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| name = NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)
| name = NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)
| names_list = NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar<br/>NISAR
| names_list = NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar<br/>NISAR
| image = File:NISAR Side Tilt 2022.png
| image = Artist's concept of NISAR over Earth.jpg
| image_caption = Artist's concept of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite.
| image_caption = Artist's concept of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite.
| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 300px
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| SATCAT =
| SATCAT =
| website = {{url|nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/}}<br>{{url|www.isro.gov.in/NISARSatellite.html}}
| website = {{url|nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/}}<br>{{url|www.isro.gov.in/NISARSatellite.html}}
| mission_duration = 3 years (planned) <ref name="WMO"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/46/SDC7-paper46.pdf|title=Optimization of Debris Shields on the NISAR Mission's L-Band Radar Instrument|website=conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int|publisher=ESA Space Debris Office|date=18-21 April 2017|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
| mission_duration = 3 years (planned)<ref name="WMO"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/46/SDC7-paper46.pdf|title=Optimization of Debris Shields on the NISAR Mission's L-Band Radar Instrument|website=conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int|publisher=ESA Space Debris Office|date=18-21 April 2017|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>


| spacecraft = NISAR
| spacecraft = NISAR
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]<ref name="SAC_August2018">{{cite web|url=https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/ertd/SAR/L_1.pdf|title=Overview of NISAR Mission and Airborne L- and S- SAR|website=sac.gov.in |publisher=Space Applications Centre, ISRO|date=August 2018|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]<ref name="SAC_August2018">{{cite web|url=https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/ertd/SAR/L_1.pdf|title=Overview of NISAR Mission and Airborne L- and S- SAR|website=sac.gov.in |publisher=Space Applications Centre, ISRO|date=August 2018|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
| manufacturer = NASA / ISRO
| manufacturer = NASA / ISRO
| launch_mass = {{cvt|2800|kg}} <ref name="IAA-10">{{cite web|url=https://www.dlr.de/iaa.symp/Portaldata/49/Resources/dokumente/archiv10/pdf/IAA-10-0101_kl.pdf|title=The NASA Earth Science Program and Small Satellites|last1=Neeck|first1=Steven|website=dlr.de|publisher=DLR|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154427/https://www.dlr.de/iaa.symp/Portaldata/49/Resources/dokumente/archiv10/pdf/IAA-10-0101_kl.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| launch_mass = {{cvt|2800|kg}}<ref name="IAA-10">{{cite web|url=https://www.dlr.de/iaa.symp/Portaldata/49/Resources/dokumente/archiv10/pdf/IAA-10-0101_kl.pdf|title=The NASA Earth Science Program and Small Satellites|last1=Neeck|first1=Steven|website=dlr.de|publisher=DLR|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154427/https://www.dlr.de/iaa.symp/Portaldata/49/Resources/dokumente/archiv10/pdf/IAA-10-0101_kl.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| dimensions =
| dimensions =
| power = 6,500 [[watt]]s
| power = 6,500 [[watt]]s


| launch_date = Q1 2025 (planned)<ref name="roses25-a33">{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2024/amendment-33-a-27-nisar-research-and-applications-science-team-deferred-to-roses-25/ |title=Amendment 33: A.27 NISAR Research and Applications Science Team Deferred to ROSES-25 |work=[[Science Mission Directorate]] |date=18 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
| launch_date = First quarter 2024 (planned)<ref>{{cite news |title=NISAR: NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/pti/nisar-nasa-isro-gearing-up-to-launch-joint-space-mission-to-map-globe-every-12-days/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=The South First |date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk II]]<br>(4 meter fairing) <ref name="SAC_August2018"/>
| launch_rocket = [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk II]]<br>(4 meter fairing)<ref name="SAC_August2018"/>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Center]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO
| launch_contractor = ISRO


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== Overview ==
== Overview ==

The NASA-ISRO [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]], or NISAR satellite, will use advanced radar imaging to map the elevation of Earth's land and ice masses four to six times a month at resolutions of 5 to 10 meters.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/files/nisar/NISAR_Applications_Landslides.pdf|title=Landslide Hazards to Infrastructure|date=2017|website=nisar.jpl.nasa.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133739/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/files/nisar/NISAR_Applications_Landslides.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2019|publisher=NASA (JPL)|access-date=16 March 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It is designed to observe and measure some of the planet's most complex natural processes, including [[Disturbance (ecology)|ecosystem disturbances]], [[Ice-sheet dynamics|ice-sheet collapse]], and natural hazards such as [[earthquake]]s, [[tsunami]]s, [[volcano]]es and [[landslide]]s.<ref name="JPL">{{cite web|url=http://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/|title=NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=16 March 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Handbook">{{cite web|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/system/documents/files/26_NISAR_FINAL_9-6-19.pdf|title=NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission Science Users' Handbook|publisher=NASA|access-date=27 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
The NASA-ISRO [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]], or NISAR satellite, will use advanced radar imaging to map the elevation of Earth's land and ice masses four to six times a month at resolutions of 5 to 10 meters.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/files/nisar/NISAR_Applications_Landslides.pdf|title=Landslide Hazards to Infrastructure|date=2017|website=nisar.jpl.nasa.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133739/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/files/nisar/NISAR_Applications_Landslides.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2019|publisher=NASA (JPL)|access-date=16 March 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It is designed to observe and measure some of the planet's most complex natural processes, including [[Disturbance (ecology)|ecosystem disturbances]], [[Ice-sheet dynamics|ice-sheet collapse]], and natural hazards such as [[earthquake]]s, [[tsunami]]s, [[volcano]]es and [[landslide]]s.<ref name="JPL">{{cite web|url=http://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/|title=NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=16 March 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Handbook">{{cite web|url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/system/documents/files/26_NISAR_FINAL_9-6-19.pdf|title=NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission Science Users' Handbook|publisher=NASA|access-date=27 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


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The satellite will be [[three-axis stabilization|three-axis stabilized]]. It will use a {{cvt|12|m}} deployable mesh antenna and will operate on both the [[L band|L-]] and [[S band|S-]] microwave bands.<ref name="JPL"/> The aperture mesh reflector (antenna) will be supplied by Astro Aerospace, a [[Northrop Grumman]] company.<ref name="Northrop">{{cite press release|url=http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/10/30/781817/10154634/en/NASA-Jet-Propulsion-Laboratory-Selects-Northrop-Grumman-s-Astro-Aerospace-for-NISAR-Reflector.html|title=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Selects Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace for NISAR Reflector|last=White|first=AnnaMaria|publisher=Northrop Grumman Corporation|agency=GlobeNewswire|date=30 October 2015|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
The satellite will be [[three-axis stabilization|three-axis stabilized]]. It will use a {{cvt|12|m}} deployable mesh antenna and will operate on both the [[L band|L-]] and [[S band|S-]] microwave bands.<ref name="JPL"/> The aperture mesh reflector (antenna) will be supplied by Astro Aerospace, a [[Northrop Grumman]] company.<ref name="Northrop">{{cite press release|url=http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/10/30/781817/10154634/en/NASA-Jet-Propulsion-Laboratory-Selects-Northrop-Grumman-s-Astro-Aerospace-for-NISAR-Reflector.html|title=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Selects Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace for NISAR Reflector|last=White|first=AnnaMaria|publisher=Northrop Grumman Corporation|agency=GlobeNewswire|date=30 October 2015|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

The satellite will be launched from India aboard a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] in first quarter of 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=NISAR: NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/pti/nisar-nasa-isro-gearing-up-to-launch-joint-space-mission-to-map-globe-every-12-days/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=The South First |date=15 November 2023}}</ref> The orbit will be a [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]], dawn-to-dusk type. The planned mission life is three years.<ref name="WMO"/>The project has passed the first stage of the design validation phase and has been reviewed and approved by NASA.<ref name="ToI14"/>


ISRO's share of the project cost is about {{INRConvert|788|c}}, and NASA's share is about US$808 million.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2223.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Q. No.2223, Session:243 "JOINT PROJECT BETWEEN NASA AND ISRO"|date=3 August 2017|publisher=Department of Space|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212014/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2223.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169570|title=Joint Project between NASA and ISRO|date=3 August 2017|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
ISRO's share of the project cost is about {{INRConvert|788|c}}, and NASA's share is about US$808 million.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2223.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Q. No.2223, Session:243 "JOINT PROJECT BETWEEN NASA AND ISRO"|date=3 August 2017|publisher=Department of Space|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212014/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2223.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169570|title=Joint Project between NASA and ISRO|date=3 August 2017|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

==Launch==
The satellite was originally scheduled to be launched from India aboard a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mark II]] on 30 March 2024, but it was postponed until further notice due to a needed hardware update.<ref name="sn-20240101">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/antenna-work-delays-nisar-launch/ |title=Antenna work delays NISAR launch |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> The orbit will be a [[sun-synchronous orbit|sun-synchronous]], dawn-to-dusk type. The planned mission life is three years.<ref name="WMO"/> The satellite was fully integrated in January 2024 and was performing its final testing and analysis in preparation for launch.<ref name="ToI14"/> However, in an interview with the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'', Chairman of ISRO [[S. Somanath]] said that though the GSLV for NISAR will be built by March-April, the satellite is still undergoing tests and they were expecting some delay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=Nisar only in 2nd half of 2024; Trishna gets nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nisar-only-in-2nd-half-of-2024-trishna-gets-nod/articleshow/108620945.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Tests found that the reflector might face higher-than-expected temperatures when stowed during flight and so it was returned to the manufacturer in California to apply a reflective coating to mitigate the risk of overheating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isro's Nisar mission launch delayed, key component sent back to NASA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isros-nisar-mission-launch-delayed-key-component-sent-back-to-nasa-2518594-2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Work Continues on NISAR Satellite as Mission Looks Toward Launch – NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/nisar/2024/03/22/work-continues-on-nisar-satellite-as-mission-looks-toward-launch/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of July 2024, NISAR is expected to be launched in early 2025.<ref name="roses25-a33" />

==Gallery==

<gallery mode=packed heights=140>
NISAR diagram.jpg|NISAR diagram
File:NASA-ISRO NISAR satellite inside anechoic chamber at URSC, ISRO.webp|NISAR undergoing tests
File:NASA-ISRO NISAR satellite going through solar array extension testing at ISRO facility.webp|NISAR solar array
File:NASA-ISRO NISAR satellite's DGA antenna.webp|NISAR's DGA antenna
</gallery>



== Payload ==
== Payload ==
* [[L band|L-band]] (1.25 [[Hertz|GHz]]; 24&nbsp;cm wavelength <ref name="SAC_August2018"/>) [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] [[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]], to be produced by NASA.
* [[L band|L-band]] (1.25 [[Hertz|GHz]]; 24&nbsp;cm wavelength<ref name="SAC_August2018"/>) [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] [[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]], to be produced by NASA.
* [[S band|S-band]] (3.20&nbsp;GHz; 9.3&nbsp;cm wavelength <ref name="SAC_August2018"/>) polarimetric SAR, to be produced by ISRO.<ref name="ToI14">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Science/Isros-instrument-design-passes-Nasa-review/articleshow/39369930.cms|title=ISRO's instrument design passes Nasa review|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 July 2014|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[S band|S-band]] (3.20&nbsp;GHz; 9.3&nbsp;cm wavelength<ref name="SAC_August2018"/>) polarimetric SAR, to be produced by ISRO.<ref name="ToI14">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Science/Isros-instrument-design-passes-Nasa-review/articleshow/39369930.cms|title=ISRO's instrument design passes Nasa review|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 July 2014|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{commons}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Earth observation satellite]]
* [[Earth observation satellite]]
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[[Category:NASA satellites]]
[[Category:NASA satellites]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:2024 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2025 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Synthetic aperture radar satellites]]
[[Category:Synthetic aperture radar satellites]]

Revision as of 06:41, 28 July 2024

NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)
Artist's concept of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite.
NamesNASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
NISAR
Mission typeRadar imaging
OperatorNASA / ISRO
Websitenisar.jpl.nasa.gov
www.isro.gov.in/NISARSatellite.html
Mission duration3 years (planned)[1][2]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftNISAR
BusI-3K[3]
ManufacturerNASA / ISRO
Launch mass2,800 kg (6,200 lb)[4]
Power6,500 watts
Start of mission
Launch dateQ1 2025 (planned)[5]
RocketGSLV Mk II
(4 meter fairing)[3]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[1]
RegimeSun-synchronous orbit[6]
Altitude747 km (464 mi)
Perigee altitude747 km (464 mi)
Apogee altitude747 km (464 mi)
Inclination98.5°
Transponders
BandS-band
L-band
Instruments
L-band (24-cm wavelength) Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar
S-band (12-cm wavelength) Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar

NISAR mission logo

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual-frequency synthetic aperture radar on an Earth observation satellite. The satellite will be the first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies. It will be used for remote sensing, to observe and understand natural processes on Earth. For example, its left-facing instruments will study the Antarctic cryosphere.[7] With a total cost estimated at US$1.5 billion, NISAR is likely to be the world's most expensive Earth-imaging satellite.[8]

Overview

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, or NISAR satellite, will use advanced radar imaging to map the elevation of Earth's land and ice masses four to six times a month at resolutions of 5 to 10 meters.[9] It is designed to observe and measure some of the planet's most complex natural processes, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides.[10][11]

The mission is a partnership between NASA and ISRO.[10] Under the terms of the agreement, NASA will provide the mission's L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a high-rate telecommunication subsystem for scientific data GPS receivers, a solid-state recorder, and a payload data subsystem. ISRO will provide the satellite bus, an S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the launch vehicle, and associated launch services.[12]

All data from NISAR will be freely available one to two days after observation and within hours in case of emergencies like natural disasters.[9] Data collected from NISAR will reveal information about the evolution and state of Earth's crust, help scientists better understand our planet's natural processes and changing climate, and aid future resource and hazard management.[10]

The satellite will be three-axis stabilized. It will use a 12 m (39 ft) deployable mesh antenna and will operate on both the L- and S- microwave bands.[10] The aperture mesh reflector (antenna) will be supplied by Astro Aerospace, a Northrop Grumman company.[13]

ISRO's share of the project cost is about ₹788 crore (US$94 million), and NASA's share is about US$808 million.[14][15]

Launch

The satellite was originally scheduled to be launched from India aboard a GSLV Mark II on 30 March 2024, but it was postponed until further notice due to a needed hardware update.[16] The orbit will be a sun-synchronous, dawn-to-dusk type. The planned mission life is three years.[1] The satellite was fully integrated in January 2024 and was performing its final testing and analysis in preparation for launch.[17] However, in an interview with the Times of India, Chairman of ISRO S. Somanath said that though the GSLV for NISAR will be built by March-April, the satellite is still undergoing tests and they were expecting some delay.[18] Tests found that the reflector might face higher-than-expected temperatures when stowed during flight and so it was returned to the manufacturer in California to apply a reflective coating to mitigate the risk of overheating.[19][20]

As of July 2024, NISAR is expected to be launched in early 2025.[5]

  • NISAR diagram
    NISAR diagram
  • NISAR undergoing tests
    NISAR undergoing tests
  • NISAR solar array
    NISAR solar array
  • NISAR's DGA antenna
    NISAR's DGA antenna


Payload

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to NISAR.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Satellite: NISAR". World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 4 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Optimization of Debris Shields on the NISAR Mission's L-Band Radar Instrument" (PDF). conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int. ESA Space Debris Office. 18–21 April 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Overview of NISAR Mission and Airborne L- and S- SAR" (PDF). sac.gov.in. Space Applications Centre, ISRO. August 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  4. ^ Neeck, Steven. "The NASA Earth Science Program and Small Satellites" (PDF). dlr.de. DLR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Amendment 33: A.27 NISAR Research and Applications Science Team Deferred to ROSES-25". Science Mission Directorate. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  6. ^ "NISAR Mission". ISRO. 19–20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  7. ^ Witze, Alexandra (4 February 2019). "Arctic scientists iced out by U.S.–India radar mission". Nature. 566 (7742): 18. Bibcode:2019Natur.566...18W. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00278-8. PMID 30723349.
  8. ^ "NASA, ISRO jointly working on project NISAR". NASA/JPL (Press release). SAR Journal. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Landslide Hazards to Infrastructure" (PDF). nisar.jpl.nasa.gov. NASA (JPL). 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ a b c d "NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ "NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission Science Users' Handbook" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ "U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, Earth-Observing Mission". NASA. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ White, AnnaMaria (30 October 2015). "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Selects Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace for NISAR Reflector" (Press release). Northrop Grumman Corporation. GlobeNewswire. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  14. ^ "Rajya Sabha Q. No.2223, Session:243 "JOINT PROJECT BETWEEN NASA AND ISRO"" (PDF). Department of Space. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  15. ^ "Joint Project between NASA and ISRO". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  16. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 March 2024). "Antenna work delays NISAR launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  17. ^ a b "ISRO's instrument design passes Nasa review". The Times of India. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Nisar only in 2nd half of 2024; Trishna gets nod". The Times of India. 19 March 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Isro's Nisar mission launch delayed, key component sent back to NASA". India Today. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Work Continues on NISAR Satellite as Mission Looks Toward Launch – NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)". blogs.nasa.gov. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
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