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{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| date = 1943 - present
| date = 1943 – present
| place = {{flag|Jamaica}}
| place = [[Jamaica]]
| status = [[List of ongoing military conflicts|Ongoing]]
| status = [[List of ongoing military conflicts|Ongoing]]
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
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| result =
| result =
| combatants_header =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Jamaican Labour Party]]
| combatant1 = [[Jamaica Labour Party]]
* [[Shower Posse]]
* [[Shower Posse]]
Supported by:
Supported by:<br/>
{{flag|United States}}
{{flag|United States}}
* [[CIA]]
* [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Jamaica}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Jamaica}}
* [[Jamaica Constabulary Force]]
* [[Jamaica Constabulary Force|JCF]]
* [[Jamaica Defence Force|JDF]]

Supported by:
Supported by:<br/>
{{flag|United States}}
{{flag|United States}}
* [[DEA]]
* [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]]
| combatant3 = [[People's National Party]]
| combatant3 = [[People's National Party]]
⚫
<br/>Supported by:<br/>

⚫
{{flag|Soviet Union}} (until 1991) <br />
⚫
Supported by:
⚫
{{flag|Soviet Union}} (unknown-1991)
{{flag|Cuba}}
{{flag|Cuba}}
| commander1 =
| commander1 = Andrew Holness
| commander2 =
| commander2 = Andrew Holness
| commander3 =
| commander3 = Mark Golding
| units1 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units2 =
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| casualties1 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties4 = In total 1,081+ deaths<ref>{{Cite web|title=UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/country/51|access-date=2020-11-26|website=ucdp.uu.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Jamaica+police+death+toll/3078392/story.html |title=Jamaica police put death toll at 73 |date=27 May 2010 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)]] |access-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530082915/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Jamaica%2Bpolice%2Bdeath%2Btoll/3078392/story.html |archive-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| casualties4 = in total 864 deaths
| notes =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
| campaignbox =
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Jamaican political conflict}}
{{Campaignbox Jamaican political conflict}}
The '''Jamaican political conflict''' is a long-standing feud between right-wing and left-wing elements in the country, often exploding into violence. The [[Jamaican Labour Party]] and the [[People's National Party]] have fought for control of the island for years and the rivalry has encouraged urban warfare in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]. Each side believes the other to be controlled by foreign elements, the JLP is said to be backed by the American [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the PNP is said to have been backed by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web|last=DeYoung|first=Karen|author-link=Karen DeYoung|date=September 5, 1994|title=Jamaica's Political War|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/09/05/jamaicas-political-war/e62395de-1e45-4a88-b4d2-7e90e26a1fca/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818134025/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/09/05/jamaicas-political-war/e62395de-1e45-4a88-b4d2-7e90e26a1fca/|archive-date=August 18, 2020|access-date=|work=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>
The '''Jamaican political conflict''' is a long-standing feud between right-wing and left-wing elements in the country, often exploding into violence. The [[Jamaican Labour Party]] (JLP) and the [[People's National Party]] (PNP) have fought for control of the island for years and the rivalry has encouraged urban warfare in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]. Each side believes the other to be controlled by foreign elements; the JLP is said to be backed by the American [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and the PNP is said to have been backed by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite news|last=DeYoung|first=Karen|author-link=Karen DeYoung|date=September 5, 1994|title=Jamaica's Political War|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/09/05/jamaicas-political-war/e62395de-1e45-4a88-b4d2-7e90e26a1fca/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818134025/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/09/05/jamaicas-political-war/e62395de-1e45-4a88-b4d2-7e90e26a1fca/|archive-date=August 18, 2020|access-date=|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Pre-Independence beginnings===
===Pre-Independence beginnings===
By 1943 the JLP and PNP had established themselves as Jamaica's main rival political parties coming out of the recent [[British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39|Caribbean labour unrest]]. After the [[Jamaican general election, 1944|election of 1944]] violence became a common aspect of their rivalry. [[Alexander Bustamante]] began to encourage the attack of PNP sympathizers, claiming they were communists.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Williams|first=Kareen|title=The Evolution of Poltical Violence in Jamaica 1940-1980|date=2011|degree=PhD|publisher=[[Columbia University]] Academic Commons|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8WS91D7|doi=10.7916/D8WS91D7}}</ref> [[Alexander Bustamante]] also started to specifically cater to his political constituents, such as offering migrant work visas specifically along political lines that favoured him.<ref name="ggg">{{cite journal|last=Edmonds|first=Kevin|year=2016|title=Guns, gangs and garrison communities in the politics of Jamaica|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396815624864#articleCitationDownloadContainer|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|volume=57|issue=4|pages=54–74|doi=10.1177/0306396815624864|via=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Journals]]|s2cid=146933185}}</ref>
By 1943, the JLP and PNP had established themselves as Jamaica's main rival political parties coming out of the recent [[British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39|Caribbean labour unrest]]. After the [[Jamaican general election, 1944|election of 1944]] violence became a common aspect of their rivalry. [[Alexander Bustamante]] began to encourage the attack of PNP sympathizers, claiming they were communists.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Williams|first=Kareen|title=The Evolution of Political Violence in Jamaica 1940-1980|date=2011|degree=PhD|publisher=[[Columbia University]] Academic Commons|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8WS91D7|doi=10.7916/D8WS91D7}}</ref> [[Alexander Bustamante]] also started to cater specifically to his political constituents, in such ways as offering migrant work visas specifically along political lines that favoured him.<ref name="ggg">{{cite journal|last=Edmonds|first=Kevin|year=2016|title=Guns, gangs and garrison communities in the politics of Jamaica|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396815624864#articleCitationDownloadContainer|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|volume=57|issue=4|pages=54–74|doi=10.1177/0306396815624864|via=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Journals]]|s2cid=146933185}}</ref>


===Formation of garrisons===
===Formation of garrisons===
Jamaica gained independence in 1962, and by 1963 political parties were paying off members of the [[Rude boy]] subculture to engage in turf warfare with political rivals. Once the JLP would come to power they would demolish a PNP sympathising slum and construct [[Tivoli Gardens, Kingston|Tivoli Gardens]] in its place, starting in 1965. The project would be monitored by [[Edward Saga]] and Tivoli Gardens would be a JLP garrison, and the PNP would react by forming its own garrisons; solidifying the tradition of violent garrison communities in Jamaica. By the 1966 election gunfights became common, bombings occurred, and police would be routinely shot at. This resulted in more than 500 people injured, 20 people dead, and 500 arrested during police raids.<ref name=ggg />
Jamaica gained independence in 1962, and by 1963 political parties were paying off members of the "[[rude boy]]" subculture to engage in turf warfare with political rivals. Once the JLP came to power, they would demolish a PNP sympathising slum and construct [[Tivoli Gardens, Kingston|Tivoli Gardens]] in its place, starting in 1965. The project would be monitored by [[Edward Seaga]] and Tivoli Gardens would be a JLP garrison, and the PNP reacted by forming its own garrisons; solidifying the tradition of violent garrison communities in Jamaica. By the 1966 election, gunfights became common, bombings occurred, and police were routinely shot at. This resulted in more than 500 people injured, 20 people dead, and 500 arrested during police raids.<ref name=ggg />


===Escalation of political violence===
===Escalation of political violence===
Sporadic political violence would evolve into outright urban warfare after a series of violent outbursts. The [[Henry rebellion]], the [[Coral Gardens incident]], the [[anti-Chinese riots of 1965]], the state of emergency of 1966-67, and finally the [[Rodney riots]]. These events were the beginnings of an ethnic nationalist element to Jamaican politics and a further normalisation of political violence in general in Jamaican society<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lacey|first=Terry|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Violence_and_Politics_in_Jamaica_1960_70/QjvpAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=Violence and Politics in Jamaica, 1960-70: Internal Security in a Developing Country|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7190-0633-3|location=|pages=82}}</ref>
Sporadic political violence evolved into outright urban warfare after a series of violent outbursts. The [[Henry rebellion]], the [[Coral Gardens incident]], the [[anti-Chinese riots of 1965]], the state of emergency of 1966–67, and finally the [[Rodney riots]]. These events were the beginnings of an ethnic nationalist element to Jamaican politics and a further normalisation of political violence in general in Jamaican society<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lacey|first=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjvpAAAAIAAJ|title=Violence and Politics in Jamaica, 1960-70: Internal Security in a Developing Country|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7190-0633-3|location=|pages=82}}</ref>


Political violence had become commonplace in Jamaica. Political parties began paying off crime bosses for local gang support. Assassination threats and attempts also starting becoming more frequent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Higgins|first=Garfield|date=February 7, 2015|title=Assassination plots and the birth of political violence in Jamaica|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Assassination-plots-and-the-birth-of-political-violence-in-Jamaica_18348840|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802005441/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Assassination-plots-and-the-birth-of-political-violence-in-Jamaica_18348840|archive-date=August 2, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref> By 1974 the PNP openly avowed their support for the principles of [[democratic socialism]]. PNP candidate [[Michael Manley]] began public praise of [[Fidel Castro]]. The JLP emerged as a right wing counter to this new emerging leftism. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] began supplying weapons to JLP vigilantes.<ref name=ggg />
Political violence became commonplace in Jamaica. Political parties began paying off crime bosses for local gang support. Assassination threats and attempts also started becoming more frequent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Higgins|first=Garfield|date=February 7, 2015|title=Assassination plots and the birth of political violence in Jamaica|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Assassination-plots-and-the-birth-of-political-violence-in-Jamaica_18348840|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802005441/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Assassination-plots-and-the-birth-of-political-violence-in-Jamaica_18348840|archive-date=August 2, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref> By 1974, the PNP openly avowed their support for the principles of [[democratic socialism]]. PNP candidate [[Michael Manley]] began public praise of [[Fidel Castro]]. The JLP emerged as a right-wing counter to this new emerging leftism. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] began supplying weapons to JLP vigilantes.<ref name=ggg />


By the 1976 election over a hundred had been murdered during the conflict and political parties began forming paramilitary divisions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Trey|date=January 20, 2017|title=Political Violence in Jamaica|url=https://history.libraries.wsu.edu/spring2017/2017/01/20/political-violence-in-jamaica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041552/https://history.libraries.wsu.edu/spring2017/2017/01/20/political-violence-in-jamaica/|archive-date=July 17, 2018|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Washington State University]]}}</ref> In 1978 five [[Green Bay Massacre|JLP supporters were massacred]] by official Jamaican soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gunst|first=Laurie|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Born_Fi_Dead/noe6wTVKdfkC?hl=en|title=Born Fi' Dead|date=August 31, 2010|publisher=[[Canongate Books]]|isbn=978-1-84767-670-2|location=|pages=|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} [[Reggae]] music became a voice for peace in the country and the landmark [[One Love Peace Concert]] was held in hopes of peace. By the 1980 election 844 people were murdered in political violence preceding the vote.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helps|first=HG|date=October 30, 2012|title=The bloody general election that changed Jamaica|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/The-bloody-general-election-that-changed-Jamaica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023302/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/The-bloody-general-election-that-changed-Jamaica|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref>
By the 1976 election, more than a hundred had been murdered during the conflict and political parties began forming paramilitary divisions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Trey|date=January 20, 2017|title=Political Violence in Jamaica|url=https://history.libraries.wsu.edu/spring2017/2017/01/20/political-violence-in-jamaica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041552/https://history.libraries.wsu.edu/spring2017/2017/01/20/political-violence-in-jamaica/|archive-date=July 17, 2018|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Washington State University]]}}</ref> In 1978, five [[Green Bay Massacre|JLP supporters were massacred]] by official Jamaican soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gunst|first=Laurie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noe6wTVKdfkC|title=Born Fi' Dead|date=August 31, 2010|publisher=[[Canongate Books]]|isbn=978-1-84767-670-2|location=|pages=|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} [[Reggae]] music became a voice for peace in the country and the landmark [[One Love Peace Concert]] was held in hopes of peace. By the 1980 election, 844 people were murdered in political violence preceding the vote.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helps|first=HG|date=October 30, 2012|title=The bloody general election that changed Jamaica|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/The-bloody-general-election-that-changed-Jamaica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023302/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/The-bloody-general-election-that-changed-Jamaica|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref>


===Involvement in the drug trade===
===Involvement in the drug trade===
By the 1980s the JLP gained control of the country and embraced neo-liberal policies. Gangs began to be unsatisfied with the lessening handouts given by their political leaders and due to [[DEA]] campaigns turned away from marijuana smuggling and to the cocaine trade. Newly enriched these gangs began to be more involved in governing the garrison communities they controlled. The JLP aligned gang [[Shower Posse]] was one of these newly enriched gangs. The CIA provided Shower Posse with arms, training, and transport to the United States.<ref name=ggg />
By the 1980s, the JLP gained control of the country and embraced neo-liberal policies. Gangs began to be unsatisfied with the lessening handouts given by their political leaders and due to [[DEA]] campaigns turned away from marijuana smuggling and to the cocaine trade. Newly enriched, these gangs began to be more involved in governing the garrison communities they controlled. The JLP-aligned gang [[Shower Posse]] was one of these newly enriched gangs. The CIA provided Shower Posse with arms, training, and transport to the United States.<ref name=ggg />


===2010 Kingston unrest===
===2010 Kingston unrest===
{{Main|2010 Kingston unrest}}
{{Main|2010 Kingston unrest}}
The [[2010 Kingston unrest]], an armed conflict between [[Jamaica]] and [[Shower Posse]], started in 23 May 2010, when members of the group assaulted four police stations in southwestern Kingston and managed to loot and partially burn out one of the stations, with a second police station also burnt down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-24 |title=Attack on State - Police stations set ablaze Cop shot, civilian slain |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100524/lead/lead1.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-26 |title=Hannah Town police station set on fire - Breaking & Current Jamaica News - JamaicaObserver.com |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Hannah-Town-police-station-ablaze |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526083539/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Hannah-Town-police-station-ablaze |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>
⚫
After international pressure the Jamaican government agreed to arrest extradite famed gang leader [[Christopher Coke]]. Some in the Jamaican media speculated that the long time it took to arrest Coke came from Prime Minister [[Bruce Golding]]'s political assistance he received from Coke. During the raids and attempts to arrest Coke violent gunfights would break out throughout Kingston by his allies to prevent his capture.<ref name=ggg />

On the night of 23 May 2010, the [[Government of Jamaica|Jamaican government]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in the capital of Kingston and in the [[parish]] of St Andrew to last for one month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-27 |title=State of Emergency Declared in Kingston and St. Andrew with Effect from 6:00pm Today, May 23, 2010 - Jamaica Information Service |url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/officePM/html/20100523T170000-0500_24049_JIS_STATE_OF_EMERGENCY_DECLARED_IN_KINGSTON_AND_ST__ANDREW_WITH_EFFECT_FROM_6_00PM_TODAY__MAY_23__2010.asp |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527031508/http://www.jis.gov.jm/officePM/html/20100523T170000-0500_24049_JIS_STATE_OF_EMERGENCY_DECLARED_IN_KINGSTON_AND_ST__ANDREW_WITH_EFFECT_FROM_6_00PM_TODAY__MAY_23__2010.asp |archive-date=2010-05-27 }}</ref>

⚫
After international pressure, the Jamaican government agreed to arrest and extradite famed gang leader [[Christopher Coke]]. Some in the Jamaican media speculated that the long time it took to arrest Coke was connected to Prime Minister [[Bruce Golding]]'s political assistance received from Coke. During the raids and attempts to arrest Coke, violent gunfights would break out throughout Kingston by his allies to prevent his capture.<ref name="ggg" />


===Recent developments===
===Recent developments===
Despite many peace accords it is still common for political parties to pay off criminals for support and encourage paramilitary garrisons.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyne|first=Ian|date=March 21, 2010|title=Evolution Of Garrison Politics|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100321/focus/focus3.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221127/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100321/focus/focus3.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref>
Despite many peace accords, it is still common for political parties to pay off criminals for support and encourage paramilitary garrisons.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyne|first=Ian|date=March 21, 2010|title=Evolution Of Garrison Politics|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100321/focus/focus3.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221127/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100321/focus/focus3.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref>


==Garrison communities==
==Garrison communities==
Garrison constituencies in Jamaica are housing developments erected by the government who house carefully selected residents that will wholly support a local politician. As of 2001 about 15 hardcore garrison communities exist in Jamaica. The residents of garrisons form vigilante groups that engage in ongoing political turf wars. Originally these groups were solely politically motivated but eventually they all came to be invested in the drug trade and became what are known as [[Jamaican posse]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Patterson|first=Orlando|author-link=Orlando Patterson|date=July 23, 2001|title=The Roots of Conflict In Jamaica|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/23/opinion/the-roots-of-conflict-in-jamaica.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914191805/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/23/opinion/the-roots-of-conflict-in-jamaica.html|archive-date=September 14, 2020|access-date=|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> These posses are well armed, often equipped with assault rifles and grenade launchers. Since the 1980s these posses have participated more in the drug trade and relied less on politicians to arm them. Now about 80% of their weapons arrive from South Florida, while other weapons and armour appear to be police issued - suggesting that corrupt police officials are trading them with the posses.<ref name=ggg />
Garrison constituencies in Jamaica are housing developments erected by the government, who house carefully selected residents that will wholly support a local politician. As of 2001, about 15 hardcore garrison communities exist in Jamaica. The residents of garrisons form vigilante groups that engage in ongoing political turf wars. Originally these groups were solely politically motivated but eventually they all came to be invested in the drug trade and became what are known as [[Jamaican posse]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Patterson|first=Orlando|author-link=Orlando Patterson|date=July 23, 2001|title=The Roots of Conflict In Jamaica|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/23/opinion/the-roots-of-conflict-in-jamaica.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914191805/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/23/opinion/the-roots-of-conflict-in-jamaica.html|archive-date=September 14, 2020|access-date=|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> These posses are well armed, often equipped with assault rifles and grenade launchers. Since the 1980s, these posses have participated more in the drug trade and relied less on politicians to arm them. Now about 80 per cent of their weapons arrive from [[South Florida]], while other weapons and armour appear to be police-issued – suggesting that corrupt police officials are trading them with the posses.<ref name=ggg />

==See also==
* [[Colombian conflict]]
* [[Dirty War (Mexico)|Mexican Dirty War]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Cold War}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
{{Ongoing military conflicts}}


⚫
[[Category:Civil wars post-1945|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
⚫
[[Category:Communism-based civil wars|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]]
[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]]
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[[Category:Guerrilla wars|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jamaica]]
[[Category:United States–Caribbean relations]]
[[Category:United States–Caribbean relations]]
⚫
[[Category:Civil wars of the 20th century|Jamaica]]
⚫
[[Category:Civil wars of the 21st century|Jamaica]]
⚫
[[Category:Guerrilla wars|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Organized crime conflicts in Jamaica|Jamaica]]
[[Category:Organized crime conflicts in Jamaica|Jamaica]]

Latest revision as of 18:24, 28 July 2024

Jamaican political conflict
Part of Cold War and War on Drugs
Date1943 – present
Location
Jamaica
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Jamaica Labour Party

Supported by:
 United States

 Jamaica

Supported by:
 United States

People's National Party
Supported by:
 Soviet Union (until 1991)

 Cuba
Commanders and leaders
Andrew Holness Andrew Holness Mark Golding
Casualties and losses
In total 1,081+ deaths[1][2]

The Jamaican political conflict is a long-standing feud between right-wing and left-wing elements in the country, often exploding into violence. The Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) and the People's National Party (PNP) have fought for control of the island for years and the rivalry has encouraged urban warfare in Kingston. Each side believes the other to be controlled by foreign elements; the JLP is said to be backed by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the PNP is said to have been backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba.[3]

History

[edit]

Pre-Independence beginnings

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By 1943, the JLP and PNP had established themselves as Jamaica's main rival political parties coming out of the recent Caribbean labour unrest. After the election of 1944 violence became a common aspect of their rivalry. Alexander Bustamante began to encourage the attack of PNP sympathizers, claiming they were communists.[4] Alexander Bustamante also started to cater specifically to his political constituents, in such ways as offering migrant work visas specifically along political lines that favoured him.[5]

Formation of garrisons

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Jamaica gained independence in 1962, and by 1963 political parties were paying off members of the "rude boy" subculture to engage in turf warfare with political rivals. Once the JLP came to power, they would demolish a PNP sympathising slum and construct Tivoli Gardens in its place, starting in 1965. The project would be monitored by Edward Seaga and Tivoli Gardens would be a JLP garrison, and the PNP reacted by forming its own garrisons; solidifying the tradition of violent garrison communities in Jamaica. By the 1966 election, gunfights became common, bombings occurred, and police were routinely shot at. This resulted in more than 500 people injured, 20 people dead, and 500 arrested during police raids.[5]

Escalation of political violence

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Sporadic political violence evolved into outright urban warfare after a series of violent outbursts. The Henry rebellion, the Coral Gardens incident, the anti-Chinese riots of 1965, the state of emergency of 1966–67, and finally the Rodney riots. These events were the beginnings of an ethnic nationalist element to Jamaican politics and a further normalisation of political violence in general in Jamaican society[6]

Political violence became commonplace in Jamaica. Political parties began paying off crime bosses for local gang support. Assassination threats and attempts also started becoming more frequent.[7] By 1974, the PNP openly avowed their support for the principles of democratic socialism. PNP candidate Michael Manley began public praise of Fidel Castro. The JLP emerged as a right-wing counter to this new emerging leftism. The Central Intelligence Agency began supplying weapons to JLP vigilantes.[5]

By the 1976 election, more than a hundred had been murdered during the conflict and political parties began forming paramilitary divisions.[8] In 1978, five JLP supporters were massacred by official Jamaican soldiers.[9][page needed] Reggae music became a voice for peace in the country and the landmark One Love Peace Concert was held in hopes of peace. By the 1980 election, 844 people were murdered in political violence preceding the vote.[10]

Involvement in the drug trade

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By the 1980s, the JLP gained control of the country and embraced neo-liberal policies. Gangs began to be unsatisfied with the lessening handouts given by their political leaders and due to DEA campaigns turned away from marijuana smuggling and to the cocaine trade. Newly enriched, these gangs began to be more involved in governing the garrison communities they controlled. The JLP-aligned gang Shower Posse was one of these newly enriched gangs. The CIA provided Shower Posse with arms, training, and transport to the United States.[5]

2010 Kingston unrest

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Main article: 2010 Kingston unrest

The 2010 Kingston unrest, an armed conflict between Jamaica and Shower Posse, started in 23 May 2010, when members of the group assaulted four police stations in southwestern Kingston and managed to loot and partially burn out one of the stations, with a second police station also burnt down.[11][12]

On the night of 23 May 2010, the Jamaican government declared a state of emergency in the capital of Kingston and in the parish of St Andrew to last for one month.[13]

After international pressure, the Jamaican government agreed to arrest and extradite famed gang leader Christopher Coke. Some in the Jamaican media speculated that the long time it took to arrest Coke was connected to Prime Minister Bruce Golding's political assistance received from Coke. During the raids and attempts to arrest Coke, violent gunfights would break out throughout Kingston by his allies to prevent his capture.[5]

Recent developments

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Despite many peace accords, it is still common for political parties to pay off criminals for support and encourage paramilitary garrisons.[14]

Garrison communities

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Garrison constituencies in Jamaica are housing developments erected by the government, who house carefully selected residents that will wholly support a local politician. As of 2001, about 15 hardcore garrison communities exist in Jamaica. The residents of garrisons form vigilante groups that engage in ongoing political turf wars. Originally these groups were solely politically motivated but eventually they all came to be invested in the drug trade and became what are known as Jamaican posses.[15] These posses are well armed, often equipped with assault rifles and grenade launchers. Since the 1980s, these posses have participated more in the drug trade and relied less on politicians to arm them. Now about 80 per cent of their weapons arrive from South Florida, while other weapons and armour appear to be police-issued – suggesting that corrupt police officials are trading them with the posses.[5]

References

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  1. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  2. ^ "Jamaica police put death toll at 73". The Gazette (Montreal). 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  3. ^ DeYoung, Karen (September 5, 1994). "Jamaica's Political War". Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020.
  4. ^ Williams, Kareen (2011). The Evolution of Political Violence in Jamaica 1940-1980 (PhD thesis). Columbia University Academic Commons. doi:10.7916/D8WS91D7.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Edmonds, Kevin (2016). "Guns, gangs and garrison communities in the politics of Jamaica". Race & Class. 57 (4). SAGE Publications: 54–74. doi:10.1177/0306396815624864. S2CID 146933185 – via SAGE Journals.
  6. ^ Lacey, Terry (1977). Violence and Politics in Jamaica, 1960-70: Internal Security in a Developing Country. Manchester University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7190-0633-3.
  7. ^ Higgins, Garfield (February 7, 2015). "Assassination plots and the birth of political violence in Jamaica". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020.
  8. ^ Fisher, Trey (January 20, 2017). "Political Violence in Jamaica". Washington State University. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018.
  9. ^ Gunst, Laurie (August 31, 2010). Born Fi' Dead. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-1-84767-670-2. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  10. ^ Helps, HG (October 30, 2012). "The bloody general election that changed Jamaica". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
  11. ^ "Attack on State - Police stations set ablaze Cop shot, civilian slain". jamaica-gleaner.com. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  12. ^ "Hannah Town police station set on fire - Breaking & Current Jamaica News - JamaicaObserver.com". 2010-05-26. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  13. ^ "State of Emergency Declared in Kingston and St. Andrew with Effect from 6:00pm Today, May 23, 2010 - Jamaica Information Service". 2010-05-27. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  14. ^ Boyne, Ian (March 21, 2010). "Evolution Of Garrison Politics". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
  15. ^ Patterson, Orlando (July 23, 2001). "The Roots of Conflict In Jamaica". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2020.
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