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{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox flag
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Colombia
| Name = Republic of Colombia
| Image = Flag of Colombia.svg
| Image = Flag of Colombia.svg
| Nickname = ''El Tricolor Nacional''<br />("The National Tricolor")
| Nickname = ''El Tricolor Nacional''<br />("The National Tricolor")
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| Adoption = {{start date and age|1861|11|26|df=y}}
| Adoption = {{start date and age|1861|11|26|df=y}}
| Design = A horizontal tricolour of yellow (double-width), blue and red.
| Design = A horizontal tricolour of yellow (double-width), blue and red.
| Type = National
| Image2 = Civil Ensign of Colombia.svg
| Image2 = Civil Ensign of Colombia.svg
| Proportion2 = 2:3
| Proportion2 = 2:3
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}}
}}


The [[national flag|national]] '''flag of [[Colombia]]''' symbolises Colombian independence from Spain, gained on 20 July 1810.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.colombiainfo.org/en-us/colombia/flagandarms.aspx|title=Flag and Arms of Colombia|work=ColombiaInfo.org - The Colombia Information Site!|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolor]] of yellow, blue and red. The yellow stripe takes up a half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each.
The '''[[national flag]] of [[Colombia]]''' symbolizes that [[Colombia]] gained its independence from [[Spain]] on 20 July 1810.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.colombiainfo.org/en-us/colombia/flagandarms.aspx|title=Flag and Arms of Colombia|work=ColombiaInfo.org - The Colombia Information Site|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolor]] of yellow, blue and red. The yellow stripe takes up a half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each.


==Symbolism and design==
==Symbolism and design==
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The horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of yellow, blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2:1:1. It—together with that of [[Flag of Ecuador|Ecuador]], also derived from the [[flag of Gran Colombia]]—is different from most other tricolor flags, either vertical or horizontal, in having stripes which are not equal in size. ([[Venezuela]], whose flag is also derived from the same source, opted for [[Flag of Venezuela|a more conventional tricolor with equal stripes]]).
The horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of yellow, blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2:1:1. It—together with that of [[Flag of Ecuador|Ecuador]], also derived from the [[flag of Gran Colombia]]—is different from most other tricolor flags, either vertical or horizontal, in having stripes which are not equal in size. ([[Venezuela]], whose flag is also derived from the same source, opted for [[Flag of Venezuela|a more conventional tricolor with equal stripes]]).


The official colors have not yet been established by law. However, it is recommended to use the following, which are approved by the [[International Federation of Vexillological Associations|FIAV]]:
The official colors have not yet been established by law. The Colombian Olympic Committee approved the following colors for the London 2012 Summer Olympics:<ref>{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Flags and anthems manual London 2012 : SPP final version / London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games|date=2012|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/34593/flags-and-anthems-manual-london-2012-spp-final-version-london-organising-committee-of-the-olympic-ga|pages=31|publisher=Summer Olympic Games Organizing Committee|language=English|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable width=60% style="text-align:center;"
{| class=wikitable width=60% style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
![[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|30px]]<br>Colours scheme
![[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|30px]]<br>Colours scheme
!style="background:#FCD116"| Yellow
!style="background:#FFCD00"| Yellow
!style="background:#003893; color:#FFFFFF"| <span style="color:white;">Blue</span>
!style="background:#003087; color:#FFFFFF"| <span style="color:white;">Blue</span>


!style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFFFFF"| <span style="color:white;">Red</span>
!style="background:#C8102E; color:#FFFFFF"| <span style="color:white;">Red</span>
|-
|-
| [[Pantone]] || 116 || 287 || 186
| [[Pantone]] || 116 || 287 || 186
|-
|-
| [[RGB]] ([[Hex triplet|hex]]) || 252-209-22 (#FCD116) || 0-56-147 (#003893) || 206-17-38 (#CE1126)
| [[RGB]] ([[Hex triplet|hex]]) || 255-205-0 (#FFCD00) || 0-48-135 (#003087) || 200-16-46 (#C8102E)
|-
|-
| [[CMYK]] || C0-M17.1-Y91.3-K0 || C100-M61.9-Y0-K42.4 || C0-M91.7-Y81.6-K19.2
| [[CMYK]] || 0-20-100-0 || 100-64-0-47 || 0-92-77-22
|}
|}


According to the current interpretation, the colors represent:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-27 |title=.:: Presidencia de la República de Colombia ::. |url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/bandera1.htm |access-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427183809/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/bandera1.htm |archive-date=2012-04-27 }}</ref>
According to the current interpretation, the colors represent:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-27 |title=.:: Presidencia de la República de Colombia ::. |url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/bandera1.htm |access-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427183809/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/bandera1.htm |archive-date=2012-04-27 }}</ref>


* {{legend|#FCD116|'''[[Yellow (color)|Yellow]]''': Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of the Colombian soil, the [[gold]], [[sovereignty]], [[harmony]], [[justice]] and [[agriculture]], as well as the [[Sun]], the source of light.}}
* {{legend|#FFCD00|'''[[Yellow (color)|Yellow]]''': Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of the Colombian soil, the [[gold]], [[sovereignty]], [[harmony]], [[justice]] and [[agriculture]], as well as the [[Sun]], the source of light.}}
* {{legend|#003893|'''[[Blue (color)|Blue]]''': Represents the sky above, the seas on Colombia's shores, and the rivers that run through.}}
* {{legend|#003087|'''[[Blue (color)|Blue]]''': Represents the sky above, the seas on Colombia's shores, and the rivers that run through.}}
* {{legend|#CE1126|'''[[Red (color)|Red]]''': Represents the blood spilled for [[Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada|Colombia's independence]] and also the effort of Colombian people, their [[determination]] and [[Perseverance (virtue)|perseverance]]. It represents that although Colombia's people once struggled, they have since thrived.}}
* {{legend|#C8102E|'''[[Red (color)|Red]]''': Represents the blood spilled for [[Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada|Colombia's independence]] and also the effort of Colombian people, their [[determination]] and [[Perseverance (virtue)|perseverance]]. It represents that although Colombia's people once struggled, they have since thrived.}}


The flag's colors have other representations, such as blue for loyalty and vigilance, red for the victory of battles for Colombian independence, and yellow for sovereignty and justice.
The flag's colors have other representations, such as blue for loyalty and vigilance, red for the victory of battles for Colombian independence, and yellow for sovereignty and justice.


== History ==
== History ==
'''[[Francisco de Miranda]]''' originally created the common yellow, blue, and red [[flag of Gran Colombia]] that Colombia, [[flag of Ecuador|Ecuador]] and [[flag of Venezuela|Venezuela]], with slight variations, share today. Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to [[Semyon Vorontsov|Count Simon Romanovich Woronzoff]] and philosopher [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], Miranda described a late-night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated by Miranda's account of his exploits in the [[American Revolutionary War|United States Revolutionary War]] and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted.” He proceeded to clarify what he meant:
[[Francisco de Miranda]] originally created the common yellow, blue, and red [[flag of Gran Colombia]] that Colombia, [[flag of Ecuador|Ecuador]] and [[flag of Venezuela|Venezuela]], with slight variations, share today. Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to the Russian count [[Semyon Vorontsov]] and the German philosopher [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], Miranda described a late-night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated by Miranda's account of his exploits in the [[American Revolutionary War|United States Revolutionary War]] and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted." He proceeded to clarify what he meant:


{{quote| ''First he explained to me the way the [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] transforms light into the three primary colours […] then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow''.}}
{{quote| ''First he explained to me the way the [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] transforms light into the three primary colours […] then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow''.}}
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'''Historical flags'''
'''Historical flags'''
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Flag of New Granada (1811-1814).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1811-1814), later adopted and used by [[Jean Lafitte]] from 1817 to 1821 at Galveston Island, Spanish Texas, New Spain
File:Flag of New Granada (1811-1814).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1814), later adopted and used by [[Jean Lafitte]] from 1817 to 1821 at Galveston Island, Spanish Texas, New Spain
File:Flag of New Granada (1814-1816).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1814-1816)
File:Flag of New Granada (1814-1816).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1814–1816)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} [[Flag of Gran Colombia]] (1819)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} [[Flag of Gran Colombia]] (1819)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1820-1821).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of Gran Colombia (1820)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1820-1821).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of Gran Colombia (1820)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of Gran Colombia (1821-1831)
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of Gran Colombia (1821–1831)
File:Flag of New Granada (1830-1834).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of New Granada (1831-1834)
File:Flag of New Granada (1830-1834).svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of New Granada (1831–1834)
File:Flag of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of [[Republic of New Granada]] (1834-1858) and [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858-1861)
File:Flag of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of [[Republic of New Granada]] (1834–1858) and [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858–1861)
File:Flag of United States of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of [[United States of Colombia|United States of New Granada]] (1861)
File:Flag of United States of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of [[United States of Colombia|United States of New Granada]] (1861)
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|normal}} Flag of United States of Colombia (1861-1886) and Republic of (1886-present)
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|normal}} Flag of United States of Colombia (1861–1886) and Republic of Colombia (1886–present)
</gallery>
</gallery>
'''Military and civil flags'''
'''Military and civil flags'''
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'''Historical military and civil flags'''
'''Historical military and civil flags'''
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Civil ensign of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Civil ensign of [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858-1861)
File:Civil ensign of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Civil ensign of [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858–1861)
File:Naval ensign of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Military flag and naval ensign of [[Republic of New Granada]] (1834-1858)
File:Naval ensign of New Granada.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Military flag and naval ensign of [[Republic of New Granada]] (1834–1858)
File:Civil ensign of United States of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Civil ensign of [[United States of Colombia]] (1861-1886)
File:Civil ensign of United States of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Civil ensign of [[United States of Colombia]] (1861–1886)
File:Naval ensign of United States of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Military flag and [[naval ensign]] of [[United States of Colombia]] (1861-1886)
File:Naval ensign of United States of Colombia.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Military flag and [[naval ensign]] of [[United States of Colombia]] (1861–1886)
</gallery>
</gallery>
'''Construction sheets'''
'''Construction sheets'''
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File:Military flag of Colombia (construction sheet).png|Construction sheet of the military flag
File:Military flag of Colombia (construction sheet).png|Construction sheet of the military flag
File:Presidential flag of Colombia (construction sheet).png|Construction sheet of the war flag
File:Presidential flag of Colombia (construction sheet).png|Construction sheet of the war flag
File:New Presidential flag of Colombia (construction sheet).png|Construction sheet of the new presidential flag
</gallery>
</gallery>


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* [[Coat of arms of Colombia]]
* [[Coat of arms of Colombia]]
* [[National Anthem of Colombia|¡Oh, Gloria inmarcesible!]]
* [[National Anthem of Colombia|¡Oh, Gloria inmarcesible!]]
* [[Flag of Russia]] (similar design; white stripe instead of yellow)
* [[Flag of Lithuania]] (similar design; green stripe instead of blue)


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|National flag of Colombia}}
{{Commons category|National flag of Colombia}}
*{{FOTW|id=co|title=Colombia}}
* {{FOTW|id=co|title=Colombia}}
*[http://www.presidencia.gov.co/historia/bandera1.htm Colombian flag history (Spanish)]
* [http://www.presidencia.gov.co/historia/bandera1.htm Colombian flag history (Spanish)]
*[http://www.going2colombia.com/flag-of-colombia.html Colombian flag history (English)]
* [http://www.going2colombia.com/flag-of-colombia.html Colombian flag history (English)]
⚫
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq8LAAAAYAAJ Joaquín Piñeros Corpas, ''Historia de la bandera colombiana'' (1967) 183pp.]

⚫
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq8LAAAAYAAJ Joaquín Piñeros Corpas, "Historia de la bandera colombiana" (1967) 183pp.]


{{Symbols of Colombia}}
{{Symbols of Colombia}}
{{South America topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of South America]]}}
{{South America topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of South America]]}}
{{nationalflags}}
{{nationalflags}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of Colombia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of Colombia}}
[[Category:Flags of Colombia| ]]
[[Category:Flags of Colombia| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1861|Colombia]]
[[Category:National flags|Colombia]]
[[Category:National flags|Colombia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Colombia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Colombia]]<!-- to edit this table, go to [[Template:Nationalflags]] -->
[[Category:Tricolor flags]]
⚫
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1861|Colombia]]<!-- to edit this table, go to [[Template:Nationalflags]] -->
[[Category:Flags with blue, red and yellow]]

Revision as of 18:22, 8 July 2024

Republic of Colombia
El Tricolor Nacional
("The National Tricolor")
UseNational flag and state ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is congruent with obverse side
Proportion2:3
Adopted26 November 1861; 162 years ago (1861-11-26)
DesignA horizontal tricolour of yellow (double-width), blue and red.
UseCivil ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is congruent with obverse side
Proportion2:3
DesignThe national flag defaced in the centre with a blue ellipse outlined in red and an eight-pointed white star.
UseNaval ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
Proportion2:3
DesignThe national flag defaced in the centre with a white circle outlined in red and the coat of arms of Colombia.

The national flag of Colombia symbolizes that Colombia gained its independence from Spain on 20 July 1810.[1] It is a horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue and red. The yellow stripe takes up a half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each.

Symbolism and design

Flag of Colombia atop Castillo San Felipe de Barajas in Cartagena, Colombia.
Construction sheet of Colombia national flag.

The horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of yellow, blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2:1:1. It—together with that of Ecuador, also derived from the flag of Gran Colombia—is different from most other tricolor flags, either vertical or horizontal, in having stripes which are not equal in size. (Venezuela, whose flag is also derived from the same source, opted for a more conventional tricolor with equal stripes).

The official colors have not yet been established by law. However, it is recommended to use the following, which are approved by the FIAV:


Colours scheme 		Yellow Blue Red
Pantone 116 287 186
RGB (hex) 255-205-0 (#FFCD00) 0-48-135 (#003087) 200-16-46 (#C8102E)
CMYK 0-20-100-0 100-64-0-47 0-92-77-22

According to the current interpretation, the colors represent:[2]

  •   Yellow: Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of the Colombian soil, the gold, sovereignty, harmony, justice and agriculture, as well as the Sun, the source of light.
  •   Blue: Represents the sky above, the seas on Colombia's shores, and the rivers that run through.
  •   Red: Represents the blood spilled for Colombia's independence and also the effort of Colombian people, their determination and perseverance. It represents that although Colombia's people once struggled, they have since thrived.

The flag's colors have other representations, such as blue for loyalty and vigilance, red for the victory of battles for Colombian independence, and yellow for sovereignty and justice.

History

Francisco de Miranda originally created the common yellow, blue, and red flag of Gran Colombia that Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, with slight variations, share today. Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to the Russian count Semyon Vorontsov and the German philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Miranda described a late-night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated by Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted." He proceeded to clarify what he meant:

First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colours […] then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow.

It is not that the world is made of yellows, blues and reds; it is that in this manner, as if in an infinite combination of these three colours, we human beings see it. […] A country [Goethe concluded] starts out from a name and a flag, and it then becomes them, just as a man fulfils his destiny.

After Miranda designed his flag based on this conversation, he recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar-colored flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage.[3][better source needed]

In his military diary, Miranda gave another possible source of inspiration: the yellow, blue and red standard of the Burger Guard (Bürgerwache) of Hamburg, which he also saw during his travels in Germany.[4][5]

In the 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet, Miranda requested the materials for "ten flags, whose colors shall be red, yellow, and blue, in three zones."[6] However, the first flag was not raised until 12 March 1806, in Jacmel, Haiti, during his ill-fated expedition to Venezuela.

National flag

  • National flag and state ensign of Colombia
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag National flag and state ensign of Colombia

Historical flags

  • Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1814), later adopted and used by Jean Lafitte from 1817 to 1821 at Galveston Island, Spanish Texas, New Spain
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1814), later adopted and used by Jean Lafitte from 1817 to 1821 at Galveston Island, Spanish Texas, New Spain
  • Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1814–1816)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of United Provinces of New Granada (1814–1816)
  • Flag of Gran Colombia (1819)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of Gran Colombia (1819)
  • Flag of Gran Colombia (1820)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of Gran Colombia (1820)
  • Flag of Gran Colombia (1821–1831)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of Gran Colombia (1821–1831)
  • Flag of New Granada (1831–1834)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of New Granada (1831–1834)
  • Flag of Republic of New Granada (1834–1858) and Granadine Confederation (1858–1861)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of Republic of New Granada (1834–1858) and Granadine Confederation (1858–1861)
  • Flag of United States of New Granada (1861)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of United States of New Granada (1861)
  • Flag of United States of Colombia (1861–1886) and Republic of Colombia (1886–present)
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag of United States of Colombia (1861–1886) and Republic of Colombia (1886–present)

Military and civil flags

  • Civil ensign of Colombia
    Civil ensign of Colombia
  • Naval ensign of Colombia
    Naval ensign of Colombia
  • Military flag of Colombia
    Military flag of Colombia
  • War flag of Colombia
    War flag of Colombia
  • Presidential flag of Colombia
    Presidential flag of Colombia

Historical military and civil flags

Construction sheets

  • Construction sheet of the national flag
    Construction sheet of the national flag
  • Construction sheet of the civil ensign
    Construction sheet of the civil ensign
  • Construction sheet of the naval ensign
    Construction sheet of the naval ensign
  • Construction sheet of the military flag
    Construction sheet of the military flag
  • Construction sheet of the war flag
    Construction sheet of the war flag
  • Construction sheet of the new presidential flag
    Construction sheet of the new presidential flag

See also

References

  1. ^ "Flag and Arms of Colombia". ColombiaInfo.org - The Colombia Information Site. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  2. ^ ".:: Presidencia de la República de Colombia ::". 2012-04-27. Archived from the original on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  3. ^ Serpa Erazo, Jorge, [summary of Ricardo Silva Romero's] "La Bandera del Mundo." Archived 2007-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Pañol de la Historia. Part 1, Section 1 (July 30, 2004). ISSN 1900-3447. Retrieved on 2008-12-02
  4. ^ Dousdebés, Pedro Julio, "Las insignias de Colombia," Boletín de historia y antigüedades, August 1937, 462, cited in Nelson González Ortega, "Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia: una lectura semiótico-social," Revista de Estudios Colombianos, No. 16 (1996), 20.
  5. ^ Miranda, Francisco; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso; José Luis Salcedo-Bastardo (1983), Colombeia: Segunda sección: El viajero ilustrado, 1787-1788, vol. 4, Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, p. 415, ISBN 84-499-6610-8, April 19:[…] around 5:30 in the evening I had the pleasure of seeing the Burger Guard pass by with flag waving and drums beating, which it does every day at a similar time […] The [officers of the] infantry wore red with a yellow emblem, and the artillery blue with red emblem.
  6. ^ Miranda, Francisco; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso; José Luis Salcedo-Bastardo (1978), Colombeia: Primera parte: Miranda, súbdito español, 1750-1780, vol. 1, Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, p. 80, ISBN 978-84-499-5163-3
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