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Depiction of Manasā, the snake-goddess in 20th century Bengali popular art.

Mangal-Kāvya (Bengali: মঙ্গলকাব্য; lit. "Poems of Benediction") is a group of Bengali religious texts, composed more or less between 13th and 18th centuries, notably consisting of narratives of indigenous deities of rural Bengal in the social scenario of the Middle Ages. The Mangal-Kāvyas usually give prominence to a particular deity amalgamated with a Vedic or Hindu mythological god and the narratives are usually written in the form of verses.

Manasā Mangal, Chandī Mangal and Dharma Mangal, the three major genus of Mangal-Kāvya tradition include the portrayal of the magnitude of Manasā, Chandī and Dharmathakur respectively. They are considered the greatest among all the native divinities in Bengal. But restraining the accounts of other deities, there are also minor Mangal-Kāvyas known as Shivāyana, Kālikā Mangal, Rāya Mangal, Shashtī Mangal, Sītalā Mangal and Kamalā Mangal etc. Each strain is composed by more than one poet or group of poets who are on the whole the worshipper of the god or goddess concerning their verses.

The Mangal-Kāvya tradition is an archetype of the synthesis between the Vedic and the popular folk culture of India. Lila Ray elaborates, "Indigenous myths and legends inherited from Indo-Aryan cultures began to blend and crystallise around popular deities and semi-mythological figures in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A new cosmogony was evolved, which is different from Sanskrit tradition but has an unmistakable affinity with the cosmogonic hymns in the Rigveda and the Polynesian myth of creation".^[1]

Etymology

The word Mangal-Kāvya comes out as an amalgamation of the two Bengali Sanskritisms, Mangal (Benediction) and Kavya (Poems). These are so named because it was believed that listening to these verses concerning the auspicious divinities would bring both spiritual and material benefits. Though some scholars of the early modern period tried to find out any other significance of the word Mangal that was frequently used in the medieval Bengali literature irrespective of any designated tradition. But all these speculations are now firmly discarded by the recent school of intellectuals.

Listening to them was said to bring spiritual and material benefits ("mangal").^[2]
They were sung in the Mangal raga.
They were read out in rituals extending from one "Mangalbar" (Tuesday) to the next.

Poems

Mangalkavya were used to describe the greatness of particular Hindu deities known as "nimnokoti" (roughly translating as lower) by historians, because they were absent or unimportant in classical Hindu literature such as the Vedas or Puranas. These deities were based on indigenous to Bengal (like Manasa) who had become assimilated in regional Hinduism. These deities are often depicted with unusually strong human qualities and they engage in direct interaction with humans. They are also portrayed to have flaws such as envy like other human beings.

In the time period when they were produced, Mangalkavya was the representation of nearly all medieval Bengali literature. Mangalkavya was the main form of expression in the Later Middle Period of the language.^[3]

Construction

Mangalkavyas were composed of four parts: the Vandana, the Reasoning, the Devakhanda, and the Narakhanda.^{[citation needed]}

Characteristics

Mangals are usually similar in form though variant in length. They are written for the most part in the simple payar meter, a couplet form with the rhyme scheme AA BB which is considered an appropriate form for oral literature.^[4]

Usage

They are often recited at the festivals of the deities mentioned in the kavya. The popular ones are sung to entertain village audiences as Bhajans. Many variants exist, since singers may change the verses. Most are written in simple couplets, using earthy imagery drawn from simple objects like: village, field, and river.^[5]

Effects

The spread of Mangalkavya increased throughout Bengal around the late 18th century. It has been documented in the city of Majilpur that the number of Shiva mandirs increased tremendously after Mangalkavya began being composed in the vicinity^[6]

Kavya

The main Mangalkavyas include Manasamangalkavya, Chandimangalkavya, Dharmamangalkavya and Annadamangalkavya, with Manasamangal being the most famous. It is widely considered to be one of the most important works ever of Bengali literature and references to stories of Manasamangal abound in literature even to this day because of their highly symbolic value. There are also other minor Mangalkavyas such as Raimangalkavya in the Sundarban region.

References

^ p.145, Bengali Literature, Annada Shankar Ray and Lila Ray, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Kolkata
^ Bhowmik, Dulal (2012). "Mangalkavya". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ Bengali Language: A Brief Introduction Archived 11 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine – i3pep.org
^ mangal-kavya Archived 18 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Mangal-kavya Archived 17 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine - Answers.com
^ 24 Parganas - Page 6 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine HinduBooks

[1] .145, Bengali Literature, Annada Shankar Ray and Lila Ray, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Kolkata

[Banglapedia-2] Bhowmik, Dulal (2012). "Mangalkavya". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.

[i3pep-3] Bengali Language: A Brief Introduction Archived 11 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine – i3pep.org

[4] -kavya Archived 18 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Encyclopædia Britannica

[5] Mangal-kavya Archived 17 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine - Answers.com

[6] 24 Parganas - Page 6 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine HinduBooks

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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+{{short description|Group of Bengali Hindu religious texts}}
+{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
 [[Image:Manasa-popular.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Depiction of [[Manasa|Manasā]], the snake-goddess in 20th century [[Bengali people|Bengali]] popular art.]]
 {{Culture of Bengal}}
-'''Mangal-Kāvya''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মঙ্গলকাব্য, "Poems of Benediction") is a group of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Hindu]] religious texts, composed more or less between 13th Century and 18th Century, notably consisting of narratives of indigenous deities of rural [[Bengal]] in the social scenario of the Middle Ages. The '''Mangal-Kāvyas''' usually give prominence to a particular deity amalgamated with a [[Vedic]] or Hindu mythological god and the narratives are usually written in the form of verses.
+'''Mangal-Kāvya''' ({{lang-bn|মঙ্গলকাব্য}}; ''[[Literal translation|lit.]]'' "Poems of Benediction") is a group of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] religious texts, composed more or less between 13th and 18th centuries, notably consisting of narratives of indigenous deities of rural [[Bengal]] in the social scenario of the Middle Ages. The '''Mangal-Kāvyas''' usually give prominence to a particular deity amalgamated with a [[Vedic]] or Hindu mythological god and the narratives are usually written in the form of verses.
 ''Manasā Mangal'', ''Chandī Mangal'' and ''Dharma Mangal'', the three major genus of '''Mangal-Kāvya''' tradition include the portrayal of the magnitude of [[Manasa|Manasā]], [[Chandi|Chandī]] and [[Dharmathakur]] respectively. They are considered the greatest among all the native divinities in Bengal. But restraining the accounts of other deities, there are also minor Mangal-Kāvyas known as ''Shivāyana'', ''Kālikā Mangal'', ''Rāya Mangal'', ''Shashtī Mangal'', ''Sītalā Mangal'' and ''Kamalā Mangal'' etc. Each strain is composed by more than one poet or group of poets who are on the whole the worshipper of the god or goddess concerning their verses.
-The Mangal-Kāvya tradition is an archetype of the synthesis between the Vedic and the popular folk culture of [[India]]. Lila Ray elaborates, “Indigenous myths and legends inherited from Indo-Aryan cultures began to blend and crystallise around popular deities and semi-mythological figures in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A new cosmogony was evolved, which is different from Sanskrit tradition but has an unmistakable affinity with the cosmogonic hymns in [[Rigveda]] and the Polynesian myth of creation.” <ref>p.145, Bengali Literature, Annada Shankar Ray and Lila Ray, [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], [[Kolkata]]</ref>
+The Mangal-Kāvya tradition is an archetype of the synthesis between the Vedic and the popular folk culture of [[India]]. Lila Ray elaborates, "Indigenous myths and legends inherited from Indo-Aryan cultures began to blend and crystallise around popular deities and semi-mythological figures in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A new cosmogony was evolved, which is different from Sanskrit tradition but has an unmistakable affinity with the cosmogonic hymns in the [[Rigveda]] and the Polynesian myth of creation".<ref>p.145, Bengali Literature, Annada Shankar Ray and Lila Ray, [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], [[Kolkata]]</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The word '''Mangal-Kāvya''' comes out as an amalgamation of the two [[Bengali Language|Bengali]] words, ''Mangal'' (Benediction) and ''Kavya'' (Poems). These are so named because it was believed that listening to these verses concerning the auspicious divinities would bring both spiritual and material benefits.  Though some scholars of the early modern period tried to find out any other significance of the word ''Mangal'' that was frequently used in the medieval Bengali literature irrespective of any designated tradition. But all these speculations are now firmly discarded by the recent school of intellectuals.
+The word '''Mangal-Kāvya''' comes out as an amalgamation of the two [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Sanskritism]]s, ''Mangal'' (Benediction) and ''Kavya'' (Poems). These are so named because it was believed that listening to these verses concerning the auspicious divinities would bring both spiritual and material benefits.  Though some scholars of the early modern period tried to find out any other significance of the word ''Mangal'' that was frequently used in the medieval Bengali literature irrespective of any designated tradition. But all these speculations are now firmly discarded by the recent school of intellectuals.
-#Listening to them was said to bring [[spirituality|spiritual]] and [[materialism|material]] benefits ("mangal").<ref name = "Banglapedia">[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/M_0123.htm Mangalkavya] — Banglapedia</ref>
+#Listening to them was said to bring [[spirituality|spiritual]] and [[materialism|material]] benefits ("mangal").<ref name = "Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Bhowmik |first=Dulal |year=2012 |chapter=Mangalkavya |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mangalkavya |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327152640/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mangalkavya |url-status=live }}</ref>
 #They were sung in the Mangal [[raga]].
 #They were read out in [[ritual]]s extending from one "Mangalbar" (Tuesday) to the next.
 ==Poems==
-Mangalkavya were used to describe the greatness of particular Hindu deities known as "nimnokoti" (roughly translating as lower) by historians, because they were absent or unimportant in classical Hindu literature such as the [[Vedas]] or [[Purans]]. These deities were based on indigenous to Bengal (like [[Manasa]]) who had become assimilated in regional Hinduism. These deities are often depicted with unusually strong human qualities and they engage in direct interaction with humans. They are also portrayed to have flaws such as envy like other human beings.
+Mangalkavya were used to describe the greatness of particular Hindu deities known as "nimnokoti" (roughly translating as lower) by historians, because they were absent or unimportant in classical Hindu literature such as the [[Vedas]] or [[Puranas]]. These deities were based on indigenous to Bengal (like [[Manasa]]) who had become assimilated in regional Hinduism. These deities are often depicted with unusually strong human qualities and they engage in direct interaction with humans. They are also portrayed to have flaws such as envy like other human beings.
+In the time period when they were produced, Mangalkavya was the representation of nearly all medieval [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature.  Mangalkavya was the main form of expression in the Later Middle Period of the language.<ref name="i3pep">[http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2003/11/03/bengali-language-a-brief-introduction/ Bengali Language: A Brief Introduction] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011042610/http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2003/11/03/bengali-language-a-brief-introduction/ |date=11 October 2006 }} – i3pep.org</ref>
-The mangalkavyas depict the conflict between these indigenous and alien <!-- "alien" is not a correct term because these gods were also Hindu gods and were worshipped by the locals --> deities ending with the victory of the indigenous gods. The word "mangal" also means Vijay (victory), and the poems were written to celebrate the victory of the local gods over goda worshipped by foreigners. Many poems contain the word "Vijay" such as Manasavijay by [[Bipradas Pipilai]].
-In the time period when they were produced, Mangalkavya was the representation of nearly all medieval [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature.  Mangalkavya was the main form of expression in the Later Middle Period of the language.<ref name = "i3pep">[http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2003/11/03/bengali-language-a-brief-introduction/ Bengali Language: A Brief Introduction] — i3pep.org</ref>
 ==Construction==
-Mangalkavyas were composed of four parts.
+Mangalkavyas were composed of four parts: the Vandana, the Reasoning, the Devakhanda, and the Narakhanda.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
-===Vandana===
-The first part is the Vandana, the salutation to the [[deity]] or venerable figure. The Vandana crossed [[caste]] and sectarian borders to praise the deities in a glorifying fashion.
-===Reasoning===
-In the second part, the poet explains why he composed the epic. The [[poet]] introduces himself and explains the epiphany that inspired him to write the poem. The [[epiphany (feeling)|epiphany]] usually comes in a dream or by way of a divine command.
-===Devakhanda===
-The third part, the devakhanda, depicts the relationship between a foreign [[god]] and the indigenous deity. A pattern in this section is that Lord [[Shiva]] always makes an appearance in this section.
-===Narakhanda===
-The fourth part, narakhanda, contains the main narrative, generally about a deity cursed and expelled from the [[Heaven|celestial]] region. It then delves into his [[reincarnation]] as a human being and his activities on earth as a mortal. Finally it asserts his position as a deity worthy of being worshipped. Also important to this story is the [[heroine]]'s tale of healing and woe, and the description of her character and mannerisms.
 ==Characteristics==
-''Mangals'' are usually similar in form though variant in length. They are written for the most part in the simple payar meter, a couplet form with the rhyme scheme “aa bb,” etc., which is considered an appropriate form for oral literature.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050512/mangal-kavya mangal-kavya] - Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>
+''Mangals'' are usually similar in form though variant in length. They are written for the most part in the simple payar meter, a couplet form with the [[rhyme scheme]] AA BB which is considered an appropriate form for oral literature.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050512/mangal-kavya mangal-kavya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118004656/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050512/mangal-kavya |date=18 January 2007 }} - ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>
 ==Usage==
-They are often recited at the festivals of the deities mentioned in the [[poem|kavya]]. The popular ones are sung to entertain village audiences as [[Bhajan]]s. Many variants exist, since singers may change the verses. Most are written in simple couplets, using earthy imagery drawn from simple objects like: village, field, and river.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/mangal-kavya Mangal-kavya] - Answers.com</ref>
+They are often recited at the festivals of the deities mentioned in the [[poem|kavya]]. The popular ones are sung to entertain village audiences as [[Bhajan]]s. Many variants exist, since singers may change the verses. Most are written in simple couplets, using earthy imagery drawn from simple objects like: village, field, and river.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/mangal-kavya Mangal-kavya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117173639/http://www.answers.com/topic/mangal-kavya |date=17 January 2012 }} - Answers.com</ref>
 ==Effects==
-The spread of Mangalkavya increased throughout [[Bengal]] around the late 18th century. It has been documented in the city of Majilpur that the number of [[Shiva]] [[mandir]]s increased tremendously after Mangalkavya began being composed in the vicinity <ref>[http://www.hindubooks.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=143&page=7 24 Parganas - Page 6] HinduBooks</ref>
+The spread of Mangalkavya increased throughout [[Bengal]] around the late 18th century. It has been documented in the city of [[Majilpur]] that the number of [[Shiva]] [[mandir]]s increased tremendously after Mangalkavya began being composed in the vicinity<ref>[http://www.hindubooks.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=143&page=7 24 Parganas - Page 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163703/http://www.hindubooks.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=143&page=7 |date=30 September 2007 }} HinduBooks</ref>
-==Notable Kavya==
+==Kavya==
-The main Mangalkavyas include [[Manasamangalkavya]], [[Chandimangalkavya]], [[Dharmamangalkavya]] and [[Annadamangalkavya]], with Manasamangal being the most famous.  It is widely considered to be one of the most important works ever of Bangla [[literature]] and references to stories of Manasamangal abound in literature even to this day because of their highly [[symbol]]ic value. There are also other minor Mangalkavyas such as [[Raimangalkavya]] in the [[Sundarban]] region.
+The main Mangalkavyas include [[Manasamangalkavya]], [[Chandimangalkavya]], [[Dharmamangalkavya]] and [[Annada Mangal|Annadamangalkavya]], with Manasamangal being the most famous.  It is widely considered to be one of the most important works ever of Bengali literature and references to stories of Manasamangal abound in literature even to this day because of their highly [[symbol]]ic value. There are also other minor Mangalkavyas such as [[Raimangalkavya]] in the [[Sundarban]] region.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 59: / Line 48: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Mangal-Kavya}}
-[[Category:Bengali literature]]
+[[Category:15th-century Indian books]]
+[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
+[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
-[[bn:মঙ্গলকাব্য]]
-[[de:Mangal-Kabya]]

v t e Dharmamangal Topics
Characters	Dharmathakur Lausen Kalu Dom Mahamad Kanara Ichhai Ghosh
Poets	Rupram Chakrabarty Ghanaram Chakrabarty Khelaram Chakrabarty
Others	Mangal-Kavya