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{{Short description|Aspect of fandom}}
{{Short description|Subculture of fans who enjoy science fiction}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Speculative fiction sidebar|cTopic=Science fiction}}
{{Speculative fiction sidebar|cTopic=Science fiction}}

'''Science fiction fandom''' or '''SF fandom''' is a community or [[fandom]] of people interested in [[science fiction]] in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although formal clubs such as the [[Futurians]] (1937–1945) and the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]] (1934-present) are recognized examples of organized fandom).
'''Science fiction fandom''' or '''SF fandom''' is a community or [[fandom]] of people interested in [[science fiction]] in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although formal clubs such as the [[Futurians]] (1937–1945) and the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]] (1934–present) are recognized examples of organized fandom).


Most often called simply "fandom" within the community, it can be viewed as a distinct [[subculture]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bacon-Smith|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|title=Science Fiction Culture|isbn=0-8122-1530-3|first=Camille}}</ref> with its own literature and [[jargon]]; marriages and other relationships among fans are common, as are multi-generational fan families.
Most often called simply "fandom" within the community, it can be viewed as a distinct [[subculture]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bacon-Smith|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|title=Science Fiction Culture|isbn=0-8122-1530-3|first=Camille}}</ref> with its own literature and [[jargon]]; marriages and other relationships among fans are common, as are multi-generational fan families.


==Origins and history==
==Origins and history==
[[File:WSFS 001.jpg|thumb|Banquet at the [[14th World Science Fiction Convention]] in [[New York City]] in 1956]][[File:Audience waiting for the Hugo Award Ceremony at Worldcon 75 in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|Audience waiting for the [[Hugo Award]] ceremony at the [[75th World Science Fiction Convention]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] in 2017]]
[[File:WSFS 001.jpg|thumb|Banquet at the [[14th World Science Fiction Convention]] in [[New York City]] in 1956]]
[[File:Audience waiting for the Hugo Award Ceremony at Worldcon 75 in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|Audience waiting for the [[Hugo Award]] ceremony at the [[75th World Science Fiction Convention]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] in 2017]]

Science fiction fandom started through the letter column of [[Hugo Gernsback]]'s fiction magazines. Not only did [[fan (aficionado)|fans]] write comments about the stories—they sent their addresses, and Gernsback published them. Soon, fans were writing letters directly to each other, and meeting in person when they lived close together, or when one of them could manage a trip. In New York City, [[David Lasser]], Gernsback's managing editor, nurtured the birth of a small local club called the Scienceers, which held its first meeting in a Harlem apartment on December 11, 1929. Almost all the members were adolescent boys.<ref>Allen Glasser, transcribed by Richard Newsome, [http://www.fanac.org/timebinders/scienceers.html "History of the Scienceers: The First New York City Science Fiction Club, 1929"], republished in ''Timebinders'', lists the founding members as "Warren Fitzgerald, Nathan Greenfeld, Philip Rosenblatt, Herbert Smith, Julius Unger, Louis Wentzler, and myself, Allen Glasser. With the exception of Fitzgerald, who was then about thirty, all the members were in their middle teens." Fitzgerald, an [[African-American]], was the club's first president, "from its start in December 1929 through the spring of 1930."</ref> Around this time a few other small local groups began to spring up in metropolitan areas around the United States, many of them connecting with fellow enthusiasts via the [[Science Correspondence Club]]. In May 1930 the first science-fiction fan magazine, ''[[The Comet]]'', was produced by the Chicago branch of the Science Correspondence Club under the editorship of [[Raymond A. Palmer]] (later a noted, and notorious, sf magazine editor) and Walter Dennis.<ref name="moskowitz">{{cite conference | first = Sam | last = Moskowitz | author-link = Sam Moskowitz |author2=Joe Sanders | title = The Origins of Science Fiction Fandom: A Reconstruction | book-title = Science Fiction Fandom | pages = 17–36 | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1994 | location = Westport, CT }}</ref> In January 1932, the New York City circle, which by then included future [[comic-book]] editors [[Julius Schwartz]] and [[Mort Weisinger]], brought out the first issue of their own publication, ''[[The Time Traveller (fanzine)|The Time Traveller]]'', with [[Forrest J Ackerman]] of the embryonic Los Angeles group as a contributing editor.
Science fiction fandom started through the letter column of [[Hugo Gernsback]]'s fiction magazines. Not only did [[fan (aficionado)|fans]] write comments about the stories—they sent their addresses, and Gernsback published them. Soon, fans were writing letters directly to each other, and meeting in person when they lived close together, or when one of them could manage a trip. In New York City, [[David Lasser]], Gernsback's managing editor, nurtured the birth of a small local club called the Scienceers, which held its first meeting in a Harlem apartment on 11 December 1929. Almost all the members were adolescent boys.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timebinders – History of the Scienceers, the First New York City Science Fiction Club, 1929 – by Allen Glasser|url=https://fanac.org/timebinders/scienceers.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=fanac.org}}</ref> Around this time a few other small local groups began to spring up in metropolitan areas around the United States, many of them connecting with fellow enthusiasts via the [[Science Correspondence Club]]. In May 1930 the first science-fiction fan magazine, ''[[The Comet (fanzine)|The Comet]]'', was produced by the Chicago branch of the Science Correspondence Club under the editorship of [[Raymond A. Palmer]] (later a noted, and notorious, sf magazine editor) and Walter Dennis.<ref name="moskowitz">{{cite conference | first = Sam | last = Moskowitz | author-link = Sam Moskowitz |author2=Joe Sanders | title = The Origins of Science Fiction Fandom: A Reconstruction | book-title = Science Fiction Fandom | pages = 17–36 | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1994 | location = Westport, CT }}</ref> In January 1932, the New York City circle, which by then included future [[comic-book]] editors [[Julius Schwartz]] and [[Mort Weisinger]], brought out the first issue of their own publication, ''[[The Time Traveller (fanzine)|The Time Traveller]]'', with [[Forrest J Ackerman]] of the embryonic Los Angeles group as a contributing editor.


In 1934, Gernsback established a correspondence club for fans called the [[Science Fiction League]], the first fannish organization. Local groups across the nation could join by filling out an application. A number of clubs came into being around this time. LASFS (the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]]) was founded at this time as a local branch of the SFL, while several competing local branches sprang up in New York City and immediately began feuding among themselves.
In 1934, Gernsback established a correspondence club for fans called the [[Science Fiction League]], the first fannish organization. Local groups across the nation could join by filling out an application. A number of clubs came into being around this time. LASFS (the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]]) was founded at this time as a local branch of the SFL, while several competing local branches sprang up in New York City and immediately began feuding among themselves.
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In 1935, PSFS (the [[Philadelphia Science Fiction Society]], 1935–present) was formed. The next year, half a dozen fans from NYC came to Philadelphia to meet with the PSFS members, as the first Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference, which some claim as the world's first [[science fiction convention]].
In 1935, PSFS (the [[Philadelphia Science Fiction Society]], 1935–present) was formed. The next year, half a dozen fans from NYC came to Philadelphia to meet with the PSFS members, as the first Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference, which some claim as the world's first [[science fiction convention]].


Soon after the fans started to communicate directly with each other came the creation of [[science fiction fanzine]]s. These amateur publications might or might not discuss science fiction and were generally traded rather than sold. They ranged from the utilitarian or inept to professional-quality printing and editing. In recent years, [[Usenet]] [[newsgroups]] such as [[rec.arts.sf.fandom]],<ref>[https://groups.google.com/forum/m/#!search/rec.arts.sf.fandom via Google Groups]</ref> websites and [[blogs]] have somewhat supplanted printed fanzines as an outlet for expression in fandom, though many popular fanzines continue to be published. Science-fiction fans have been among the first users of computers, email, personal computers and the Internet.
Soon after the fans started to communicate directly with each other came the creation of [[science fiction fanzine]]s. These amateur publications might or might not discuss science fiction and were generally traded rather than sold. They ranged from the utilitarian or inept to professional-quality printing and editing. In recent years, [[Usenet]] [[newsgroups]] such as [[rec.arts.sf.fandom]],<ref>{{cite web| url = https://groups.google.com/forum/m/#!search/rec.arts.sf.fandom| title = via Google Groups}}</ref> websites and [[blogs]] have somewhat supplanted printed fanzines as an outlet for expression in fandom, though many popular fanzines continue to be published. Science-fiction fans have been among the first users of computers, email, personal computers and the Internet.


Many professional [[science fiction authors]] started their interest in science fiction as fans, and some still publish their own fanzines or contribute to those published by others.
Many professional [[science fiction authors]] started their interest in science fiction as fans, and some still publish their own fanzines or contribute to those published by others.


A widely regarded (though by no means error-free) history of fandom in the 1930s can be found in [[Sam Moskowitz]]'s ''The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom'' Hyperion Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-88355-131-4}} (original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954). Moskowitz was himself involved in some of the incidents chronicled and has his own point of view, which has often been criticized.
A widely regarded (though by no means error-free) history of fandom in the 1930s can be found in [[Sam Moskowitz]]'s ''The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom'' (Hyperion Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0-88355-131-4}}; original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954). Moskowitz was himself involved in some of the incidents chronicled and has his own point of view, which has often been criticized.


==By country==
==By country==


===Sweden===
===Sweden===
Organized fandom in [[Sweden]] ("Sverifandom") emerged during the early-1950s. The first Swedish science fiction fanzine was started in the early 1950s. The oldest still existing club, [[Club Cosmos]] in [[Gothenburg]], was formed in 1954,<ref>Bengtsson Rylander, Louise [red.] (2014). Science Fiction i Göteborg: 60 år med Club Cosmos. {{ISBN|978-91-87669-93-4}}</ref> and the first Swedish science-fiction convention, [[LunCon]], was held in [[Lund]] in 1956.
Organized fandom in [[Sweden]] ("Sverifandom") emerged during the early 1950s. The first Swedish science fiction fanzine was started in the early 1950s. The oldest still existing club, {{Ill|Club Cosmos|sv|Club Cosmos}} in [[Gothenburg]], was formed in 1954,<ref>Bengtsson Rylander, Louise [red.] (2014). Science Fiction i Göteborg: 60 år med Club Cosmos. {{ISBN|978-91-87669-93-4}}</ref> and the first Swedish science-fiction convention, [[LunCon]], was held in [[Lund]] in 1956.


Today, there are a number of science fiction clubs in the country, including [[Skandinavisk Förening för Science Fiction]] (whose club fanzine, ''Science Fiction Forum'', was once edited by [[Stieg Larsson]], a board member and one-time chairman thereof), [[Linköpings Science Fiction-Förening]] and [[Sigma Terra Corps]]. Between one and four science-fiction conventions are held each year in Sweden, among them [[Swecon]], the annual national Swedish con. An annual prize is awarded to someone that has contributed to the national fandom by the [[Alvar Appeltofft]] Memorial Fund.<ref>[http://www.fandom.se/ Science fiction fandom in Scandinavia]</ref><ref>[http://www.alvarfonden.org/ Alvar Appeltofft Memorial Foundation]</ref>
Today, there are a number of science fiction clubs in the country, including {{Ill|Scandinavian Society for Science Fiction|sv|Skandinavisk Förening för Science Fiction}} (whose club fanzine, ''Science Fiction Forum'', was once edited by [[Stieg Larsson]], a board member and one-time chairman thereof), [[Linköpings Science Fiction-Förening]] and [[Sigma Terra Corps]]. Between one and four science-fiction conventions are held each year in Sweden, among them [[Swecon]], the annual national Swedish con. An annual prize is awarded to someone that has contributed to the national fandom by the {{Ill|Alvar Appeltoffts Memorial Prize|sv|Alvar Appeltoffts Minnespris}} Fund.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fandom.se/| title = Science fiction fandom in Scandinavia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.alvarfonden.org/| title = Alvar Appeltofft Memorial Foundation}}</ref>


===UK===
===UK===
SF fandom in the UK has close ties with that in the US. In the UK there are multiple conventions. The largest regular convention for literary SF (book-focused) fandom is the British National convention or [[Eastercon]]. Strangely enough this is held over the Easter weekend. Committee membership and location changes year-to-year. The license to use the Eastercon name for a year is awarded by votes of the business meeting of the Eastercon two years previously. There are a variety of other local or intermittent conventions run by fandom, such as the series of Mexicons that ran from 1984 to 1994.


SF fandom in the UK has close ties with that in the USA. In the UK there are multiple conventions. The largest regular convention for Literary SF (Book focused) fandom is the British National convention or Eastercon. Strangely enough this is held over the Easter weekend. Committee membership and location changes year-to-year. The license to use the Eastercon name for a year is awarded by votes of the business meeting of the Eastercon two years previously. There are substantially larger events run by UK Media Fandom and commercial organisations also run Gate Shows (for-profit operations with paid staff.) The UK has also hosted the Worldcon several times, most recently in 2014. News of UK events appears in the fanzine Ansible produced by David Langford each month.
There are substantially larger events run by UK media fandom and commercial organisations also run "gate shows" (for-profit operations with paid staff.) The UK has also hosted the Worldcon several times, most recently in 2014. News of UK events appears in the fanzine ''[[Ansible]]'' produced by [[David Langford]] each month.


=== Italy ===
===Italy===
The beginning of an Italian science fiction fandom can be located between the late 1950s and early 1960s, when magazines such as ''Oltre il Cielo'' and ''Futuro'' started to publish readers’ letters and promote correspondences and the setting-up of clubs in various cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|date=2016-01-01|title=Electric hive minds: Italian science fiction fandom in the Digital Age|journal=Journal of Romance Studies|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.3828/jrs.2016.160107|issn=1473-3536|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3604988}}</ref> Among the first fanzines, ''Futuria Fantasia'' was cyclostyled in Milan in 1963 by Luigi Cozzi (later to become a filmmaker), its title paid homage to Ray Bradbury's fanzine by the same name; ''L’Aspidistra'', edited by Riccardo Leveghi in Trento starting in 1965 featured contributions by Gianfranco de Turris, Gian Luigi Staffilano, and Sebastiano Fusco, future editors of professional magazines and book series; also Luigi Naviglio, editor in 1965 of the fanzine ''Nuovi Orizzonti'', was soon to become a writer for ''I Romanzi del Cosmo''. During subsequent years fanzines continued to function as training grounds for future editors and writers, and the general trend was towards improved quality and life expectancy (e.g. ''The Time Machine'' run for 50 issues starting in 1975, ''Intercom'' for 149 issues between 1979 and 1999, before its migration to the web as an e-zine until 2003, then as a website).<ref name=":0" />
The beginning of an Italian science fiction fandom can be located between the late 1950s and early 1960s, when magazines such as ''Oltre il Cielo'' and ''Futuro'' started to publish readers’ letters and promote correspondences and the setting-up of clubs in various cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Iannuzzi|first=Giulia|date=2016-01-01|title=Electric hive minds: Italian science fiction fandom in the Digital Age|journal=Journal of Romance Studies|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.3828/jrs.2016.160107|hdl=11368/2943224 |issn=1473-3536|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3604988|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Among the first fanzines, ''Futuria Fantasia'' was cyclostyled in Milan in 1963 by Luigi Cozzi (later to become a filmmaker), its title paid homage to Ray Bradbury's fanzine by the same name; ''L’Aspidistra'', edited by Riccardo Leveghi in Trento starting in 1965 featured contributions by Gianfranco de Turris, Gian Luigi Staffilano, and Sebastiano Fusco, future editors of professional magazines and book series; also Luigi Naviglio, editor in 1965 of the fanzine ''Nuovi Orizzonti'', was soon to become a writer for ''I Romanzi del Cosmo''. During subsequent years fanzines continued to function as training grounds for future editors and writers, and the general trend was towards improved quality and life expectancy (e.g. ''The Time Machine'' run for 50 issues starting in 1975, ''Intercom'' for 149 issues between 1979 and 1999, before its migration to the web as an e-zine until 2003, then as a website).<ref name=":0" />


In 1963 the first Trieste Festival of Science Fiction Cinema took place, anticipating the first conventions as an opportunity for a nationwide social gathering. Informal meetings were organized in Milan, Turin and Carrara between 1965 and 1967. In 1972, the first European convention, Eurocon, was organized in Trieste, during which an Italia Award was also created. Eurocon was back in Italy in 1980 and 2009 (in 1989 a Eurocon was held in San Marino).
In 1963, the first Trieste Festival of Science Fiction Cinema took place, anticipating the first conventions as an opportunity for a nationwide social gathering. Informal meetings were organized in Milan, Turin and Carrara between 1965 and 1967. In 1972, the first European convention, Eurocon, was organized in Trieste, during which an Italia Award was also created. Eurocon was back in Italy in 1980 and 2009 (in 1989 a Eurocon was held in San Marino).


Since its foundation in 2013, the association ''World SF Italia'' coordinates the organization the annual national convention (Italcon) and awards (Premio Italia – with thirty- two categories across media – and Premio Vegetti – best Italian novel and essay).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/italy|title=Culture : Italy : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia|last1=Iannuzzi|first1=Giulia|last2=Pagetti|first2=Carlo|website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
Since its foundation in 2013, the association ''World SF Italia'' coordinates the organization the annual national convention (Italcon) and awards (Premio Italia – with thirty- two categories across media – and Premio Vegetti – best Italian novel and essay).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/italy|title=Culture : Italy : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia|last1=Iannuzzi|first1=Giulia|last2=Pagetti|first2=Carlo|website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
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Since the late 1930s, SF fans have organized [[science-fiction convention|conventions]], non-profit gatherings where the fans (some of whom are also professionals in the field) meet to discuss SF and generally enjoy themselves. (A few fannish couples have held their weddings at conventions.) The [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] or [[Worldcon]] was held in conjunction with the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], and has been held annually since the end of [[World War II]]. Worldcon has been the premier convention in fandom for over half a century; it is at this convention that the [[Hugo Award]]s are bestowed, and attendance can approach 8,000 or more.
Since the late 1930s, SF fans have organized [[science-fiction convention|conventions]], non-profit gatherings where the fans (some of whom are also professionals in the field) meet to discuss SF and generally enjoy themselves. (A few fannish couples have held their weddings at conventions.) The [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]] or [[Worldcon]] was held in conjunction with the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], and has been held annually since the end of [[World War II]]. Worldcon has been the premier convention in fandom for over half a century; it is at this convention that the [[Hugo Award]]s are bestowed, and attendance can approach 8,000 or more.


SF writer [[Cory Doctorow]] calls science fiction "perhaps the most social of all literary genres", and states, "Science fiction is driven by organized fandom, volunteers who put on hundreds of literary conventions in every corner of the globe, every weekend of the year."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/11/30/cory-doctorow-copyright-tech-media_cz_cd_books06_1201doctorow.html | work=Forbes | title=Giving It Away | date=December 1, 2006}}</ref>
SF writer [[Cory Doctorow]] calls science fiction "perhaps the most social of all literary genres", and states, "Science fiction is driven by organized fandom, volunteers who put on hundreds of literary conventions in every corner of the globe, every weekend of the year."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/11/30/cory-doctorow-copyright-tech-media_cz_cd_books06_1201doctorow.html | work=Forbes | title=Giving It Away | date=1 December 2006}}</ref>


SF conventions can vary from minimalist "relaxacons" with a hundred or so attendees to heavily programmed events with four to six or more simultaneous tracks of programming, such as [[WisCon]] and Worldcons.
SF conventions can vary from minimalist "relaxacons" with a hundred or so attendees to heavily programmed events with four to six or more simultaneous tracks of programming, such as [[WisCon]] and Worldcons.
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Science-fiction societies, more commonly referred to as "clubs" except on the most formal of occasions, form a year-round base of activities for science-fiction fans. They are often associated with an SF convention or group of conventions, but maintain a separate existence as cultural institutions within specific geographic regions. Several have purchased property and maintain ongoing collections of SF literature available for research, as in the case of the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]], the [[New England Science Fiction Association]], and the [[Baltimore Science Fiction Society]]. Other SF Societies maintain a more informal existence, meeting at general public facilities or the homes of individual members, such as the [[Bay Area Science Fiction Association]].
Science-fiction societies, more commonly referred to as "clubs" except on the most formal of occasions, form a year-round base of activities for science-fiction fans. They are often associated with an SF convention or group of conventions, but maintain a separate existence as cultural institutions within specific geographic regions. Several have purchased property and maintain ongoing collections of SF literature available for research, as in the case of the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]], the [[New England Science Fiction Association]], and the [[Baltimore Science Fiction Society]]. Other SF Societies maintain a more informal existence, meeting at general public facilities or the homes of individual members, such as the [[Bay Area Science Fiction Association]].


== Offshoots and subcommunities ==
==Offshoots and subcommunities==
{{One source section
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[[File:Star Wars Celebration IV - The 501st legion guards the Obi-Wan bust I won as sculptor Lawrence Noble returns it to the booth (4878296123).jpg|thumb|The [[501st legion]] guards an [[Obi-Wan]] bust at [[Star Wars Celebration#Celebration IV|''Star Wars'' Celebration IV]].]]
| date = December 2021
⚫
As a community devoted to discussion and exploration of new ideas, fandom has become an incubator for many groups that started out as special interests within fandom, some of which have partially separated into independent intentional communities not directly associated with science fiction. Among these groups are [[comic-book]] fandom, [[media fandom]], the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]], [[gamer|gaming]], and [[furry fandom]],<ref name="furry">{{cite book|last=Patten|first=Fred|year=2006|title=Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction|publisher=ibooks}}</ref> sometimes referred to collectively as "fringe fandoms" with the implication that the original fandom centered on science-fiction texts (magazines and later books and fanzines) is the "true" or "core" fandom. Fandom also welcomes and shares interest with other groups including [[LGBT]] communities, [[libertarians]], [[neo-paganism|neo-pagans]], and space activist groups like the [[L5 Society]], among many others. Some groups exist almost entirely within fandom but are distinct and cohesive subcultures in their own rights, such as [[filkers]], [[costuming|costumers]], and convention runners (sometimes called "[[SMOF]]s").
⚫
}}[[File:Star Wars Celebration IV - The 501st legion guards the Obi-Wan bust I won as sculptor Lawrence Noble returns it to the booth (4878296123).jpg|thumb|The [[501st legion]] guards an [[Obi-Wan Kenobi|Obi-Wan]] bust at [[Star Wars Celebration#Celebration IV|''Star Wars'' Celebration IV]].]]
⚫
As a community devoted to discussion and exploration of new ideas, fandom has become an incubator for many groups that started out as special interests within fandom, some of which have partially separated into independent intentional communities not directly associated with science fiction. Among these groups are [[comic book]] fandom, [[media fandom]], the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]], [[gamer|gaming]], and [[furry fandom]],<ref name="furry">{{cite book|last=Patten|first=Fred|year=2006|title=Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction|publisher=ibooks}}</ref> sometimes referred to collectively as "fringe fandoms" with the implication that the original fandom centered on science-fiction texts (magazines and later books and fanzines) is the "true" or "core" fandom. Fandom also welcomes and shares interest with other groups including [[LGBT]] communities, [[libertarians]], [[neo-paganism|neo-pagans]], and space activist groups like the [[L5 Society]], among many others. Some groups exist almost entirely within fandom but are distinct and cohesive subcultures in their own rights, such as [[filkers]], [[costuming|costumers]], and convention runners (sometimes called "[[SMOF]]s").


Fandom encompasses subsets of fans that are principally interested in a single writer or subgenre, such as [[Tolkien fandom]], and [[:Category:Star Trek fandom|''Star Trek'' fandom]] ("[[Trekkie]]s"). Even short-lived television series may have dedicated followings, such as the fans of [[Joss Whedon]]'s [[Firefly (TV series)|''Firefly'']] television series and movie ''[[Serenity (2005 film)|Serenity]]'', known as [[Browncoat]]s.
Fandom encompasses subsets of fans that are principally interested in a single writer or subgenre, such as [[Tolkien fandom]], and [[:Category:Star Trek fandom|''Star Trek'' fandom]] ("[[Trekkie]]s"). Even short-lived television series may have dedicated followings, such as the fans of [[Joss Whedon]]'s ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' television series and movie ''[[Serenity (2005 film)|Serenity]]'', known as [[Browncoat]]s.


Participation in science fiction fandom often overlaps with other similar interests, such as fantasy [[role-playing games]], [[comic book]]s and [[anime]], and in the broadest sense fans of these activities are felt to be part of the greater community of SF fandom.
Participation in science fiction fandom often overlaps with other similar interests, such as fantasy [[role-playing games]], [[comic book]]s and [[anime]], and in the broadest sense fans of these activities are felt to be part of the greater community of SF fandom.


There are active SF fandoms around the world. Fandom in non-Anglophone countries is based partially on local literature and media, with cons and other elements resembling those of English-speaking fandom, but with distinguishing local features. For example, [[Finland]]'s national gathering [[Finncon]] is funded by the government, while all conventions and fan activities in [[Japan]] are heavily influenced by anime and [[manga]].
There are active SF fandoms around the world. Fandom in non-Anglophone countries is based partially on local literature and media, with cons and other elements resembling those of English-speaking fandom, but with distinguishing local features. For example, [[Finland]]'s national gathering [[Finncon]] is funded by the government, while all conventions and fan activities in [[Japan]] are heavily influenced by anime and [[manga]].


==Fanspeak==
==Fanspeak==
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|text=See the [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Fanspeak|Fanspeak appendix]] in [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary
|text=See the [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Fanspeak|Fanspeak appendix]] in [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary
}}
}}
Science fiction and [[fantasy fandom]] has its own [[slang]] or [[jargon]], sometimes called "fanspeak" (the term has been in use since at least 1962<ref>[http://fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/FandBook/FandBook.html Franson, Donald. "A Key to the Terminology of Science-Fiction Fandom"] [[National Fantasy Fan Federation]], 1962</ref>).
Science fiction and [[fantasy fandom]] has its own [[slang]] or [[jargon]], sometimes called "fanspeak" (the term has been in use since at least 1962<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Key to the Terminology of Science-Fiction Fandom by D. Franson|url=https://fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/FandBook/FandBook.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=fanac.org}}</ref>).


Fanspeak is made up of [[acronym]]s, blended words, obscure in-jokes, and standard terms used in specific ways. Some terms used in fanspeak have spread to members of the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] ("Scadians"), [[Renaissance Fair]] participants ("Rennies"), [[hacktivists]], and [[internet]] [[Video game|gaming]] and [[Online chat|chat]] fans, due to the social and contextual intersection between the communities. Examples of fanspeak used in these broader fannish communities include '''gafiate''', a term meaning to drop out of SF related community activities, with the implication to [[Get a life (idiom)|Get A Life]]. The word is derived via the [[acronym]] for "get away from it all". A related term is '''fafiate''', for "forced away from it all". The implication is that one would really rather still be involved in fandom, but circumstances make it impossible.
Fanspeak is made up of [[acronym]]s, blended words, obscure in-jokes, and standard terms used in specific ways. Some terms used in fanspeak have spread to members of the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] ("Scadians"), [[Renaissance Fair]] participants ("Rennies"), [[hacktivists]], and [[internet]] [[Video game|gaming]] and [[Online chat|chat]] fans, due to the social and contextual intersection between the communities. Examples of fanspeak used in these broader fannish communities include '''gafiate''', a term meaning to drop out of SF related community activities, with the implication to [[Get a life (idiom)|Get A Life]]. The word is derived via the [[acronym]] for "get away from it all". A related term is '''fafiate''', for "forced away from it all". The implication is that one would really rather still be involved in fandom, but circumstances make it impossible.
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==In fiction==
==In fiction==
As science fiction fans became professional writers, they started slipping the names of their friends into stories. [[Wilson Tucker|Wilson "Bob" Tucker]] slipped so many of his fellow fans and authors into his works that doing so is called [[tuckerization]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/bravenewwordsoxf00pruc|url-access=registration|author=Jeff Prucher|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bravenewwordsoxf00pruc/page/342 342]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-530567-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baen|first=Jim|title=The Tucker Circle|url=http://www.baensuniverse.com/tucker.html|work=Jim Baen's Universe|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512062621/http://www.baensuniverse.com/tucker.html|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>
As science fiction fans became professional writers, they started slipping the names of their friends into stories. [[Wilson Tucker (writer)|Wilson "Bob" Tucker]] slipped so many of his fellow fans and authors into his works that doing so is called [[tuckerization]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Prucher |first=Jeff |title=[[Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-530567-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bravenewwordsoxf00pruc/page/342 342]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baen|first=Jim|title=The Tucker Circle|url=http://www.baensuniverse.com/tucker.html|work=Jim Baen's Universe|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512062621/http://www.baensuniverse.com/tucker.html|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>


The subgenre of "[[self-reference#In popular culture|recursive]] science fiction" has a fan-maintained bibliography at the New England Science Fiction Association's website; some of it is about science fiction fandom, some not.<ref>[http://www.nesfa.org/Recursion/index.htm "Recursive Science Fiction"] New England Science Fiction Association; last updated 3 August 2008</ref>
The subgenre of "[[self-reference#In popular culture|recursive]] science fiction" has a fan-maintained bibliography at the New England Science Fiction Association's website; some of it is about science fiction fandom, some not.<ref>[http://www.nesfa.org/Recursion/index.htm "Recursive Science Fiction"] New England Science Fiction Association; last updated 3 August 2008</ref>


In [[Robert Bloch]]'s 1956 short story, "A Way Of Life",<ref>[http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/b/robert-bloch/ fantasticfiction.co.uk]</ref> science-fiction fandom is the only institution to survive a [[nuclear holocaust]] and eventually becomes the basis for the reconstitution of civilization. The science-fiction novel ''Gather in the Hall of the Planets'', by K.M. O'Donnell (aka [[Barry Malzberg]]), 1971, takes place at a [[New York City]] science-fiction convention and features broad parodies of many SF fans and authors. A pair of SF novels by [[Gene DeWeese]] and [[Buck Coulson|Robert "Buck" Coulson]], ''Now You See It/Him/Them'' and ''Charles Fort Never Mentioned Wombats'' are set at Worldcons; the latter includes an [[in-character]] "introduction" by Wilson Tucker (himself a character in the novel) which is a sly self-parody verging on a self-tuckerization.
In [[Robert Bloch]]'s 1956 short story, "A Way Of Life",<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/b/robert-bloch/| title = fantasticfiction.co.uk}}</ref> science-fiction fandom is the only institution to survive a [[nuclear holocaust]] and eventually becomes the basis for the reconstitution of civilization. The science-fiction novel ''Gather in the Hall of the Planets'', by K.M. O'Donnell (aka [[Barry N. Malzberg]]), 1971, takes place at a [[New York City]] science-fiction convention and features broad parodies of many SF fans and authors. A pair of SF novels by [[Gene DeWeese]] and [[Buck Coulson|Robert "Buck" Coulson]], ''Now You See It/Him/Them'' and ''Charles Fort Never Mentioned Wombats'' are set at Worldcons; the latter includes an [[in-character]] "introduction" by Wilson Tucker (himself a character in the novel) which is a sly self-parody verging on a self-tuckerization.


The 1991 SF novel ''[[Fallen Angels (science-fiction novel)|Fallen Angels]]'' by [[Larry Niven]], [[Jerry Pournelle]] and [[Michael Flynn (author)|Michael Flynn]] constitutes a tribute to SF fandom. The story includes a semi-illegal fictional [[Minneapolis]] [[Worldcon]] in a post-disaster world where science, and thus fandom, is disparaged. Many of the characters are barely tuckerized fans, mostly from the [[Greater Los Angeles area]].
The 1991 SF novel ''[[Fallen Angels (science-fiction novel)|Fallen Angels]]'' by [[Larry Niven]], [[Jerry Pournelle]] and [[Michael Flynn (author)|Michael Flynn]] constitutes a tribute to SF fandom. The story includes a semi-illegal fictional [[Minneapolis]] [[Worldcon]] in a post-disaster world where science, and thus fandom, is disparaged. Many of the characters are barely tuckerized fans, mostly from the [[Greater Los Angeles area]].
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In 1994 and 1996, two anthologies of [[alternate history]] science fiction involving World Science Fiction Conventions, titled ''Alternate Worldcons'' and ''Again, Alternate Worldcons'', edited by [[Mike Resnick]] were published.
In 1994 and 1996, two anthologies of [[alternate history]] science fiction involving World Science Fiction Conventions, titled ''Alternate Worldcons'' and ''Again, Alternate Worldcons'', edited by [[Mike Resnick]] were published.


=== Fans are slans ===
===Fans are slans===
[[A.E. van Vogt]]'s 1940 novel ''[[Slan]]'' was about a [[mutant (fiction)|mutant]] variety of humans who are superior to regular humanity and are therefore hunted down and killed by the normal human population. While the story has nothing to do with fandom, many science-fiction fans felt very close to the protagonists, feeling their experience as bright people in a [[mundane]] world mirrored that of the mutants; hence, the rallying cry, "Fans Are Slans!"; and the tradition that a building inhabited primarily by fans can be called a [[slan shack]].
[[A.E. van Vogt]]'s 1940 novel ''[[Slan]]'' was about a [[mutant (fiction)|mutant]] variety of humans who are superior to regular humanity and are therefore hunted down and killed by the normal human population. While the story has nothing to do with fandom, many science-fiction fans felt very close to the protagonists, feeling their experience as bright people in a [[mundane]] world mirrored that of the mutants; hence, the rallying cry, "Fans Are Slans!"; and the tradition that a building inhabited primarily by fans can be called a [[slan shack]].


===Figures in the history of fandom===
===Figures in the history of fandom===
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* [[Steve Green (journalist)|Steve Green]]
* [[Steve Green (journalist)|Steve Green]]
* [[Dean Grennell]]
* [[Dean Grennell]]
<!-- * [[Factsheet Five|Mike Gunderloy]] Removed. Not a significant figure in the history of SF fandom. -->
<!-- * [[Factsheet Five|Mike Gunderloy]] Removed. Not a significant figure in the history of SF fandom. -->
* [[William Hamling (publisher)|William Hamling]]
* [[William Hamling (publisher)|William Hamling]]
* [[Rusty Hevelin]]
* [[Rusty Hevelin]]
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* [[Stieg Larsson]]
* [[Stieg Larsson]]
* [[Robert A. W. Lowndes]]
* [[Robert A. W. Lowndes]]
<!-- * [[TJ Lubinsky]] Removed. Not s significant figure in the history of SF fansom -->
<!-- * [[TJ Lubinsky]] Removed. Not a significant figure in the history of SF fandom -->
* [[Sam Lundwall]]
* [[Sam Lundwall]]
* [[Richard A. Lupoff]]
* [[Richard A. Lupoff]]
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* [[Bob Shaw]]
* [[Bob Shaw]]
* [[Larry Shaw (editor)|Larry Shaw]]
* [[Larry Shaw (editor)|Larry Shaw]]
* [[Clifford Simak]]
* [[Clifford Simak]]
* [[Ken Slater (science fiction)|Ken Slater]]
* [[Ken Slater (science fiction)|Ken Slater]]
* [[Dan Steffan]]
* [[Dan Steffan]]
* [[Steve Stiles]]
* [[Steve Stiles]]
* [[Erwin Strauss]]
* [[Erwin Strauss]]
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* [[Bjo Trimble]]
* [[Bjo Trimble]]
* [[Donald H. Tuck]]
* [[Donald H. Tuck]]
* [[Bob Tucker]]
* [[Wilson Tucker (writer)|Bob Tucker]]
* [[Martin Tudor (science fiction activist)|Martin Tudor]]
* [[Martin Tudor (science fiction activist)|Martin Tudor]]
* [[Harry Warner Jr.]]
* [[Harry Warner Jr.]]
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}}
}}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Routledge
| publisher = Routledge
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* ''All Our Yesterdays'' by Harry Warner Jr. (1969)
* ''All Our Yesterdays'' by Harry Warner Jr. (1969)
* ''The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom'' by Sam Moskowitz. Hyperion Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-88355-131-4}} (original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954)
* ''The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom'' by Sam Moskowitz. Hyperion Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-88355-131-4}} (original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954)
* Hansen, Rob THEN Science Fiction Fandom in the U (Ansible Editions, 2016)K: 1930-1980
* Hansen, Rob THEN Science Fiction Fandom in the U (Ansible Editions, 2016)K: 1930–1980


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.efanzines.com/ eFanzines - SF fanzines and other fannish projects]
* [http://www.efanzines.com/ eFanzines – SF fanzines and other fannish projects]
* [http://trufen.net/ Trufen.net, dedicated to "conversations between science fiction fans on all subjects"]
* [http://trufen.net/ Trufen.net, dedicated to "conversations between science fiction fans on all subjects"]
* [http://www.fanac.org/ The Fanac fan history project]
* [http://www.fanac.org/ The Fanac fan history project]
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* [http://www.gostak.demon.co.uk/mhindex.htm Fanzine Bibliography]
* [http://www.gostak.demon.co.uk/mhindex.htm Fanzine Bibliography]
* [http://www.trivium.net/womenshistorymonth/resources/science.htm "The Women Were Always There: The Obligatory History Lesson"]
* [http://www.trivium.net/womenshistorymonth/resources/science.htm "The Women Were Always There: The Obligatory History Lesson"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822004910/http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/SF-Archives/Then/Index.html ''THEN: A History of UK Fandom 1930-80''] by Rob Hansen
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822004910/http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/SF-Archives/Then/Index.html ''THEN: A History of UK Fandom 1930–80''] by Rob Hansen
* [http://www.efanzines.com/NeofansGuide1/index.htm ''The Neo-Fan's Guide''] (1955) edited by [[Wilson Tucker|Bob Tucker]]
* [http://www.efanzines.com/NeofansGuide1/index.htm ''The Neo-Fan's Guide''] (1955) edited by [[Wilson Tucker (writer)|Bob Tucker]]
* {{curlie|Arts/Genres/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy/Fandom|Science fiction and fantasy fandom}}
* {{curlie|Arts/Genres/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy/Fandom|Science fiction and fantasy fandom}}
* [http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/who/ Who's Who in SF Fandom]
* [http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/who/ Who's Who in SF Fandom]
* [http://thevoicesoffandom.com ''The Voices Of Fandom - Rare Historic & New Recordings from the World of SF Fandom'']
* [http://thevoicesoffandom.com ''The Voices Of Fandom – Rare Historic & New Recordings from the World of SF Fandom'']
* [http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/author_list.html#kyle Articles from ''Mimosa'' by David Kyle about old Fandom]
* [http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/author_list.html#kyle Articles from ''Mimosa'' by David Kyle about old Fandom]
* [http://ansible.uk/ David Langford Home Page]
* [http://ansible.uk/ David Langford Home Page]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Science Fiction Fandom}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Science Fiction Fandom}}
[[Category:Science fiction fandom| ]]
[[Category:Science fiction fandom| ]]
[[Category:Nerd culture]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 17 July 2024

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Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although formal clubs such as the Futurians (1937–1945) and the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society (1934–present) are recognized examples of organized fandom).

Most often called simply "fandom" within the community, it can be viewed as a distinct subculture,[1] with its own literature and jargon; marriages and other relationships among fans are common, as are multi-generational fan families.

Origins and history

[edit]
Banquet at the 14th World Science Fiction Convention in New York City in 1956
Audience waiting for the Hugo Award ceremony at the 75th World Science Fiction Convention in Helsinki, Finland in 2017

Science fiction fandom started through the letter column of Hugo Gernsback's fiction magazines. Not only did fans write comments about the stories—they sent their addresses, and Gernsback published them. Soon, fans were writing letters directly to each other, and meeting in person when they lived close together, or when one of them could manage a trip. In New York City, David Lasser, Gernsback's managing editor, nurtured the birth of a small local club called the Scienceers, which held its first meeting in a Harlem apartment on 11 December 1929. Almost all the members were adolescent boys.[2] Around this time a few other small local groups began to spring up in metropolitan areas around the United States, many of them connecting with fellow enthusiasts via the Science Correspondence Club. In May 1930 the first science-fiction fan magazine, The Comet, was produced by the Chicago branch of the Science Correspondence Club under the editorship of Raymond A. Palmer (later a noted, and notorious, sf magazine editor) and Walter Dennis.[3] In January 1932, the New York City circle, which by then included future comic-book editors Julius Schwartz and Mort Weisinger, brought out the first issue of their own publication, The Time Traveller, with Forrest J Ackerman of the embryonic Los Angeles group as a contributing editor.

In 1934, Gernsback established a correspondence club for fans called the Science Fiction League, the first fannish organization. Local groups across the nation could join by filling out an application. A number of clubs came into being around this time. LASFS (the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society) was founded at this time as a local branch of the SFL, while several competing local branches sprang up in New York City and immediately began feuding among themselves.

In 1935, PSFS (the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, 1935–present) was formed. The next year, half a dozen fans from NYC came to Philadelphia to meet with the PSFS members, as the first Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference, which some claim as the world's first science fiction convention.

Soon after the fans started to communicate directly with each other came the creation of science fiction fanzines. These amateur publications might or might not discuss science fiction and were generally traded rather than sold. They ranged from the utilitarian or inept to professional-quality printing and editing. In recent years, Usenet newsgroups such as rec.arts.sf.fandom,[4] websites and blogs have somewhat supplanted printed fanzines as an outlet for expression in fandom, though many popular fanzines continue to be published. Science-fiction fans have been among the first users of computers, email, personal computers and the Internet.

Many professional science fiction authors started their interest in science fiction as fans, and some still publish their own fanzines or contribute to those published by others.

A widely regarded (though by no means error-free) history of fandom in the 1930s can be found in Sam Moskowitz's The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom (Hyperion Press, 1988, ISBN 0-88355-131-4; original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954). Moskowitz was himself involved in some of the incidents chronicled and has his own point of view, which has often been criticized.

By country

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]

Organized fandom in Sweden ("Sverifandom") emerged during the early 1950s. The first Swedish science fiction fanzine was started in the early 1950s. The oldest still existing club, Club Cosmos [sv] in Gothenburg, was formed in 1954,[5] and the first Swedish science-fiction convention, LunCon, was held in Lund in 1956.

Today, there are a number of science fiction clubs in the country, including Scandinavian Society for Science Fiction [sv] (whose club fanzine, Science Fiction Forum, was once edited by Stieg Larsson, a board member and one-time chairman thereof), Linköpings Science Fiction-Förening and Sigma Terra Corps. Between one and four science-fiction conventions are held each year in Sweden, among them Swecon, the annual national Swedish con. An annual prize is awarded to someone that has contributed to the national fandom by the Alvar Appeltoffts Memorial Prize [sv] Fund.[6][7]

UK

[edit]

SF fandom in the UK has close ties with that in the US. In the UK there are multiple conventions. The largest regular convention for literary SF (book-focused) fandom is the British National convention or Eastercon. Strangely enough this is held over the Easter weekend. Committee membership and location changes year-to-year. The license to use the Eastercon name for a year is awarded by votes of the business meeting of the Eastercon two years previously. There are a variety of other local or intermittent conventions run by fandom, such as the series of Mexicons that ran from 1984 to 1994.

There are substantially larger events run by UK media fandom and commercial organisations also run "gate shows" (for-profit operations with paid staff.) The UK has also hosted the Worldcon several times, most recently in 2014. News of UK events appears in the fanzine Ansible produced by David Langford each month.

Italy

[edit]

The beginning of an Italian science fiction fandom can be located between the late 1950s and early 1960s, when magazines such as Oltre il Cielo and Futuro started to publish readers’ letters and promote correspondences and the setting-up of clubs in various cities.[8] Among the first fanzines, Futuria Fantasia was cyclostyled in Milan in 1963 by Luigi Cozzi (later to become a filmmaker), its title paid homage to Ray Bradbury's fanzine by the same name; L’Aspidistra, edited by Riccardo Leveghi in Trento starting in 1965 featured contributions by Gianfranco de Turris, Gian Luigi Staffilano, and Sebastiano Fusco, future editors of professional magazines and book series; also Luigi Naviglio, editor in 1965 of the fanzine Nuovi Orizzonti, was soon to become a writer for I Romanzi del Cosmo. During subsequent years fanzines continued to function as training grounds for future editors and writers, and the general trend was towards improved quality and life expectancy (e.g. The Time Machine run for 50 issues starting in 1975, Intercom for 149 issues between 1979 and 1999, before its migration to the web as an e-zine until 2003, then as a website).[8]

In 1963, the first Trieste Festival of Science Fiction Cinema took place, anticipating the first conventions as an opportunity for a nationwide social gathering. Informal meetings were organized in Milan, Turin and Carrara between 1965 and 1967. In 1972, the first European convention, Eurocon, was organized in Trieste, during which an Italia Award was also created. Eurocon was back in Italy in 1980 and 2009 (in 1989 a Eurocon was held in San Marino).

Since its foundation in 2013, the association World SF Italia coordinates the organization the annual national convention (Italcon) and awards (Premio Italia – with thirty- two categories across media – and Premio Vegetti – best Italian novel and essay).[8][9]

Conventions

[edit]
Main article: Science-fiction convention

Since the late 1930s, SF fans have organized conventions, non-profit gatherings where the fans (some of whom are also professionals in the field) meet to discuss SF and generally enjoy themselves. (A few fannish couples have held their weddings at conventions.) The 1st World Science Fiction Convention or Worldcon was held in conjunction with the 1939 New York World's Fair, and has been held annually since the end of World War II. Worldcon has been the premier convention in fandom for over half a century; it is at this convention that the Hugo Awards are bestowed, and attendance can approach 8,000 or more.

SF writer Cory Doctorow calls science fiction "perhaps the most social of all literary genres", and states, "Science fiction is driven by organized fandom, volunteers who put on hundreds of literary conventions in every corner of the globe, every weekend of the year."[10]

SF conventions can vary from minimalist "relaxacons" with a hundred or so attendees to heavily programmed events with four to six or more simultaneous tracks of programming, such as WisCon and Worldcons.

Commercial shows dealing with SF-related fields are sometimes billed as 'science fiction conventions,' but are operated as for-profit ventures, with an orientation towards passive spectators, rather than involved fans, and a tendency to neglect or ignore written SF in favor of television, film, comics, video games, etc. One of the largest of these is the annual Dragon*Con in Atlanta, Georgia with an attendance of more than 20,000 since 2000.

Science-fiction societies

[edit]
See also: Category:Science fiction organizations

In the United States, many science-fiction societies were launched as chapters of the Science Fiction League and, when it faded into history, several of the original League chapters remained viable and were subsequently incorporated as independent organizations. Most notable among the former League chapters which were spun off was the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, which served as a model for subsequent SF societies formed independent of the League history.

Science-fiction societies, more commonly referred to as "clubs" except on the most formal of occasions, form a year-round base of activities for science-fiction fans. They are often associated with an SF convention or group of conventions, but maintain a separate existence as cultural institutions within specific geographic regions. Several have purchased property and maintain ongoing collections of SF literature available for research, as in the case of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, the New England Science Fiction Association, and the Baltimore Science Fiction Society. Other SF Societies maintain a more informal existence, meeting at general public facilities or the homes of individual members, such as the Bay Area Science Fiction Association.

Offshoots and subcommunities

[edit]
The 501st legion guards an Obi-Wan bust at Star Wars Celebration IV.

As a community devoted to discussion and exploration of new ideas, fandom has become an incubator for many groups that started out as special interests within fandom, some of which have partially separated into independent intentional communities not directly associated with science fiction. Among these groups are comic book fandom, media fandom, the Society for Creative Anachronism, gaming, and furry fandom,[11] sometimes referred to collectively as "fringe fandoms" with the implication that the original fandom centered on science-fiction texts (magazines and later books and fanzines) is the "true" or "core" fandom. Fandom also welcomes and shares interest with other groups including LGBT communities, libertarians, neo-pagans, and space activist groups like the L5 Society, among many others. Some groups exist almost entirely within fandom but are distinct and cohesive subcultures in their own rights, such as filkers, costumers, and convention runners (sometimes called "SMOFs").

Fandom encompasses subsets of fans that are principally interested in a single writer or subgenre, such as Tolkien fandom, and Star Trek fandom ("Trekkies"). Even short-lived television series may have dedicated followings, such as the fans of Joss Whedon's Firefly television series and movie Serenity, known as Browncoats.

Participation in science fiction fandom often overlaps with other similar interests, such as fantasy role-playing games, comic books and anime, and in the broadest sense fans of these activities are felt to be part of the greater community of SF fandom.

There are active SF fandoms around the world. Fandom in non-Anglophone countries is based partially on local literature and media, with cons and other elements resembling those of English-speaking fandom, but with distinguishing local features. For example, Finland's national gathering Finncon is funded by the government, while all conventions and fan activities in Japan are heavily influenced by anime and manga.

Fanspeak

[edit]
Main article: Fanspeak
See the Fanspeak appendix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Science fiction and fantasy fandom has its own slang or jargon, sometimes called "fanspeak" (the term has been in use since at least 1962[12]).

Fanspeak is made up of acronyms, blended words, obscure in-jokes, and standard terms used in specific ways. Some terms used in fanspeak have spread to members of the Society for Creative Anachronism ("Scadians"), Renaissance Fair participants ("Rennies"), hacktivists, and internet gaming and chat fans, due to the social and contextual intersection between the communities. Examples of fanspeak used in these broader fannish communities include gafiate, a term meaning to drop out of SF related community activities, with the implication to Get A Life. The word is derived via the acronym for "get away from it all". A related term is fafiate, for "forced away from it all". The implication is that one would really rather still be involved in fandom, but circumstances make it impossible.

Two other acronyms commonly used in the community are FIAWOL (Fandom Is A Way Of Life) and its opposite FIJAGH (Fandom Is Just A Goddamned Hobby) to describe two ways of looking at the place of fandom in one's life.

Science-fiction fans often refer to themselves using the irregular plural "fen": man/men, fan/fen.

In fiction

[edit]

As science fiction fans became professional writers, they started slipping the names of their friends into stories. Wilson "Bob" Tucker slipped so many of his fellow fans and authors into his works that doing so is called tuckerization.[13][14]

The subgenre of "recursive science fiction" has a fan-maintained bibliography at the New England Science Fiction Association's website; some of it is about science fiction fandom, some not.[15]

In Robert Bloch's 1956 short story, "A Way Of Life",[16] science-fiction fandom is the only institution to survive a nuclear holocaust and eventually becomes the basis for the reconstitution of civilization. The science-fiction novel Gather in the Hall of the Planets, by K.M. O'Donnell (aka Barry N. Malzberg), 1971, takes place at a New York City science-fiction convention and features broad parodies of many SF fans and authors. A pair of SF novels by Gene DeWeese and Robert "Buck" Coulson, Now You See It/Him/Them and Charles Fort Never Mentioned Wombats are set at Worldcons; the latter includes an in-character "introduction" by Wilson Tucker (himself a character in the novel) which is a sly self-parody verging on a self-tuckerization.

The 1991 SF novel Fallen Angels by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Michael Flynn constitutes a tribute to SF fandom. The story includes a semi-illegal fictional Minneapolis Worldcon in a post-disaster world where science, and thus fandom, is disparaged. Many of the characters are barely tuckerized fans, mostly from the Greater Los Angeles area.

Mystery writer Sharyn McCrumb's Bimbos of the Death Sun and Zombies of the Gene Pool are murder mysteries set at a science-fiction convention and within the broader culture of fandom respectively. While containing mostly nasty caricatures of fans and fandom, some fans take them with good humor; others consider them vicious and cruel.

In 1994 and 1996, two anthologies of alternate history science fiction involving World Science Fiction Conventions, titled Alternate Worldcons and Again, Alternate Worldcons, edited by Mike Resnick were published.

Fans are slans

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A.E. van Vogt's 1940 novel Slan was about a mutant variety of humans who are superior to regular humanity and are therefore hunted down and killed by the normal human population. While the story has nothing to do with fandom, many science-fiction fans felt very close to the protagonists, feeling their experience as bright people in a mundane world mirrored that of the mutants; hence, the rallying cry, "Fans Are Slans!"; and the tradition that a building inhabited primarily by fans can be called a slan shack.

Figures in the history of fandom

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bacon-Smith, Camille (2000). Science Fiction Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1530-3.
  2. ^ "Timebinders – History of the Scienceers, the First New York City Science Fiction Club, 1929 – by Allen Glasser". fanac.org. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  3. ^ Moskowitz, Sam; Joe Sanders (1994). "The Origins of Science Fiction Fandom: A Reconstruction". Science Fiction Fandom. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 17–36.
  4. ^ "via Google Groups".
  5. ^ Bengtsson Rylander, Louise [red.] (2014). Science Fiction i Göteborg: 60 år med Club Cosmos. ISBN 978-91-87669-93-4
  6. ^ "Science fiction fandom in Scandinavia".
  7. ^ "Alvar Appeltofft Memorial Foundation".
  8. ^ a b c Iannuzzi, Giulia (1 January 2016). "Electric hive minds: Italian science fiction fandom in the Digital Age". Journal of Romance Studies. 16 (1). doi:10.3828/jrs.2016.160107. hdl:11368/2943224. ISSN 1473-3536.
  9. ^ Iannuzzi, Giulia; Pagetti, Carlo. "Culture : Italy : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  10. ^ "Giving It Away". Forbes. 1 December 2006.
  11. ^ Patten, Fred (2006). Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction. ibooks.
  12. ^ "A Key to the Terminology of Science-Fiction Fandom by D. Franson". fanac.org. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  13. ^ Prucher, Jeff (2007). Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction. Oxford University Press. pp. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-530567-8.
  14. ^ Baen, Jim. "The Tucker Circle". Jim Baen's Universe. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  15. ^ "Recursive Science Fiction" New England Science Fiction Association; last updated 3 August 2008
  16. ^ "fantasticfiction.co.uk".

Further reading

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  • Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Studies in culture and communication. New York: Routledge. pp. 343. ISBN 0-415-90571-0.
  • Kozinets, Robert V. (2007), "Inno-tribes: Star Trek as Wikimedia" in Cova, Bernard, Robert V. Kozinets, and Avi Shankar Consumer Tribes, Oxford and Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 194–211.
  • Kozinets, Robert V. (2001), "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research, 28 (June), 67–88.
  • In Memory Yet Green by Isaac Asimov (1979)
  • The Futurians by Damon Knight (1977)
  • The Way the Future Was by Frederik Pohl (1978)
  • All Our Yesterdays by Harry Warner Jr. (1969)
  • The Immortal Storm: A History of Science Fiction Fandom by Sam Moskowitz. Hyperion Press 1988 ISBN 0-88355-131-4 (original edition The Atlanta Science Fiction Organization Press, Atlanta, Georgia 1954)
  • Hansen, Rob THEN Science Fiction Fandom in the U (Ansible Editions, 2016)K: 1930–1980
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