.
+* Tremel, Andrew T. (Winter 2013) "The Union League, Black Leaders, and the Recruitment of Philadelphia's African American Civil War Regiments," ''Pennsylvania History,'' 80#1, pp.&nbsp;13–36.  [https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/61151/60821 online]
-::'''Primary sources'''
+===Primary sources===
 * Fleming, Walter L. (ed.) (1906) ''Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial'' vol 2 pp 1–29.
-* Loyal National League of the State of New York (1863) [https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=LCCN10014318&id=VyLgTUXc_3IC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Union+League&prev=https://books.google.com/books%3Flr%3D%26q%3DUnion%2BLeague%26start%3D30&sig=b5keuuzIvu50Y5L-O5MR9i4fZtU ''The Great Questions of the Times: The Great Mass Meeting of the League and Other Loyalists at Union Square, New York'']
+* Loyal National League of the State of New York (1863) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VyLgTUXc_3IC&dq=Union+League&pg=PA3 ''The Great Questions of the Times: The Great Mass Meeting of the League and Other Loyalists at Union Square, New York'']
-** complete text online at link above
 ==External links==
-{{EB1911 Poster|Union League of America, The|Union League}}
+{{EB1911 poster|Union League of America, The|Union League}}
 * [http://www.unionleague.org/ The Union League of Philadelphia]
 * [http://www.unionleagueclub.org/ The Union League Club of New York]