Antarctic English: Difference between revisions

Antarctic English
Antarctic English
Region	Antarctica
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English Antarctic English; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Old English Middle English 18th-century Modern English Modern English ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (English alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

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Antarctic English is a variety of the English language spoken by people living on the continent of Antarctica and within the subantarctic islands.^[1]^: vii Spoken primarily by scientists and workers in the Antarctic tourism industry,^[2] it consists of various unique words and is spoken with a unique accent. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Antarctic English was influenced by Spanish-speaking South Americans and Northern European explorers who introduced new words that continue to be used today.

History

In 1989, Australian writer Bernadette Hince travelled to Antarctica in order to study the vocabulary of scientists working there. She wrote about a variety of unique words that originated on the continent and were not used anywhere else on earth. In 2000, she published the Antarctic Dictionary, a book detailing the words found in the dialect.^[2]

An Antarctic accent was first studied in 2019 in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, in a study in which researchers observed changes in the vocal phonetics of scientists over the course of a winter period in Antarctica. They observed a change in vowel pronunciation in the scientists, and the vowels in words such as "food" and "window" began being pronounced in a more fronted position of the mouth than in other English varieties.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Vocabulary

Antarctic English features various words that are different from other varieties of English. Occurrences of new vocabulary include:

Example Antarctic English terms
British English	Antarctic English	Ref.
Antarctica	The Ice	^[2]
Homebrew beer	Homer	^[2]
Insomnia	Big Eye	^[2]
Picking up rubbish	Fod plod	^[7]
Clear day with blue skies	Dingle day	^[7]
Tea time	Smoko	^[7]
Sleep	Gonk	^[7]

Antarctic English also has over 200 words for different types of ice. Words include tabulars (large flat-topped southern icebergs that break off from the Antarctic ice sheet and are usually over 16 km or 10 mi long), and growlers (underwater decaying icebergs roughly the size of a house).^[2] In addition, the tourism industry has terms for different types of tourist encounters, such as Kodak poisoning (what happens when many tourists take photographs of the same site) and Dead-Penguin Tours (a type of tour in the late summer after penguins have abandoned weak chicks to die, leaving their bodies in popular tourist destinations, which causes grief in tourists).^[2]

Influences from other languages

Antarctic English has been influenced by both Spanish and various Northern European languages.^[1]^{: vii–viii} In the Falkland Islands, Antarctic English has been influenced by Spanish-speaking South Americans, such as with the word camp, which originates from the Spanish campo and refers to the countryside outside of a town.^[1]^: vii During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Northern European industrialists interested in whaling and the fur trade introduced various technical words like the Norwegian-origin grax, which describes the leftover solids at the end of the whaling process.^[1]^: viii Other words introduced by these Europeans during the 19th and 20th centuries included nunatak, mukluk, pemmican, and Nansen sled,^[1]^: viii which they in turn adopted from various indigenous American languages. Some terms in Antarctic English have their origins in military terminology.^[7]

Influence

Antarctic English has also influenced other varieties of English and a number of Arctic English terms were first adopted in Antarctica (particularly terms relating to ice).^[1]^: viii

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hince, Bernadette (2000). "Introduction". The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. vii–x. ISBN 978-0957747111.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Brooks, Geraldine (1997-07-01). "A Volume on Antarctic Lingo Will Make Slang Crystal Clear". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ Bard, Susanne. "Linguists Hear an Accent Begin". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ Harrington, Jonathan; Gubian, Michele; Stevens, Mary; Schiel, Florian (2019). "Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 146 (5): 3327–3332. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..146.3327H. doi:10.1121/1.5130709. PMID 31795649.
^ "Prolonged Isolation Can Lead to the Creation of New Accents". Atlas Obscura. 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^ University of Canterbury Antarctic Conference, Southern Exposure: Antarctic Research at the University of Canterbury
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Isolated for six months, scientists in Antarctica began to develop their own accent". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-03-09.

[:1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hince, Bernadette (2000). "Introduction". The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. vii–x. ISBN 978-0957747111.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Brooks, Geraldine (1997-07-01). "A Volume on Antarctic Lingo Will Make Slang Crystal Clear". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-08-10.

[3] Bard, Susanne. "Linguists Hear an Accent Begin". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-08-10.

[4] Harrington, Jonathan; Gubian, Michele; Stevens, Mary; Schiel, Florian (2019). "Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 146 (5): 3327–3332. Bibcode:2019ASAJ..146.3327H. doi:10.1121/1.5130709. PMID 31795649.

[5] "Prolonged Isolation Can Lead to the Creation of New Accents". Atlas Obscura. 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2023-08-10.

[6] University of Canterbury Antarctic Conference, Southern Exposure: Antarctic Research at the University of Canterbury

[:2-7] "Isolated for six months, scientists in Antarctica began to develop their own accent". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-03-09.

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[2]

[3]

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@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 {{English language}}
-'''Antarctic English''' is a variety of the [[English language]] spoken by people living on the continent of [[Antarctica]] and within the [[subantarctic islands]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hince |first=Bernadette |title=The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0957747111 |location=Collingwood, Victoria |pages=vii–x |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>{{Rp|page=vii}} Spoken primarily by [[Scientist|scientists]] and workers in the [[Tourism in Antarctica|Antarctic tourism industry]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Geraldine |date=1997-07-01 |title=A Volume on Antarctic Lingo Will Make Slang Crystal Clear |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB867708361246345000 |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> it consists of various unique words and is spoken with a unique [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]].{{ Citation Needed }} During the 19th and 20th centuries, Antarctic English was influenced by Spanish-speaking [[South America|South Americans]] and [[Northern Europe|Northern European]] explorers who introduced new words that continue to be used today.
+'''Antarctic English''' is a variety of the [[English language]] spoken by people living on the continent of [[Antarctica]] and within the [[subantarctic islands]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hince |first=Bernadette |title=The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0957747111 |location=Collingwood, Victoria |pages=vii–x |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>{{Rp|page=vii}} Spoken primarily by [[Scientist|scientists]] and workers in the [[Tourism in Antarctica|Antarctic tourism industry]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Geraldine |date=1997-07-01 |title=A Volume on Antarctic Lingo Will Make Slang Crystal Clear |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB867708361246345000 |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> it consists of various unique words and is spoken with a unique [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]]. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Antarctic English was influenced by Spanish-speaking [[South America|South Americans]] and [[Northern Europe|Northern European]] explorers who introduced new words that continue to be used today.
 ==History==
 In 1989, Australian writer Bernadette Hince travelled to Antarctica in order to study the vocabulary of scientists working there. She wrote about a variety of unique words that originated on the continent and were not used anywhere else on earth. In 2000, she published the ''Antarctic Dictionary'', a book detailing the words found in the dialect.<ref name=":0" />
-An Antarctic accent was first studied in 2019 in the ''[[Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]'', in a study in which researchers observed changes in the vocal phonetics of scientists over the course of a winter period in Antarctica. They observed a change in vowel pronunciation in the scientists, and the vowels in words such as "food" and "window" began being pronounced in a more fronted position of the mouth than in other English varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bard |first=Susanne |title=Linguists Hear an Accent Begin |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/linguists-hear-an-accent-begin/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gubian |first2=Michele |last3=Stevens |first3=Mary |last4=Schiel |first4=Florian |title=Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |date=2019 |volume=146 |issue=5 |pages=3327–3332 |doi=10.1121/1.5130709|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Prolonged Isolation Can Lead to the Creation of New Accents |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/antarctica-accent-isolation |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/media/documents/oexp-science/gateway-antarctica/00_All-Abstracts_rev.pdf University of Canterbury Antarctic Conference, Southern Exposure: Antarctic Research at the University of Canterbury]</ref>
+An Antarctic accent was first studied in 2019 in the ''[[Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]]'', in a study in which researchers observed changes in the vocal phonetics of scientists over the course of a winter period in Antarctica. They observed a change in vowel pronunciation in the scientists, and the vowels in words such as "food" and "window" began being pronounced in a more fronted position of the mouth than in other English varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bard |first=Susanne |title=Linguists Hear an Accent Begin |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/linguists-hear-an-accent-begin/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gubian |first2=Michele |last3=Stevens |first3=Mary |last4=Schiel |first4=Florian |title=Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |date=2019 |volume=146 |issue=5 |pages=3327–3332 |doi=10.1121/1.5130709|doi-access=free |pmid=31795649 |bibcode=2019ASAJ..146.3327H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Prolonged Isolation Can Lead to the Creation of New Accents |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/antarctica-accent-isolation |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/media/documents/oexp-science/gateway-antarctica/00_All-Abstracts_rev.pdf University of Canterbury Antarctic Conference, Southern Exposure: Antarctic Research at the University of Canterbury]</ref>
 ==Vocabulary==
+{{seealso|Eskimo words for snow}}
-Antarctic English features various words that are not used in other varieties of English. Differences in vocabulary include:<ref name=":0" />
+Antarctic English features various words that are different from other varieties of English. Occurrences of new vocabulary include:
 {|class="wikitable"
-!British English
+|+Example Antarctic English terms
-!Antarctic English
+!scope="col"|British English
+!scope="col"|Antarctic English
+!scope="col"|Ref.
 |-
-|''Sleeping chamber''
-|''Donga''
 |-
 |''Antarctica''
 |''The Ice''
+|<ref name=":0" />
 |-
 |''[[Homebrewing|Homebrew]] beer''
 |''Homer''
+|<ref name=":0" />
 |-
 |''[[Insomnia]]''
 |''Big Eye''
+|<ref name=":0" />
+|-
+|''Picking up rubbish''
+|''Fod plod''
+|<ref name=":2" />
+|-
+|''Clear day with blue skies''
+|''Dingle day''
+|<ref name=":2" />
+|-
+|''Tea time''
+|''Smoko''
+|<ref name=":2" />
+|-
+|''Sleep''
+|''Gonk''
+|<ref name=":2" />
 |-
 |}
-Antarctic English also has over 200 words for different types of ice. Words include ''tabulars'' (large flat-topped southern icebergs that break off from the Antarctic ice sheet and are usually over ten miles long), and ''growlers'' (underwater decaying icebergs roughly the size of a house).<ref name=":0" /> In addition, the tourism industry has terms for different types of tourist encounters, such as ''[[Kodak]] poisoning'' (what happens when many tourists take photographs of the same site) and ''Dead-[[Penguin]] Tours'' (a type of tour in the late summer after penguins have abandoned weak chicks to die, leaving their bodies in popular tourist destinations, which causes grief in tourists).<ref name=":0" />
+Antarctic English also has over 200 words for different types of ice. Words include ''tabulars'' (large flat-topped southern icebergs that break off from the Antarctic ice sheet and are usually over {{cvt|10|mi|disp=or|order=flip}} long), and ''growlers'' (underwater decaying icebergs roughly the size of a house).<ref name=":0" /> In addition, the tourism industry has terms for different types of tourist encounters, such as ''[[Kodak]] poisoning'' (what happens when many tourists take photographs of the same site) and ''Dead-[[Penguin]] Tours'' (a type of tour in the late summer after penguins have abandoned weak chicks to die, leaving their bodies in popular tourist destinations, which causes grief in tourists).<ref name=":0" />
 === Influences from other languages ===
-Antarctic English has been influenced by both Spanish and various Northern European languages.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=|pages=vii–viii}} In the [[Falkland Islands]], Antarctic English has been influenced by Spanish-speaking South Americans, such as with the word ''[[wikt:camp#Etymology_3|camp]]'', which originates from the Spanish [[wikt:campo#Spanish|''campo'']] and refers to the countryside outside of a town.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=vii}} During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Northern European industrialists interested in whaling and the fur trade introduced various technical words like the Norwegian-origin [[wikt:grax|''grax'']], which describes the leftover solids at the end of the [[Whaling|whaling process]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=viii}} Other words introduced by these Europeans during the 19th and 20th centuries included ''[[nunatak]]'', ''[[mukluk]]'', ''[[pemmican]]'', and [[Nansen sled|''Nansen'' sled]],<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=viii}} which they in turn adopted from various indigenous American languages.
+Antarctic English has been influenced by both Spanish and various Northern European languages.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=|pages=vii–viii}} In the [[Falkland Islands]], Antarctic English has been influenced by Spanish-speaking South Americans, such as with the word ''[[wikt:camp#Etymology_3|camp]]'', which originates from the Spanish [[wikt:campo#Spanish|''campo'']] and refers to the countryside outside of a town.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=vii}} During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Northern European industrialists interested in whaling and the fur trade introduced various technical words like the Norwegian-origin [[wikt:grax|''grax'']], which describes the leftover solids at the end of the [[Whaling|whaling process]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=viii}} Other words introduced by these Europeans during the 19th and 20th centuries included ''[[nunatak]]'', ''[[mukluk]]'', ''[[pemmican]]'', and [[Nansen sled|''Nansen'' sled]],<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=viii}} which they in turn adopted from various indigenous American languages. Some terms in Antarctic English have their origins in [[military terminology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Isolated for six months, scientists in Antarctica began to develop their own accent |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240223-scientists-in-antarctica-developed-their-own-accent-after-six-months-of-isolation |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
 == Influence ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 79: @@
 [[Category:Antarctica]]
+[[Category:Culture of Antarctica]]
 [[Category:Dialects of English]]
-[[Category:Antarctic culture]]