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{{short description|Medical condition}}
{{short description|Medical condition}}
{{About|the human medical symptom|the biological or botanical behavioral property|Photophobia (biology)|the morbid fear of light|Heliophobia}}
{{About|the human medical symptom|the biological or botanical behavioral property|Photophobia (biology)|the morbid fear of light|Heliophobia|the 2023 film|Photophobia (film)}}
{{Infobox medical condition
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Photophobia
| name = Photophobia
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*The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
*The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
*[[Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health]], Seventh Edition. 2003
*[[Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health]], Seventh Edition. 2003
*Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009</ref> As a medical symptom photophobia is not a morbid fear or [[phobia]], but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes,<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photophobia thefreedictionary.com/photophobia] citing:
*Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009</ref> As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or [[phobia]], but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes,<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photophobia thefreedictionary.com/photophobia] citing:
*Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
*Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
*Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
*Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
*McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002</ref> though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational [[fear]] of light such as [[heliophobia]].<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photophobia thefreedictionary.com/photophobia] citing:
*McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002</ref> though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational [[fear]] of light, such as [[heliophobia]].<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photophobia thefreedictionary.com/photophobia] citing:
*The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
*The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
*Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009</ref> The term ''photophobia'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] φῶς (''phōs''), meaning "light", and φόβος (''phóbos''), meaning "fear".
*Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009</ref> The term ''photophobia'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] φῶς (''phōs''), meaning "light", and φόβος (''phóbos''), meaning "fear".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfw%3Ds2 φῶς], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfo%2Fbos φόβος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>

==Causes==
==Causes==
Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the [[human eye|eye]], the [[nervous system]], genetic, or other causes.
Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the [[human eye|eye]], the [[nervous system]], genetic, or other causes.


Photophobia may manifest itself in an increased response to light starting at any step in the [[visual system]], such as:
Photophobia may manifest itself in an increased response to light starting at any step in the [[visual system]], such as:
*Too much light entering the eye. Too much light can enter the eye if it is damaged, such as with [[corneal abrasion]] and retinal damage, or if its pupil(s) is unable to normally constrict (seen with damage to the [[oculomotor nerve]]).
*Too much light entering the eye. Too much light can enter the eye if it is damaged, such as with [[corneal abrasion]] and retinal damage, or if its pupil is unable to normally constrict (seen with damage to the [[oculomotor nerve]]).
* Due to [[albinism]], the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes them somewhat translucent. This means that the irises can't completely block light from entering the eye.
* Due to [[albinism]], the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes them somewhat translucent. This means that the irises cannot completely block light from entering the eye.
*Overstimulation of the [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptor]]s in the [[retina]]
*Overstimulation of the [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptor]]s in the [[retina]]
*Excessive electric impulses to the [[optic nerve]]
*Excessive electric impulses to the [[optic nerve]]
*Excessive response in the [[central nervous system]]
*Excessive response in the [[central nervous system]]
Common causes of photophobia include [[migraine headache]]s, [[TMJ]], [[cataract]]s, [[Sjögren syndrome]], mild traumatic brain injury ([[concussion|MTBI]]), or severe [[ophthalmologic disease]]s such as [[uveitis]] or [[corneal abrasion]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Daoud YJ, Abu-Khalaf MM |title=Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients |journal=Curr Opin Ophthalmol |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=308–17 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19491683 |doi=10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832c9007 |s2cid=205670593 }}</ref> A more extensive list follows:
Common causes of photophobia include [[migraine headache]]s, [[TMJ]], [[cataract]]s, [[Sjögren syndrome]], mild traumatic brain injury ([[concussion|MTBI]]), or severe [[ophthalmologic disease]]s such as [[uveitis]] or [[corneal abrasion]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Daoud YJ, Abu-Khalaf MM |title=Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=308–317 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19491683 |doi=10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832c9007 |s2cid=205670593 }}</ref> A more extensive list follows:


===Eye-related===
===Eye-related===
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Achromatopsia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/resources/vi&multi/eyeconds/Achro.html |title=Achromotopsoa |publisher=Scottish Sensory Centre |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Achromatopsia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/resources/vi&multi/eyeconds/Achro.html |title=Achromotopsoa |publisher=Scottish Sensory Centre |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Aniridia]]<ref name="taylor">{{cite book |title=Paediatric Ophthalmology |last=Day |first=Susan |editor=Taylor, David |edition=2nd |chapter=P9: Photophobia |date=January 15, 1997 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-0-86542-831-7 |pages=1034–6}}</ref>
* [[Aniridia]]<ref name="taylor">{{cite book |title=Paediatric Ophthalmology |last=Day |first=Susan |editor=Taylor, David |edition=2nd |chapter=P9: Photophobia |date=January 15, 1997 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-0-86542-831-7 |pages=1034–1036}}</ref>
* [[Anticholinergic]] drugs may cause photophobia by paralyzing the [[iris sphincter muscle]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[Anticholinergic]] drugs may cause photophobia by paralyzing the [[iris sphincter muscle]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[Aphakia]]<ref name="tsbvi">{{cite web|url=http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/anomalies/Photophobia.htm |title=Photophobia |publisher=[[Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired]] |access-date=December 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929192633/http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/anomalies/Photophobia.htm |archive-date=September 29, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Aphakia]]<ref name="tsbvi">{{cite web|url=http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/anomalies/Photophobia.htm |title=Photophobia |publisher=[[Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired]] |access-date=December 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929192633/http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/anomalies/Photophobia.htm |archive-date=September 29, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Blepharitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/blepharitis/ | title=Blepharitis|website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library | date=28 September 2020|access-date= 5 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[Blepharitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/blepharitis/ | title=Blepharitis|website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library | date=28 September 2020|access-date= 5 July 2021}}</ref>
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* [[Hydrophthalmos]], or congenital [[glaucoma]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Hydrophthalmos]], or congenital [[glaucoma]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Iritis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Iritis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Isotretinoin]] has been associated with photophobia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fraunfelder|first1=F. T.|last2=Fraunfelder|first2=F. W.|last3=Edwards|first3=R.|date=2001-09-01|title=Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage|journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=132|issue=3|pages=299–305|issn=0002-9394|pmid=11530040|doi=10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01024-8}}</ref>
* [[Isotretinoin]] has been associated with photophobia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fraunfelder|first1=F. T.|last2=Fraunfelder|first2=F. W.|last3=Edwards|first3=R.|date=2001-09-01|title=Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage|journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=132|issue=3|pages=299–305|issn=0002-9394|pmid=11530040|doi=10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01024-8|s2cid=37897437 }}</ref>
* [[Optic neuritis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Optic neuritis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Pigment dispersion syndrome]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
* [[Pigment dispersion syndrome]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
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Neurological causes for photophobia include:
Neurological causes for photophobia include:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Autism spectrum]] disorders<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G |title=Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders |journal=J Autism Dev Disord |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=1499–508 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19499319 |doi=10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7 |s2cid=32110116 }}</ref>
* [[Autism spectrum]] disorders<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G |title=Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=1499–1508 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19499319 |doi=10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7 |s2cid=32110116 }}</ref>
* [[Chiari malformation]]
* [[Chiari malformation]]
* [[Dyslexia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnib.org.uk/EYEHEALTH/EYECONDITIONS/EYECONDITIONSDN/Pages/photophobia.aspx |title=Light sensitivity — photophobia |publisher=[[Royal National Institute of Blind People]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Dyslexia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnib.org.uk/EYEHEALTH/EYECONDITIONS/EYECONDITIONSDN/Pages/photophobia.aspx |title=Light sensitivity – photophobia |publisher=[[Royal National Institute of Blind People]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Encephalitis]]<ref name="taylor" /> including [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_infectious/cfs.cfm |title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |publisher=[[University of Virginia Health System]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Encephalitis]],<ref name="taylor" /> including [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_infectious/cfs.cfm |title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |publisher=[[University of Virginia Health System]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Meningitis]]<ref name="taylor"/>
* [[Meningitis]]<ref name="taylor"/>
*[[Trigeminal]] disturbance causes [[central sensitization]] (hence, multiple other associated hypersensitivities). Causes can be bad bite, infected tooth, etc.<ref>J Pain Res. 2014; 7: 99–115.
*[[Trigeminal]] disturbance causes [[central sensitization]] (hence, multiple other associated hypersensitivities). Causes can be bad bite, infected tooth, etc.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Pain Research |volume=7 |pages=99–115 |date=21 February 2014 |title=Orofacial pain management: current perspectives |doi=10.2147/JPR.S37593 |first1=Marcela |last1=Romero-Reyes |first2=James M. |last2=Uyanik |doi-access=free |pmid=24591846 |pmc=3937250 }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], where photophobia can sometimes precede the clinical diagnosis by years<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper AD, Josephs, KA |title=Photophobia, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: a prospective study |journal=Parkinsonism & Related Disorders |volume = 15 |issue = 1 |pages = 59–61 |pmid = 18328771 |year = 2009 |doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.011}}</ref>
Published online 2014 Feb 21. Orofacial pain management: current perspectives; Marcela Romero-Reyes and James M Uyanik</ref>
⚫
* [[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=photophobia |title=Photophobia – Glossary Entry |work=Genetics Home Reference |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], where photophobia can sometimes precede the clinical diagnosis by years<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cooper AD, Josephs, KA |title=Photophobia, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: a prospective study |journal=Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2009 Jan;15(1):59-61|volume = 15|issue = 1|pages = 59–61|pmid = 18328771|year = 2009|doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.011}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=photophobia |title=Photophobia — Glossary Entry |work=Genetics Home Reference |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Tumor]] of the [[posterior cranial fossa]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Tumor]] of the [[posterior cranial fossa]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Visual snow]] along with many symptoms{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}{{div end}}
* [[Visual snow]] along with many symptoms.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfw%3Ds2 φῶς], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfo%2Fbos φόβος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>{{div end}}


===Other causes===
===Other causes===
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* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=ankylosingspondylitis |title=Ankylosing spondylitis |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=ankylosingspondylitis |title=Ankylosing spondylitis |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Albinism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001479.htm |title=Albinism |encyclopedia=MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Albinism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001479.htm |title=Albinism |encyclopedia=MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Ariboflavinosis]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Vitamins & Hormones, Volume 1 |last=Harris |first= Robert S. |author2=Kenneth V. Thimann |date=February 11, 1943 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-709801-2 |page=88}}</ref>
* [[Ariboflavinosis]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Vitamins & Hormones |volume=1 |last1=Harris |first1= Robert S. |first2=Kenneth V. |last2=Thimann |date=February 11, 1943 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-709801-2 |page=88}}</ref>
* [[Benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J |title=Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=506–7 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14966178 |pmc=1738986 |doi= 10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Encephale |date=Mar–Apr 1994 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 |title=[Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects] |author=Pelissolo A |author2=Bisserbe JC |pmid=7914165 }}</ref>
* [[Benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J |title=Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=506–507 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14966178 |pmc=1738986 |doi= 10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Encephale |date=March–April 1994 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=147–157 |title=Dépendance aux benzodiazépines. Aspects cliniques et biologiques |language=fr |trans-title=Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects |vauthors=Pelissolo A, Bisserbe JC |pmid=7914165 }}</ref>
* [[Chemotherapy]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Chemotherapy]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Chikungunya]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=2684432 |title=A case of bilateral presumed chikungunya neuroretinitis |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pmid=19237792 |last1=Mahesh |first1=G |last2=Giridhar |first2=A |last3=Shedbele |first3=A |last4=Kumar |first4=R |last5=Saikumar |first5=SJ |pages=148–50 |journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology |doi=10.4103/0301-4738.45508}}</ref>
* [[Chikungunya]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=2684432 |title=A case of bilateral presumed chikungunya neuroretinitis |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pmid=19237792 |last1=Mahesh |first1=G. |last2=Giridhar |first2=A. |last3=Shedbele |first3=A. |last4=Kumar |first4=R. |last5=Saikumar |first5=S. J. |pages=148–150 |journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology |doi=10.4103/0301-4738.45508 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Cystinosis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Cystinosis]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Drug withdrawal]]
* [[Drug withdrawal]]
* [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]
* [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]
* [[Infectious mononucleosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/brain/88.2.323 |last1=Gauthier-Smith |first1=P.C. |date=December 22, 2004 |title=Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=323–334 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pmid=5828906}}</ref>
* [[Infectious mononucleosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/brain/88.2.323 |last1=Gauthier-Smith |first1=P. C. |date=December 22, 2004 |title=Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=323–334 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pmid=5828906}}</ref>
* [[Influenza]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/flu.htm |title=Influenza Virus (Orthomyxovirus) |last=Hunt |first=Dr. Margaret |publisher=[[University of South Carolina]] School of Medicine |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
* [[Influenza]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/flu.htm |title=Influenza Virus (Orthomyxovirus) |last=Hunt |first=Margaret |publisher=[[University of South Carolina]] School of Medicine |access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
*[[Magnesium deficiency (medicine)|Magnesium deficiency]]<ref name="durlach">{{cite book |title=New Perspectives in Magnesium Research |last=Durlach |first=Jean |author2=Hirotoshi Morii |author3=Yoshiki Nishizawa |chapter=10: Clinical forms of Magnesium Depletion by Photosensitization and Treatment with [[Scototherapy]] |date=March 6, 2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer London]]|doi=10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_10 |isbn=978-1-84628-388-8 |pages=117–126}}</ref>
*[[Magnesium deficiency (medicine)|Magnesium deficiency]]<ref name="durlach">{{cite book |title=New Perspectives in Magnesium Research |last1=Durlach |first1=Jean |first2=Hirotoshi |last2=Morii |first3=Yoshiki |last3=Nishizawa |chapter=10: Clinical forms of Magnesium Depletion by Photosensitization and Treatment with [[Scototherapy]] |date=March 6, 2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer London]]|doi=10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_10 |isbn=978-1-84628-388-8 |pages=117–126}}</ref>
* [[Mercury poisoning]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Elemental mercury poisoning in a household—Ohio, 1989 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=39 |issue=25 |pages=424–5 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2113168 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001652.htm |author1=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) }}</ref>
* [[Mercury poisoning]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Elemental mercury poisoning in a household—Ohio, 1989 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=39 |issue=25 |pages=424–5 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2113168 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001652.htm |author1=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref>
* [[Migraine]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Drummond PD |title=A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache |journal=Headache |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=465–9 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3781834 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x |s2cid=10230356 }}</ref>
* [[Migraine]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drummond PD |title=A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache |journal=Headache |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=465–469 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3781834 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x |s2cid=10230356 }}</ref>
* [[Rabies]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/publications/mmwr_4342.html |title=Human Rabies — Miami, 1994 |journal=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |volume=43 |issue=42 |date=28 October 1994 |pmid=7935313 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |pages=773–5}}</ref>
* [[Rabies]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/publications/mmwr_4342.html |title=Human Rabies – Miami, 1994 |journal=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |volume=43 |issue=42 |date=28 October 1994 |pmid=7935313 |pages=773–5 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref>
* [[Tyrosinemia type II]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Tyrosinemia type II]]<ref name="taylor" />
* [[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome]]<ref>[http://www.scdssociety.com SCDS Society]</ref>
* [[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome]]<ref>[http://www.scdssociety.com SCDS Society]</ref>{{nonspecific|date=December 2023}}
{{div end}}
{{div end}}


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Treatment for light sensitivity addresses the underlying cause, whether it be an eye, nervous system or other cause. If the triggering factor or underlying cause can be identified and treated, photophobia may disappear. Tinted glasses are sometimes used.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bailey |first=Gretchyn |url=http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/lightsensitive.htm |title=Photophobia (Light Sensitivity) |publisher=AllAboutVision.com |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>
Treatment for light sensitivity addresses the underlying cause, whether it be an eye, nervous system or other cause. If the triggering factor or underlying cause can be identified and treated, photophobia may disappear. Tinted glasses are sometimes used.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bailey |first=Gretchyn |url=http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/lightsensitive.htm |title=Photophobia (Light Sensitivity) |website=All About Vision |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>


==Artificial light==
==Artificial light==
People with photophobia may feel eye pain from even moderate levels of artificial light and avert their eyes from artificial light sources. Ambient levels of artificial light may also be intolerable to persons afflicted with photophobia such that they dim or remove the light source, or go into a dimmer lit room, such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark [[sunglasses]], sunglasses designed to filter [[Peripheral vision|peripheral]] light, and/or wide-brimmed [[sun hat]]s or [[baseball caps]]. Some types of photophobia may be helped with the use of precision tinted lenses which block the green-to-blue end of the light spectrum without blurring or impeding vision.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Blackburn Marcus K.|display-authors=etal| year = 2009 | title = FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 116 | issue = 5| pages = 997–1001 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.031|pmid=19410958| pmc = 2701948}}</ref><ref>Katz, Bradley J., and Kathleen B. Digre. "Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia." ''Survey of Ophthalmology'' (2016).</ref>
People with photophobia may feel eye pain from even moderate levels of artificial light and avert their eyes from artificial light sources. Ambient levels of artificial light may also be intolerable to persons afflicted with photophobia such that they dim or remove the light source, or go into a dimmer lit room, such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark [[sunglasses]], sunglasses designed to filter [[Peripheral vision|peripheral]] light, precision tinted glasses, and/or wide-brimmed [[sun hat]]s or [[baseball caps]]. Some types of photophobia may be helped with the use of precision tinted lenses which block the green-to-blue end of the light spectrum without blurring or impeding vision.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Blackburn Marcus K.|display-authors=etal| year = 2009 | title = FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 116 | issue = 5| pages = 997–1001 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.031|pmid=19410958| pmc = 2701948}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Bradley J. |first2=Kathleen B. |last2=Digre |title=Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=61 |issue=4 |year=2016 |pages=466–477 |doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.001 |pmid=26875996}}</ref>


Other strategies for relieving photophobia include the use of tinted contact lenses and/or the use of prescription eye drops that constrict the pupil, thus reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Such strategies may be limited by the amount of light needed for proper vision under given conditions, however. Dilating drops may also help relieve eye pain from muscle spasms or seizures triggered by lighting/migraine, allowing a person to "ride out the migraine" in a dark or dim room. A paper by Stringham and Hammond, published in the ''[[Journal of Food Science]]'', reviews studies of effects of consuming [[Lutein]] and [[Zeaxanthin]] on visual performance, and notes a decrease in sensitivity to glare.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stringham JM, Bovier ER, Wong JC, Hammond BR |title=The influence of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance |journal=J. Food Sci. |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=R24–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20492192 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01447.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Other strategies for relieving photophobia include the use of tinted contact lenses and/or the use of prescription eye drops that constrict the pupil, thus reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Such strategies may be limited by the amount of light needed for proper vision under given conditions, however. Dilating drops may also help relieve eye pain from muscle spasms or seizures triggered by lighting/migraine, allowing a person to "ride out the migraine" in a dark or dim room. A paper by Stringham and Hammond, published in the ''[[Journal of Food Science]]'', reviews studies of effects of consuming [[Lutein]] and [[Zeaxanthin]] on visual performance, and notes a decrease in sensitivity to glare.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stringham JM, Bovier ER, Wong JC, Hammond BR |title=The influence of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=R24–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20492192 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01447.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Disability==
==Disability==
Photophobia may preclude or limit a person from working in places where lighting is used, unless the person is able to obtain a reasonable accommodation like being allowed to wear tinted glasses when the employee [[dress code]] prohibits such glasses otherwise (which may be required to be provided by an employer under the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]]). Some people with photophobia may thereby be better able to work at night or be more easily accommodated in the workplace at night.
Photophobia may preclude or limit a person from working in places where lighting is used, unless the person is able to obtain a reasonable accommodation like being allowed to wear tinted glasses. Some people with photophobia may thereby be better able to work at night or be more easily accommodated in the workplace at night.


Outdoor night lighting may be equally offensive for persons with photophobia, however, given the wide variety of bright lighting used for illuminating residential, commercial and industrial areas, such as [[Light-emitting diode|LED (light-emitting diode)]] lamps.<ref>[https://www.axonoptics.com/photophobia-and-light-sensitivity/ Guide to Photophobia/Light Sensitivity], axonoptics.com. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</ref><ref>[http://www.lightmare.org/ Lightmare], lightmare.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</ref>
Outdoor night lighting may be equally offensive for persons with photophobia, however, given the wide variety of bright lighting used for illuminating residential, commercial and industrial areas, such as [[Light-emitting diode|LED (light-emitting diode)]] lamps.<ref>[https://www.axonoptics.com/photophobia-and-light-sensitivity/ Guide to Photophobia/Light Sensitivity], axonoptics.com. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</ref><ref>[http://www.lightmare.org/ Lightmare], lightmare.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</ref>


The increasing popularity of "overpoweringly intense" LED headlights being used on "[[Pickup truck|pickups]] and [[S.U.V.|S.U.V.s]]" has prompted more frequent reports of photophobia among motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/business/led-hid-headlights-blinding.html "Blinded by Brighter Headlights? It’s Not Your Imagination."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref>
The increasing popularity of "overpoweringly intense" LED headlights being used on "[[Pickup truck|pickups]] and [[S.U.V.]]s" has prompted more frequent reports of photophobia among motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/business/led-hid-headlights-blinding.html "Blinded by Brighter Headlights? It’s Not Your Imagination."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 07:42, 9 July 2024

This article is about the human medical symptom. For the biological or botanical behavioral property, see Photophobia (biology). For the morbid fear of light, see Heliophobia. For the 2023 film, see Photophobia (film).
Photophobia
SpecialtyOphthalmology

Photophobia is a medical symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light.[1] As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes,[2] though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational fear of light, such as heliophobia.[3] The term photophobia comes from the Greek φῶς (phōs), meaning "light", and φόβος (phóbos), meaning "fear".[4][5]

Causes

Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the eye, the nervous system, genetic, or other causes.

Photophobia may manifest itself in an increased response to light starting at any step in the visual system, such as:

  • Too much light entering the eye. Too much light can enter the eye if it is damaged, such as with corneal abrasion and retinal damage, or if its pupil is unable to normally constrict (seen with damage to the oculomotor nerve).
  • Due to albinism, the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes them somewhat translucent. This means that the irises cannot completely block light from entering the eye.
  • Overstimulation of the photoreceptors in the retina
  • Excessive electric impulses to the optic nerve
  • Excessive response in the central nervous system

Common causes of photophobia include migraine headaches, TMJ, cataracts, Sjögren syndrome, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), or severe ophthalmologic diseases such as uveitis or corneal abrasion.[6] A more extensive list follows:

Causes of photophobia relating directly to the eye itself include:

Neurological causes for photophobia include:

Other causes

Treatment

Treatment for light sensitivity addresses the underlying cause, whether it be an eye, nervous system or other cause. If the triggering factor or underlying cause can be identified and treated, photophobia may disappear. Tinted glasses are sometimes used.[33]

Artificial light

People with photophobia may feel eye pain from even moderate levels of artificial light and avert their eyes from artificial light sources. Ambient levels of artificial light may also be intolerable to persons afflicted with photophobia such that they dim or remove the light source, or go into a dimmer lit room, such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark sunglasses, sunglasses designed to filter peripheral light, precision tinted glasses, and/or wide-brimmed sun hats or baseball caps. Some types of photophobia may be helped with the use of precision tinted lenses which block the green-to-blue end of the light spectrum without blurring or impeding vision.[34][35]

Other strategies for relieving photophobia include the use of tinted contact lenses and/or the use of prescription eye drops that constrict the pupil, thus reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Such strategies may be limited by the amount of light needed for proper vision under given conditions, however. Dilating drops may also help relieve eye pain from muscle spasms or seizures triggered by lighting/migraine, allowing a person to "ride out the migraine" in a dark or dim room. A paper by Stringham and Hammond, published in the Journal of Food Science, reviews studies of effects of consuming Lutein and Zeaxanthin on visual performance, and notes a decrease in sensitivity to glare.[36]

Disability

Photophobia may preclude or limit a person from working in places where lighting is used, unless the person is able to obtain a reasonable accommodation like being allowed to wear tinted glasses. Some people with photophobia may thereby be better able to work at night or be more easily accommodated in the workplace at night.

Outdoor night lighting may be equally offensive for persons with photophobia, however, given the wide variety of bright lighting used for illuminating residential, commercial and industrial areas, such as LED (light-emitting diode) lamps.[37][38]

The increasing popularity of "overpoweringly intense" LED headlights being used on "pickups and S.U.V.s" has prompted more frequent reports of photophobia among motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
  2. ^ thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
    • Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
    • Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
    • McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002
  3. ^ thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
    • The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
    • Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009
  4. ^ φῶς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ^ φόβος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ^ Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Daoud YJ, Abu-Khalaf MM (July 2009). "Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 20 (4): 308–317. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832c9007. PMID 19491683. S2CID 205670593.
  7. ^ "Achromotopsoa". Scottish Sensory Centre. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Day, Susan (January 15, 1997). "P9: Photophobia". In Taylor, David (ed.). Paediatric Ophthalmology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1034–1036. ISBN 978-0-86542-831-7.
  9. ^ a b "Photophobia". Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  10. ^ "Blepharitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  11. ^ "Conjunctivitis". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  12. ^ "Corneal ulcer". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  13. ^ Fraunfelder, F. T.; Fraunfelder, F. W.; Edwards, R. (2001-09-01). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 132 (3): 299–305. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01024-8. ISSN 0002-9394. PMID 11530040. S2CID 37897437.
  14. ^ Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G (November 2009). "Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 39 (11): 1499–1508. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7. PMID 19499319. S2CID 32110116.
  15. ^ "Light sensitivity – photophobia". Royal National Institute of Blind People. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  16. ^ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  17. ^ Romero-Reyes, Marcela; Uyanik, James M. (21 February 2014). "Orofacial pain management: current perspectives". Journal of Pain Research. 7: 99–115. doi:10.2147/JPR.S37593. PMC 3937250. PMID 24591846.
  18. ^ Cooper AD, Josephs, KA (2009). "Photophobia, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: a prospective study". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 15 (1): 59–61. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.011. PMID 18328771.
  19. ^ "Photophobia – Glossary Entry". Genetics Home Reference. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  20. ^ "Ankylosing spondylitis". United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  21. ^ "Albinism". MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  22. ^ Harris, Robert S.; Thimann, Kenneth V. (February 11, 1943). Vitamins & Hormones. Vol. 1. Academic Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-12-709801-2.
  23. ^ Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–507. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
  24. ^ Pelissolo A, Bisserbe JC (March–April 1994). "Dépendance aux benzodiazépines. Aspects cliniques et biologiques" [Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects]. Encephale (in French). 20 (2): 147–157. PMID 7914165.
  25. ^ Mahesh, G.; Giridhar, A.; Shedbele, A.; Kumar, R.; Saikumar, S. J. (2009). "A case of bilateral presumed chikungunya neuroretinitis". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 57 (2): 148–150. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.45508. PMC 2684432. PMID 19237792.
  26. ^ Gauthier-Smith, P. C. (December 22, 2004). "Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)". Brain. 88 (2). Oxford University Press: 323–334. doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.323. PMID 5828906.
  27. ^ Hunt, Margaret. "Influenza Virus (Orthomyxovirus)". University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  28. ^ Durlach, Jean; Morii, Hirotoshi; Nishizawa, Yoshiki (March 6, 2007). "10: Clinical forms of Magnesium Depletion by Photosensitization and Treatment with Scototherapy". New Perspectives in Magnesium Research. Springer London. pp. 117–126. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_10. ISBN 978-1-84628-388-8.
  29. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 1990). "Elemental mercury poisoning in a household—Ohio, 1989". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 39 (25): 424–5. PMID 2113168.
  30. ^ Drummond PD (October 1986). "A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache". Headache. 26 (9): 465–469. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x. PMID 3781834. S2CID 10230356.
  31. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (28 October 1994). "Human Rabies – Miami, 1994". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 43 (42). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 773–5. PMID 7935313.
  32. ^ SCDS Society
  33. ^ Bailey, Gretchyn. "Photophobia (Light Sensitivity)". All About Vision. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  34. ^ Blackburn Marcus K.; et al. (2009). "FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm". Ophthalmology. 116 (5): 997–1001. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.031. PMC 2701948. PMID 19410958.
  35. ^ Katz, Bradley J.; Digre, Kathleen B. (2016). "Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia". Survey of Ophthalmology. 61 (4): 466–477. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.001. PMID 26875996.
  36. ^ Stringham JM, Bovier ER, Wong JC, Hammond BR (2010). "The influence of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance". Journal of Food Science. 75 (1): R24–9. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01447.x. PMID 20492192.
  37. ^ Guide to Photophobia/Light Sensitivity, axonoptics.com. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  38. ^ Lightmare, lightmare.org. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  39. ^ "Blinded by Brighter Headlights? It’s Not Your Imagination.", The New York Times, 5 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
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