Postal, telegraph and telephone service: Difference between revisions
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A '''postal, telegraph, and telephone service''' (or '''PTT''') is a [[government agency]] responsible for [[mail|postal mail]], [[telegraph]], and [[telephone]] services. Such [[monopoly|monopolies]] existed in many countries, though not in [[North America]] or [[ |
A '''postal, telegraph, and telephone service''' (or '''PTT''') is a [[government agency]] responsible for [[mail|postal mail]], [[telegraph]], and [[telephone]] services. Such [[monopoly|monopolies]] existed in many countries, though not in [[North America]], [[Japan]] or [[Spain]]. Many PTTs have been partially or completely [[privatization|privatised]] in recent years. In many of these privatisations, the privatised corporation was completely renamed, such as [[KPN]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Orange S.A.]] in [[France]] (+ [[Orange Polska]] in [[Poland]]), [[BT Group]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Eir (telecommunications)|Eir]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Swisscom]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Telstra]] in [[Australia]], [[Spark New Zealand|Spark]] in [[New Zealand]], [[Proximus Group]] in [[Belgium]], [[A1 Telekom Austria Group]] in [[Austria]], [[TDC Holding A/S|TDC Group]] in [[Denmark]], [[Telia Company]] in [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]], [[Telenor]] in [[Norway]], [[Chunghwa Telecom]] in [[Taiwan]] and [[Singtel]] in [[Singapore]]; whereas in others, the name of the privatised corporation has been only slightly modified, such as [[Telkom Indonesia]] in [[Indonesia]], [[Telekom Malaysia]] in [[Malaysia]], [[Deutsche Telekom]] in [[Germany]] (+ [[Telekom Romania Mobile]] in [[Romania]]), [[Kosovo Telecom]] in [[Kosovo]], [[KT Corporation|KT]] in [[South Korea]], [[Post Luxembourg]] in [[Luxembourg]] and [[Síminn]] in [[Iceland]]. |
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==Monopoly service== |
==Monopoly service== |
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In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on-off signals, and in some countries, the [[radio broadcasting|broadcast of one-way (audio) radio]] and [[television|(audio-video) television signals]]. In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT was also responsible for the manufacture and standardisation of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of ongoing debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically stifled alternative ideas from emerging once a legacy implementation had been widely deployed. |
In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on-off signals, and in some countries, the [[radio broadcasting|broadcast of one-way (audio) radio]] and [[television|(audio-video) television signals]]. In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT was also responsible for the manufacture and standardisation of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of ongoing debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically stifled alternative ideas from emerging once a legacy implementation had been widely deployed. |
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==Countries without a PTT== |
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In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly [[Bell System]] (for the [[United States|US]])/[[Bell Canada]] (dominant [[Incumbent local exchange carrier|ILEC]] in [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] and (historically) parts of what is now [[Nunavut]]; competes with other fixed-line carriers in the rest of [[Canada]]) responsible for [[telecommunications]] and a separate federally run [[US Postal Service]]/[[Canada Post]] for [[mail]] delivery. Japan also had a rather similar structure as North America with the formerly-state-owned [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] (NTT; privatised in 1985) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate government-run but publicly-traded [[Japan Post Holdings|Japan Post]] responsible for mail delivery. |
In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly [[Bell System]] (for the [[United States|US]])/[[Bell Canada]] (dominant [[Incumbent local exchange carrier|ILEC]] in [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] and (historically) parts of what is now [[Nunavut]]; competes with other fixed-line carriers in the rest of [[Canada]]) responsible for [[telecommunications]] and a separate federally run [[US Postal Service]]/[[Canada Post]] for [[mail]] delivery. Japan also had a rather similar structure as North America with the formerly-state-owned [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] (NTT; privatised in 1985) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate government-run but publicly-traded [[Japan Post Holdings|Japan Post]] responsible for mail delivery; as did Spain with [[Telefónica|Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España]] (CTNE; privatised in 1997) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate state-owned [[Correos|Correos de España]] responsible for mail delivery. |
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[[Portugal]], until 1968, had a mixture, with a private telecom operator in [[Lisbon]] and [[Porto]] (named APT – [[Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company]]) another private company in charge of connections with and between colonies and with the rest of the world (CPRM – ''Companhia Portuguesa de Rádio Marconi'') and ''[[CTT|Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos]]'', a public company, as the owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country (including the [[Portuguese Empire|former colonies]]); that year, APT was nationalised and became ''Telefones de Lisboa e Porto'' (TLP). CTT still controls postal services in Portugal, while Telecom Portugal was spun out in 1992 and later merged into [[Altice Portugal|Portugal Telecom]] in 1994 (with CPRM becoming a subsidiary and later being absorbed in 2002); it is privatised and subject to competition. |
[[Portugal]], until 1968, had a mixture, with a private telecom operator in [[Lisbon]] and [[Porto]] (named APT – [[Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company]]) another private company in charge of connections with and between colonies and with the rest of the world (CPRM – ''Companhia Portuguesa de Rádio Marconi'') and ''[[CTT Correios de Portugal, S.A.|Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos]]'', a public company, as the PTT agency and owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country (including the [[Portuguese Empire|former colonies]]); that year, APT was nationalised and became ''Telefones de Lisboa e Porto'' (TLP). CTT still controls postal services in Portugal, while Telecom Portugal was spun out in 1992 and later merged into [[Altice Portugal|Portugal Telecom]] in 1994 (with CPRM becoming a subsidiary and later being absorbed in 2002); it is privatised and subject to competition. |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=WpmzcqmgMbAC& |
* [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=WpmzcqmgMbAC&q=universal+service+and+rate+restructuring+in+telecommunications ''Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications''], Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. {{ISBN|92-64-13497-2}} |
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{{Public services}} |
{{Public services}} |
Latest revision as of 17:55, 23 July 2024
A postal, telegraph, and telephone service (or PTT) is a government agency responsible for postal mail, telegraph, and telephone services. Such monopolies existed in many countries, though not in North America, Japan or Spain. Many PTTs have been partially or completely privatised in recent years. In many of these privatisations, the privatised corporation was completely renamed, such as KPN in the Netherlands, Orange S.A. in France (+ Orange Polska in Poland), BT Group in the United Kingdom, Eir in the Republic of Ireland, Swisscom in Switzerland, Telstra in Australia, Spark in New Zealand, Proximus Group in Belgium, A1 Telekom Austria Group in Austria, TDC Group in Denmark, Telia Company in Sweden and Finland, Telenor in Norway, Chunghwa Telecom in Taiwan and Singtel in Singapore; whereas in others, the name of the privatised corporation has been only slightly modified, such as Telkom Indonesia in Indonesia, Telekom Malaysia in Malaysia, Deutsche Telekom in Germany (+ Telekom Romania Mobile in Romania), Kosovo Telecom in Kosovo, KT in South Korea, Post Luxembourg in Luxembourg and Síminn in Iceland.
Monopoly service
[edit]In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on-off signals, and in some countries, the broadcast of one-way (audio) radio and (audio-video) television signals. In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT was also responsible for the manufacture and standardisation of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of ongoing debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically stifled alternative ideas from emerging once a legacy implementation had been widely deployed.
Countries without a PTT
[edit]In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly Bell System (for the US)/Bell Canada (dominant ILEC in Ontario, Quebec and (historically) parts of what is now Nunavut; competes with other fixed-line carriers in the rest of Canada) responsible for telecommunications and a separate federally run US Postal Service/Canada Post for mail delivery. Japan also had a rather similar structure as North America with the formerly-state-owned Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT; privatised in 1985) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate government-run but publicly-traded Japan Post responsible for mail delivery; as did Spain with Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España (CTNE; privatised in 1997) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate state-owned Correos de España responsible for mail delivery.
Mixed service
[edit]Portugal, until 1968, had a mixture, with a private telecom operator in Lisbon and Porto (named APT – Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company) another private company in charge of connections with and between colonies and with the rest of the world (CPRM – Companhia Portuguesa de Rádio Marconi) and Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos, a public company, as the PTT agency and owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country (including the former colonies); that year, APT was nationalised and became Telefones de Lisboa e Porto (TLP). CTT still controls postal services in Portugal, while Telecom Portugal was spun out in 1992 and later merged into Portugal Telecom in 1994 (with CPRM becoming a subsidiary and later being absorbed in 2002); it is privatised and subject to competition.
Further reading
[edit]- OECD, Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. ISBN 92-64-13497-2