Conservative liberalism: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement}} |
{{short description|Political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement}} |
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{{about|the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement|conservatism |
{{about|the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement|conservatism influenced by liberalism|Liberal conservatism}} |
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{{too-abstract|date=August 2016}} |
{{too-abstract|date=August 2016}} |
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{{conservatism sidebar}} |
{{conservatism sidebar}} |
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'''Conservative liberalism''', also referred to as '''right-liberalism''',<ref>{{cite book|editor=Keith L. Nelson |title=The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhW9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&pg=PT100 |quote= ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ... |date=2019 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1421436210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Paul Orlowski |title=Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oexQKlYx_lUC&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&pg=PA110 |quote= This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies. |date=2011 |page=110 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-9400714182 }}</ref> is a variant of [[liberalism]] |
'''Conservative liberalism''', also referred to as '''right-liberalism''',<ref>{{cite book|editor=Keith L. Nelson |title=The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhW9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&pg=PT100 |quote= ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ... |date=2019 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1421436210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Paul Orlowski |title=Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oexQKlYx_lUC&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&pg=PA110 |quote= This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies. |date=2011 |page=110 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-9400714182 }}</ref> is a variant of [[liberalism]] combining liberal values and policies with [[Conservatism|conservative]] stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.<ref name=Mair>[[Michael Gallagher (academic)|M. Gallagher]], M. Laver and [[Peter Mair|P. Mair]], ''Representative Government in Europe'', p. 221.</ref> In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of [[classical liberalism]]; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and [[social liberalism]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 2.]</ref><ref name=EuroLiberal/> Conservative liberal parties tend to combine [[economically liberal]] policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.{{specify|date=August 2016}}<ref name="Nordsieck contents">{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html | title=Content|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=23 June 2023|quote=Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.}}</ref> [[Ordoliberalism]] is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, French, Italian, and American manifestations.<ref name=“Dyson2021”>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Dyson|chapter=Introduction|editor=Kenneth Dyson|title=Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market|year=2021|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-885428-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref> |
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In general, [[liberal conservatism]] and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, ''liberal conservatism'' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of [[classical liberalism]], and ''conservative liberalism'' refers to classical liberals who support a ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economy as well as [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] principles (for instance, Christian [[family values]]). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1442600409|edition=3rd|location=Peterborough, Ont.|pages=154–155}}</ref> [[Neoconservatism]] has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |author= Roger Scruton |access-date=2017-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111705/https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and [[national liberalism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Telos |date=1998 |page=72 |publisher=Telos Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Shannan Lorraine Mattiace |title=Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin }}</ref> |
In general, [[liberal conservatism]] and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, ''liberal conservatism'' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of [[classical liberalism]], and ''conservative liberalism'' refers to classical liberals who support a ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economy as well as [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] principles (for instance, Christian [[family values]]). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Larry|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john|title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1442600409|edition=3rd|location=Peterborough, Ont.|pages=154–155}}</ref> [[Neoconservatism]] has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |author= Roger Scruton |access-date=2017-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111705/https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and [[national liberalism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Telos |date=1998 |page=72 |publisher=Telos Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Shannan Lorraine Mattiace |title=Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin }}</ref> |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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[[File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|upright|[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy.]] |
[[File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|upright|[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy.]] |
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Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century [[France in the early modern period|France]] and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, [[Doctrinaires]], which existed during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] was a representative conservative-liberal party.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Robert Tombs |title=France 1814–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTagBAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+liberal+Doctrinaires&pg=PT294 |quote= ... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ... |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1317871439 }}</ref> Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as [[classical radicalism]], emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. [[Whiggism]], or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] (radical liberalism).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Efraim Podoksik |title=In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott |quote= ... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ... |date=2013 |page=14 |publisher=Imprint Academic |isbn=9781845404680 }}</ref> |
Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century [[France in the early modern period|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], when the moderate [[bourgeoisie]] supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, [[Doctrinaires]], which existed during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] was a representative conservative-liberal party.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Robert Tombs |title=France 1814–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTagBAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+liberal+Doctrinaires&pg=PT294 |quote= ... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ... |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1317871439 }}</ref> Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as [[classical radicalism]], emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. [[Whiggism]], or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] (radical liberalism).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Efraim Podoksik |title=In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott |quote= ... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ... |date=2013 |page=14 |publisher=Imprint Academic |isbn=9781845404680 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Raymond Aron (1966).jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[Raymond Aron]] is known as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s "great intellectual opponent".<ref>{{cite book |title=The New York Times Book Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbwfAQAAMAAJ&q=Raymond+Aron+%22intellectual+opponent%22 |quote= ... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ... |date=1986 |page=1 |publisher=New York Times Company |isbn=978-1317755098 }}</ref>]] |
[[File:Raymond Aron (1966).jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[Raymond Aron]] is known as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s "great intellectual opponent".<ref>{{cite book |title=The New York Times Book Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbwfAQAAMAAJ&q=Raymond+Aron+%22intellectual+opponent%22 |quote= ... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ... |date=1986 |page=1 |publisher=New York Times Company |isbn=978-1317755098 }}</ref>]] |
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According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at [[Colgate University]], rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. [[social liberalism]]), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as [[Ancient philosophy|classical philosophy]] (with its ideas of [[virtue]], the [[common good]], and [[ |
According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at [[Colgate University]], rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. [[social liberalism]]), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as [[Ancient philosophy|classical philosophy]] (with its ideas of [[virtue]], the [[common good]], and [[natural rights and legal rights|natural rights]]), [[Christianity]] (with its ideas of [[natural law]], the social nature of man, and [[original sin]]), and ancient institutions (such as [[common law]], corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], St. [[Thomas Aquinas]], and [[Edmund Burke]] rather than [[John Locke|Locke]] or [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ''[[polis]]'', the [[Roman Republic]], and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that [[Classical antiquity|classical]] and [[Middle Ages|medieval]] politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of [[popular culture|mass culture]]) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kraynak |first=Robert |date=December 2005 |title=Living with liberalism |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060958/https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=23 June 2023 |magazine=The New Criterion}}</ref> |
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In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with [[liberal conservatism]], which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.<ref name="Nordsieck contents"/> The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the [[history of liberalism]]. Until the two [[world war]]s, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as [[World War I]] occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 13.]</ref> Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular [[conservative]] party and where the [[separation of church and state]] was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were [[Christian democratic]], this conservative brand of liberalism developed.<ref name=Mair/> |
In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with [[liberal conservatism]], which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.<ref name="Nordsieck contents"/> The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the [[history of liberalism]]. Until the two [[world war]]s, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as [[World War I]] occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of [[classical liberalism]] to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 13.]</ref> Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular [[conservatism|conservative]] party and where the [[separation of church and state]] was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were [[Christian democracy|Christian democratic]], this conservative brand of liberalism developed.<ref name=Mair/> |
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== Political stance == |
== Political stance == |
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=== France === |
=== France === |
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[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] and [[Adolphe Thiers]] were representative French conservative liberals.<ref name="Tocqueville"/><ref name="AdolpheThiers"/> They were classified as [[centre-left]] liberals (progressive-[[Orléanist]]s) during the [[July |
[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] and [[Adolphe Thiers]] were representative French conservative liberals.<ref name="Tocqueville"/><ref name="AdolpheThiers"/> They were classified as [[centre-left]] liberals (progressive-[[Orléanist]]s) during the [[July Monarchy]] alone;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Jeremy |title=Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn |url-access=limited |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn/page/n198 188]|isbn=978-0198203131 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agulhon |first1=Maurice |title=The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852 |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=135}}</ref> after the [[French Revolution of 1848]], the now [[French Second Republic]] entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} |
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=== Germany === |
=== Germany === |
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=== United States === |
=== United States === |
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{{Liberalism US|Schools}} |
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In the United States, ''[[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]'' usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as ''conservative liberals'' in Europe are often simply referred to as ''[[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]]'' in the United States. [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Irving Kristol]] are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.<ref name="Friedman" /><ref name="Kristol" /> |
In the United States, ''[[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]'' usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as ''conservative liberals'' in Europe are often simply referred to as ''[[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]]'' in the United States. [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Irving Kristol]] are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.<ref name="Friedman" /><ref name="Kristol" /> |
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[[Harry S. Truman]] is considered a conservative-liberal or national-liberal, although he supported Keynesian economic policies. The former president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] supported the socially liberal agenda and was conciliatory to the [[Soviet Union]], a member of the [[Allies of World War II]]. As the U.S. president in the [[aftermath of World War II]] and the start of the [[Cold War]], Truman supported a more [[moderate]] social policy and was a strong [[anti-communist]].<ref name="Truman">{{cite book |editor1=Howard Brick |editor2=Christopher Phelps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVkZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Radicals in America: The U.S. Left since the Second World War |quote= By 1948 several different third-party movements arose to challenge Truman's conservative liberalism, each ending in ... |date=2015 |page=20 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521515603}}</ref> |
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Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.<ref name="political-ideology-today">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=reprinted, revised|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719060205}}</ref> In general, rather than the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], which is close to social liberalism, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107 107]}} In the case of the Democratic Party, the [[Blue Dog Coalition]] is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U175DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Blue+Dog&pg=PA93 |quote= It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat"). |date=2020 |page=93 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004432864 }}</ref> and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0604/Centrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs |title=Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs. |quote=Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests. |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=4 June 2019 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]], sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.<ref name="CentrePartyF">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|title=Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.<ref name="political-ideology-today">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=reprinted, revised|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719060205}}</ref> In general, rather than the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], which is close to social liberalism, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107 107]}} In the case of the Democratic Party, the [[Blue Dog Coalition]] is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U175DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Blue+Dog&pg=PA93 |quote= It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat"). |date=2020 |page=93 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004432864 }}</ref> and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0604/Centrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs |title=Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs. |quote=Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests. |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=4 June 2019 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]], sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.<ref name="CentrePartyF">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|title=Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907|archive-date=1 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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American [[neoconservatives]] might be classified as conservative liberals according to [[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]], a professor at [[Berry College]], who argued: |
American [[neoconservatives]] might be classified as conservative liberals according to [[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]], a professor at [[Berry College]], who argued: |
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<blockquote>[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.<ref name="Lawler">[[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]], ''[ |
<blockquote>[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.<ref name="Lawler">[[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]], ''[https://www.proquest.com/docview/210676711?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism]'', The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2003/Spring 2004</ref></blockquote> |
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== Notable thinkers == |
== Notable thinkers == |
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* [[Gustav Stresemann]] (1878–1929) |
* [[Gustav Stresemann]] (1878–1929) |
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* [[Joseph Schumpeter]] (1883–1950) |
* [[Joseph Schumpeter]] (1883–1950) |
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* [[Harry S. Truman]] (1884–1972)<ref name="Truman"/> |
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* [[Walter Eucken]] (1891–1950)<ref name="Ropke"/> |
* [[Walter Eucken]] (1891–1950)<ref name="Ropke"/> |
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* [[Robert Menzies]] (1894–1978) |
* [[Robert Menzies]] (1894–1978) |
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* [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]] (1919–1999) |
* [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]] (1919–1999) |
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* [[Irving Kristol]] (1920–2009)<ref name="Kristol">{{cite book|editor=Otis L. Graham Jr. |title=Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjp_Mjti9n4C&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Irving+Kristol&pg=RA3-PA1911 |quote= The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol. |date=1976 |page=1911 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199923212 }}</ref> |
* [[Irving Kristol]] (1920–2009)<ref name="Kristol">{{cite book|editor=Otis L. Graham Jr. |title=Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjp_Mjti9n4C&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Irving+Kristol&pg=RA3-PA1911 |quote= The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol. |date=1976 |page=1911 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199923212 }}</ref> |
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*[[Helmut Schoeck]] ( |
* [[Helmut Schoeck]] (1922–1993) |
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| ⚫ | * [[Francis Fukuyama]] (born 1952)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Phillip Darby |title=At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender, and Dependency |quote=... Instead, in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal, Francis Fukuyama, comfortably pronounces the victory of ...|date=1997 |page=62 |publisher=Pinter}}</ref> |
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* [[Janusz Korwin-Mikke]] (born 1942)<ref name="DonaldTusk">{{cite book|editor=Bartosz Marcinkowski |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke }}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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| ⚫ | * [[Francis Fukuyama]] (born 1952)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Phillip Darby |title=At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender, and Dependency |quote=... Instead, in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal, Francis Fukuyama, comfortably pronounces the victory of ...|date=1997 |page=62 |publisher=Pinter}}</ref> |
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* [[Malcolm Turnbull]] (born 1954) |
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== List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions== |
== List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions== |
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=== Current parties === |
=== Current parties === |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* Argentina: [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|Union of the Democratic Centre]],<ref name="Pion66">{{Citation |first=David |last=Pion-Berlin |title=Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-military Relations in Argentina |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |page=66}}</ref> [[Christian Democratic Party (Argentina)|Christian Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf |title= Quién es quién. Los partidos políticos argentinos |access-date= 20 October 2016 |date= August 1983 |work= Corbière, Emilio J.|language= es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/ |title= Documento Final del Congreso Ideológico Nacional del PDC |access-date=24 October 2016 |work= Partido Demócrata Cristiano |date= 6 July 2014 |language= es}}</ref> |
* Argentina: [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|Union of the Democratic Centre]],<ref name="Pion66">{{Citation |first=David |last=Pion-Berlin |title=Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-military Relations in Argentina |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |page=66}}</ref> [[Christian Democratic Party (Argentina)|Christian Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf |title= Quién es quién. Los partidos políticos argentinos |access-date= 20 October 2016 |date= August 1983 |work= Corbière, Emilio J. |language= es |archive-date= 6 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100706194524/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/ |title= Documento Final del Congreso Ideológico Nacional del PDC |access-date= 24 October 2016 |work= Partido Demócrata Cristiano |date= 6 July 2014 |language= es |archive-date= 1 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151001081733/http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> |
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* Australia: [[Liberal Party of Australia]]<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA191|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137314840|pages=191–192}}</ref> |
* Australia: [[Liberal Party of Australia]]<ref name="StarkeKaasch2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA191|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137314840|pages=191–192}}</ref> |
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* Belgium: [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} [[Mouvement Réformateur|Reformist Movement]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} [[New Flemish Alliance]], [[Libertarian, Direct, Democratic]] |
* Belgium: [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} [[Mouvement Réformateur|Reformist Movement]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="StarkeKaasch2013"/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465 465]}} [[New Flemish Alliance]], [[Libertarian, Direct, Democratic]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{Cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu |title = Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> |
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* Brazil: [[Progressive Party (Brazil)|Progressive Party]],<ref name="Berg-SchlosserKersting2003">{{cite book |editor1=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor2=Norbert Kersting |title=Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities |chapter=Brazil |author=Barbara Happe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGJuAyfj1ykC&pg=PA24 |year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1842772058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 }}</ref> [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]] (factions), [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]], [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]] |
* Brazil: [[Progressive Party (Brazil)|Progressive Party]],<ref name="Berg-SchlosserKersting2003">{{cite book |editor1=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor2=Norbert Kersting |title=Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities |chapter=Brazil |author=Barbara Happe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGJuAyfj1ykC&pg=PA24 |year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1842772058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24 }}</ref> [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]] (factions), [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]], [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]] |
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* Bulgaria: [[National Movement for Stability and Progress]]<ref name="Close2019">{{cite book|author=Caroline Close|chapter=The liberal family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=344}}</ref> |
* Bulgaria: [[National Movement for Stability and Progress]]<ref name="Close2019">{{cite book|author=Caroline Close|chapter=The liberal family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=344}}</ref> |
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* Canada: [[British Columbia |
* Canada: [[British Columbia United]], [[Coalition Avenir Québec]], [[Saskatchewan Party]] |
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* Chile: [[Evópoli]] |
* Chile: [[Evópoli]] |
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* Croatia: [[Croatian Social Liberal Party]]<ref name=Nordsieck/> |
* Croatia: [[Croatian Social Liberal Party]]<ref name=Nordsieck/> |
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| Line 101: | Line 96: | ||
* Faroe Islands: [[Union Party (Faroe Islands)|Union Party]],<ref name=Nordsieck/> [[People's Party (Faroe Islands)|People's Party]]<ref name="Lansford2014">{{cite book|author=Tom Lansford|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392|year=2014|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1483333274|page=392}}</ref> |
* Faroe Islands: [[Union Party (Faroe Islands)|Union Party]],<ref name=Nordsieck/> [[People's Party (Faroe Islands)|People's Party]]<ref name="Lansford2014">{{cite book|author=Tom Lansford|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392|year=2014|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1483333274|page=392}}</ref> |
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* Finland: [[National Coalition Party]], [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]]<ref name=KESK/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA446 446]}} |
* Finland: [[National Coalition Party]], [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]]<ref name=KESK/>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA446 446]}} |
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* France: [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], [[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]] |
* France: [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], [[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]], [[The Centrists]]<ref name=Nordsieck/> |
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* Germany: [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]<ref name=Mair/><ref name="Slomp2000">{{cite book|author=Hans Slomp|title=European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJH_mHgI68C&pg=PA55|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275968007|page=55}}</ref><ref name="George1991">{{cite book|author=Stephen George|title=Politics and Policy in the European Community (Comparative European Politics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRe0AAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0198780557|pages=71}}</ref> |
* Germany: [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]<ref name=Mair/><ref name="Slomp2000">{{cite book|author=Hans Slomp|title=European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJH_mHgI68C&pg=PA55|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275968007|page=55}}</ref><ref name="George1991">{{cite book|author=Stephen George|title=Politics and Policy in the European Community (Comparative European Politics)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRe0AAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0198780557|pages=71}}</ref> |
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* Ghana: [[New Patriotic Party]] |
* Ghana: [[New Patriotic Party]] |
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| Line 109: | Line 104: | ||
* Ireland: [[Fianna Fáil]],<ref name=KESK/> [[Fine Gael]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/de/wahl-auf-der-grünen-insel/a-521140 | title=Wahl auf der grünen Insel | DW | 20.05.2002 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref> |
* Ireland: [[Fianna Fáil]],<ref name=KESK/> [[Fine Gael]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/de/wahl-auf-der-grünen-insel/a-521140 | title=Wahl auf der grünen Insel | DW | 20.05.2002 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref> |
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* Israel: [[Likud]],<ref>Hilo Glazer, [https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-from-peace-activist-to-likud-s-youngest-mk-1.5403286 How Likud's Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right], ''Haaretz'', Sep 29, 2015</ref><ref>Anshel Pfeffer, [https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-likud-primaries-may-backfire-on-pm-1.5265980 How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu], ''Haaretz'', Nov 25, 2012</ref> [[Telem (2019 political party)|Telem]], [[New Hope (Israel)|New Hope]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-der-rivale-macht-ernst-1.5144206|title=Der Rivale macht Ernst|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> |
* Israel: [[Likud]],<ref>Hilo Glazer, [https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-from-peace-activist-to-likud-s-youngest-mk-1.5403286 How Likud's Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right], ''Haaretz'', Sep 29, 2015</ref><ref>Anshel Pfeffer, [https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-likud-primaries-may-backfire-on-pm-1.5265980 How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu], ''Haaretz'', Nov 25, 2012</ref> [[Telem (2019 political party)|Telem]], [[New Hope (Israel)|New Hope]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-der-rivale-macht-ernst-1.5144206|title=Der Rivale macht Ernst|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> |
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* Italy: [[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]<ref name="Blome2016">{{cite book|author=Agnes Blome|title=The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNyVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142|year= 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1317554363|page=142}}</ref> |
* Italy: {{lang|it|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}}<ref name="Blome2016">{{cite book|author=Agnes Blome|title=The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNyVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142|year= 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1317554363|page=142}}</ref> |
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* Japan: [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref name="Kobayashi1976">{{cite book|author=Tetsuya Kobayashi|title=Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBSoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=1976|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1483136226|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Almanac |quote=In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491. |date=1975 |page=43 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun|Mainichi Newspapers]] }}</ref><ref name="Kevenhörster">{{cite book|author1=Paul Kevenhörster|author2=Werner Pascha|author3=Karen Shire|title=Japan: Wirtschaft - Gesellschaft - Politik|year=2003|publisher=VS Verlag|isbn= 978-3-32-299566-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ8nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|page=302}}</ref>{{efn|The LDP was described as a [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a [[liberal-conservative]] before the [[Second Abe Cabinet]]. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to [[ultranationalism]] and [[neo-fascism]]. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right [[Nippon Kaigi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan's wartime atrocities 'had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.' The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism—centred around the figure of the emperor—retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=[[The Spectator]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} |
* Japan: [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref name="Kobayashi1976">{{cite book|author=Tetsuya Kobayashi|title=Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBSoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=1976|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1483136226|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Almanac |quote=In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491. |date=1975 |page=43 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun|Mainichi Newspapers]] }}</ref><ref name="Kevenhörster">{{cite book|author1=Paul Kevenhörster|author2=Werner Pascha|author3=Karen Shire|title=Japan: Wirtschaft - Gesellschaft - Politik|year=2003|publisher=VS Verlag|isbn= 978-3-32-299566-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ8nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|page=302}}</ref>{{efn|The LDP was described as a [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a [[liberal-conservative]] before the [[Second Abe Cabinet]]. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to [[ultranationalism]] and [[neo-fascism]]. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right [[Nippon Kaigi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan's wartime atrocities 'had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.' The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism—centred around the figure of the emperor—retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=[[The Spectator]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} |
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* Latvia: [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] |
* Latvia: [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] |
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* Netherlands: [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]],<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">[[Rudy Andeweg|Andeweg, R.]] and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p. 49</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |title=NSD, European Election Database, Netherlands |access-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185331/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Winter">{{cite book|author1=Rudy W Andeweg|author2=Lieven De Winter|author3=Patrick Dumont|title=Government Formation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3rUuZ6jG0C&pg=PA147|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1134239726|page=147}}</ref><ref name="ClasenClegg">{{cite book|author1=Jochen Clasen|author2=Daniel Clegg|title=Regulating the Risk of Unemployment: National Adaptations to Post-Industrial Labour Markets in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLAooCYXeVgC&pg=PA76|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199592296|page=76}}</ref>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA459 459]}}<ref name="Hanley">{{cite book|author=David Hanley|title=Christian Democracy in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VozH67LS7QEC&pg=PA67|access-date=17 August 2012|year=1998|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1855673823|page=67}}</ref><ref name="OersErsbøll">{{cite book|author1=Ricky Van Oers|author2=Eva Ersbøll|author3=Dora Kostakopoulou|author4=Theodora Kostakopoulou|title=A Re-Definition of Belonging?: Language and Integration Tests in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89wuqKuGJbIC&pg=PA60|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004175068|page=60}}</ref> [[JA21]]<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref> |
* Netherlands: [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]],<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref name="Andeweg, R p.49">[[Rudy Andeweg|Andeweg, R.]] and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p. 49</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |title=NSD, European Election Database, Netherlands |access-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185331/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Winter">{{cite book|author1=Rudy W Andeweg|author2=Lieven De Winter|author3=Patrick Dumont|title=Government Formation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3rUuZ6jG0C&pg=PA147|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1134239726|page=147}}</ref><ref name="ClasenClegg">{{cite book|author1=Jochen Clasen|author2=Daniel Clegg|title=Regulating the Risk of Unemployment: National Adaptations to Post-Industrial Labour Markets in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLAooCYXeVgC&pg=PA76|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199592296|page=76}}</ref>{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA459 459]}}<ref name="Hanley">{{cite book|author=David Hanley|title=Christian Democracy in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VozH67LS7QEC&pg=PA67|access-date=17 August 2012|year=1998|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1855673823|page=67}}</ref><ref name="OersErsbøll">{{cite book|author1=Ricky Van Oers|author2=Eva Ersbøll|author3=Dora Kostakopoulou|author4=Theodora Kostakopoulou|title=A Re-Definition of Belonging?: Language and Integration Tests in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89wuqKuGJbIC&pg=PA60|access-date=17 August 2012|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004175068|page=60}}</ref> [[JA21]]<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref> |
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* New Zealand: [[New Zealand National Party]] |
* New Zealand: [[New Zealand National Party]] |
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* Norway: [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]]<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref> |
* Norway: [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]]<ref name=Nordsieck/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html |title=NSD – European Election Database, Norway |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105133345/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* Philippines: [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (factions), [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino]] |
* Philippines: [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (factions), [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino]] |
||
* Poland: [[Civic Platform]]<ref name="Laar2011">{{cite book|author=Mart Laar|title=The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9QCOrlyOMC&pg=PA229|publisher=Unitas Foundation|isbn=978-9949214792|page=229|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gorska2012">{{cite book|author=Joanna A. Gorska|title=Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland's Policy toward Russia, 1989-2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIowWvWUXvQC&pg=PA104|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739145340|page=104}}</ref><ref name="Pytlas2016">{{cite book|author=Bartek Pytlas|title=Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOC9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317495864|page=30}}</ref> |
* Poland: [[Civic Platform]]<ref name="Laar2011">{{cite book|author=Mart Laar|title=The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9QCOrlyOMC&pg=PA229|publisher=Unitas Foundation|isbn=978-9949214792|page=229|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gorska2012">{{cite book|author=Joanna A. Gorska|title=Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland's Policy toward Russia, 1989-2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIowWvWUXvQC&pg=PA104|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739145340|page=104}}</ref><ref name="Pytlas2016">{{cite book|author=Bartek Pytlas|title=Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOC9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317495864|page=30}}</ref> |
||
* Portugal: [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref name="Machado1991">{{cite book|author=Diamantino P. Machado|title=The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YixpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275937843|page=192}}</ref> |
* Portugal: [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref name="Machado1991">{{cite book|author=Diamantino P. Machado|title=The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YixpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0275937843|page=192}}</ref> |
||
* Romania: [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
* Romania: [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
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* Russia: |
* Russia: [[Democratic Choice (Russia, 2010)|Democratic Choice]] |
||
*Serbia: [[People's Party (Serbia, 2017)|People's |
*Serbia: [[People's Party (Serbia, 2017)|People's Party]] |
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* Slovakia: [[Freedom and Solidarity]] |
* Slovakia: [[Freedom and Solidarity]]{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA561 561]}} |
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* Slovenia: [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]<ref name="HloušekKopecek2013"/> |
* Slovenia: [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]<ref name="HloušekKopecek2013"/> |
||
* South Africa: [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pather|first=Raeesa|date=24 October 2019|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/24/will-the-da-survive-mmusi-maimanes-resignation|title=Will the DA survive Mmusi Maimane's resignation?|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=14 July 2021|quote=Zille...is seen as representing a conservative-liberal grouping within the DA.}}</ref> |
* South Africa: [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pather|first=Raeesa|date=24 October 2019|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/24/will-the-da-survive-mmusi-maimanes-resignation|title=Will the DA survive Mmusi Maimane's resignation?|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=14 July 2021|quote=Zille...is seen as representing a conservative-liberal grouping within the DA.}}</ref> |
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* Sweden: [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
* Sweden: [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
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* Thailand: [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]]<ref>{{Citation |author=Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee |title=Thailand |work=Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |page=157}}</ref> |
* Thailand: [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]]<ref>{{Citation |author=Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee |title=Thailand |work=Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |page=157}}</ref> |
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* Turkey: [[Good Party]]{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
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* Turkey: [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexualities in World Politics|publisher=Routledge|page=126|first=Manuela|last=Picq|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ayse|last=Bugra|title=New Capitalism in Turkey: The Relationship between Politics, Religion and Business|year=2014|page=49|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Birol|last=Yesilada|title=Islamization of Turkey under the AKP Rule|page=63|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}}</ref>{{efn|The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal; there is controversy that, as the ruling party, the AKP is presiding over an [[illiberal democracy]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump | title=Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study | newspaper=The Guardian | date=26 October 2020 | last1=Borger | first1=Julian }}</ref>}} [[Future Party (Turkey)|Future Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birgun.net/haber/ahmet-davutoglu-siyaset-anlayisimiz-gelenege-bagli-ozgurlukculuk-279900|title = Ahmet Davutoğlu: Siyaset anlayışımız geleneğe bağlı özgürlükçülük}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/davutoglu-unveils-his-breakaway-future-party-turkey-erdogan |title=Arşivlenmiş kopya |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214160031/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/davutoglu-unveils-his-breakaway-future-party-turkey-erdogan |archive-date=14 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Ukraine: [[Civil Position]]<ref>{{Citation |first=Tadeusz A. |last=Olszański |title=Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign |publisher=OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies |date=17 September 2014 |url=http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign}}</ref> |
* Ukraine: [[Civil Position]]<ref>{{Citation |first=Tadeusz A. |last=Olszański |title=Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign |publisher=OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies |date=17 September 2014 |url=http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign}}</ref> |
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* United Kingdom: [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] |
* United Kingdom: [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] |
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* United States: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] |
* United States: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] {{div col end}} |
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{{div col end}} |
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=== Historical parties === |
=== Historical parties === |
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| Line 142: | Line 136: | ||
* Austria: [[Constitutional Party (Austria)|Constitutional Party]], [[Federation of Independents]], [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref name=Mair/> |
* Austria: [[Constitutional Party (Austria)|Constitutional Party]], [[Federation of Independents]], [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref name=Mair/> |
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* Belarus: [[Belarusian Peasant Party]]<ref name="WhiteKorosteleva2005">{{cite book|author1=Stephen White|author2=Elena A. Korosteleva|author3=John Löwenhardt|title=Postcommunist Belarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjVRSvhFRAC&pg=PA37|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0742535558|page=37}}</ref> |
* Belarus: [[Belarusian Peasant Party]]<ref name="WhiteKorosteleva2005">{{cite book|author1=Stephen White|author2=Elena A. Korosteleva|author3=John Löwenhardt|title=Postcommunist Belarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjVRSvhFRAC&pg=PA37|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0742535558|page=37}}</ref> |
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* Belgium: [[People's Party (Belgium)|People's Party]]<ref name=Nordsieck/> |
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* Brazil: [[National Democratic Union (Brazil)|National Democratic Union]] |
* Brazil: [[National Democratic Union (Brazil)|National Democratic Union]] |
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* Canada: [[Liberal-Conservative Party]]<ref name="White1998">{{cite book|author=Walter L. White|author2=Ralph Carl Nelson|author3=R. H. Wagenberg|title=Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government|year=1998|publisher=Harcourt Brace|isbn=978-0-77-473589-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_okkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77|page=77}}</ref> |
* Canada: [[Liberal-Conservative Party]]<ref name="White1998">{{cite book|author=Walter L. White|author2=Ralph Carl Nelson|author3=R. H. Wagenberg|title=Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government|year=1998|publisher=Harcourt Brace|isbn=978-0-77-473589-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_okkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77|page=77}}</ref> |
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| Line 148: | Line 143: | ||
* El Salvador: [[National Coalition Party (El Salvador)|National Coalition Party]] |
* El Salvador: [[National Coalition Party (El Salvador)|National Coalition Party]] |
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* France: [[Feuillant (political group)|Feuillant]], [[Thermidorians]], [[Doctrinaires]], [[Resistance Party (France)|Resistance Party]], [[Union for the New Republic]]/[[Union of Democrats for the Republic]]/[[Rally for the Republic]],<ref name="Louis2011A">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EW-zz_H54LMC&pg=PA105|access-date=19 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=105|id=Stanford: RW793BX2256}}</ref> [[Independent Republicans]]/[[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]]/[[Liberal Democracy (France)|Liberal Democracy]],<ref name="Louis2011A"/> [[Union for French Democracy]]{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA385 385]}} [[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]],<ref name="Louis2011B">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=77}}</ref> [[Union for a Popular Movement]], [[Agir (France)|Agir]] |
* France: [[Feuillant (political group)|Feuillant]], [[Thermidorians]], [[Doctrinaires]], [[Resistance Party (France)|Resistance Party]], [[Union for the New Republic]]/[[Union of Democrats for the Republic]]/[[Rally for the Republic]],<ref name="Louis2011A">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EW-zz_H54LMC&pg=PA105|access-date=19 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=105|id=Stanford: RW793BX2256}}</ref> [[Independent Republicans]]/[[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]]/[[Liberal Democracy (France)|Liberal Democracy]],<ref name="Louis2011A"/> [[Union for French Democracy]]{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA385 385]}} [[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]],<ref name="Louis2011B">{{cite book|author=Carol Diane St Louis|title=Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|page=77}}</ref> [[Union for a Popular Movement]], [[Agir (France)|Agir]] |
||
* Germany: [[German People's Party]]<ref name="Payne1996">{{cite book|author=Stanley G. Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA163|year=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0299148737|page=163}}</ref><ref name="Waddy2010">{{cite book|author=Helena Waddy|title=Oberammergau in the Nazi Era: The Fate of a Catholic Village in Hitler's Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199707799|page=54}}</ref> |
* Germany: [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberal Party]], [[German People's Party]]<ref name="Payne1996">{{cite book|author=Stanley G. Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA163|year=1996|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0299148737|page=163}}</ref><ref name="Waddy2010">{{cite book|author=Helena Waddy|title=Oberammergau in the Nazi Era: The Fate of a Catholic Village in Hitler's Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199707799|page=54}}</ref> |
||
* Iceland: [[Liberal Party (Iceland, historical)|Liberal Party (1927)]], [[Liberal Party (Iceland)|Liberal Party (1998)]]<ref name="Kessel2015">{{cite book|author=Stijn van Kessel|title=Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1137414113|page=67}}</ref> |
* Iceland: [[Liberal Party (Iceland, historical)|Liberal Party (1927)]], [[Liberal Party (Iceland)|Liberal Party (1998)]]<ref name="Kessel2015">{{cite book|author=Stijn van Kessel|title=Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1137414113|page=67}}</ref> |
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* Ireland: |
* Ireland: [[Progressive Democrats]]<ref name="HamannKelly2010">{{cite book|author1=Kerstin Hamann|author2=John Kelly|title=Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1982|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136949869|page=1982}}</ref> |
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* Israel: [[General Zionists]], [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberal Party]] |
* Israel: [[General Zionists]], [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberal Party]] |
||
* Italy: [[Italian Liberal Party]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="CottaVerzichelli2007">{{cite book|author1=Maurizio Cotta|author2=Luca Verzichelli|title=Political Institutions in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FAZHBDqggC&pg=PA38|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199284702|page=38}}</ref> [[Italian Liberal Right]], [[Forza Italia]],<ref name="Blome2016" |
* Italy: [[Italian Liberal Party]],<ref name=Mair/><ref name="CottaVerzichelli2007">{{cite book|author1=Maurizio Cotta|author2=Luca Verzichelli|title=Political Institutions in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FAZHBDqggC&pg=PA38|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199284702|page=38}}</ref> [[Italian Liberal Right]], [[Forza Italia]],<ref name="Blome2016"/> [[Civic Choice]]<ref name="KickertRandma-Liiv2015">{{cite book|author1=Walter Kickert|author2=Tiina Randma-Liiv|title=Europe Managing the Crisis: The Politics of Fiscal Consolidation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkLLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317525707|page=263}}</ref> |
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* Japan: [[New Party Sakigake]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%9A%E3%81%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%91-169959#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 |script-title=ja:ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典の解説 |trans-title=The ''Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia''{{'}}s explanation |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=[[Kotobank]] |language=ja }}</ref> |
* Japan: [[New Party Sakigake]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%9A%E3%81%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%91-169959#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 |script-title=ja:ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典の解説 |trans-title=The ''Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia''{{'}}s explanation |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=[[Kotobank]] |language=ja }}</ref> |
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* Latvia: [[Latvian Way]],{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA532 532]}}<ref name="CloseDelwit2019">{{cite book|author1=Caroline Close|author2=Pascal Delwit|chapter=Liberal parties and elections: Electoral performances and voters' profile|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=295}}</ref> [[Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
* Latvia: [[Latvian Way]],{{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA532 532]}}<ref name="CloseDelwit2019">{{cite book|author1=Caroline Close|author2=Pascal Delwit|chapter=Liberal parties and elections: Electoral performances and voters' profile|editor1=Emilie van Haute|editor2=Caroline Close|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1351245494|page=295}}</ref> [[Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
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* Lithuania: [[National Resurrection Party]], [[Liberal and Centre Union]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
* Lithuania: [[National Resurrection Party]], [[Liberal and Centre Union]]<ref name="Close2019"/> |
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* Mexico: [[Liberal Party (Mexico)|Liberal Party]]{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
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* Netherlands: [[Liberal State Party]], [[Freedom Party (Netherlands)|Party of Freedom]]<ref name="Lamberts1997">{{cite book|author=Emiel Lamberts|title=Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15–18 November 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyvYB4UnMwC&pg=PA56|year=1997|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-9061868088|page=56}}</ref> |
* Netherlands: [[Liberal State Party]], [[Freedom Party (Netherlands)|Party of Freedom]]<ref name="Lamberts1997">{{cite book|author=Emiel Lamberts|title=Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15–18 November 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyvYB4UnMwC&pg=PA56|year=1997|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-9061868088|page=56}}</ref> |
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* New Zealand: [[United Party (New Zealand)|United Party]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/political-parties/page-17 |title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |last=Daniels | first=John Richard Sinclair |chapter=United Party |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage|Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga]] | editor-first=A. H. |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |access-date= 6 March 2016 |title-link=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand }}</ref> |
* New Zealand: [[United Party (New Zealand)|United Party]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/political-parties/page-17 |title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |last=Daniels | first=John Richard Sinclair |chapter=United Party |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage|Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga]] | editor-first=A. H. |editor-last=McLintock |editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |access-date= 6 March 2016 |title-link=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 23:47, 28 July 2024
 | This article may be written in a style that is too abstract to be readily understandable by general audiences. (August 2016) |
| Part of a series on |
| Liberalism |
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Conservative liberalism, also referred to as right-liberalism,[1][2] is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.[3] In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism.[4][5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[specify][6] Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, French, Italian, and American manifestations.[7]
In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.[8] Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[9] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.[10][11]
Overview
Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and the United Kingdom, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.[12] Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism).[13]
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According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."[15]
In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.[6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[16] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.[3]
Political stance
Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.[17] Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.[5] While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position, liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum.[18][19]
Social, classical and conservative liberalism
Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals;[20] in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets, such as Röpke.[21]
By country
 | This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. (January 2022) |
France
Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.[22][23] They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July Monarchy alone;[24][25] after the French Revolution of 1848, the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.[citation needed]
Germany
Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (German: Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism (German: Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.[citation needed] According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.[citation needed]
Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.[21]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.[26]
United States
| This article is part of a series on |
| Liberalism in the United States |
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In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.[20][27]
Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.[28] In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.[29] In the case of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,[30] and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.[31] Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.[32]
American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:
[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.[33]
Notable thinkers
- David Hume (1711–1776)[26]
- Adam Smith (1723–1790)[26]
- Edmund Burke (1729–1797)[26]
- Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834)
- Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)[23]
- Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)[22]
- William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)[34]
- Camillo Benso (1810–1861)
- Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947)
- Winston Churchill (1874–1965)
- Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)
- Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
- Walter Eucken (1891–1950)[21]
- Robert Menzies (1894–1978)
- Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)[21]
- Wilhelm Ropke (1899–1966)[21]
- Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992)[35]
- Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990)
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
- Raymond Aron (1905–1983)[36]
- Milton Friedman (1912–2006)[20]
- Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1919–1999)
- Irving Kristol (1920–2009)[27]
- Helmut Schoeck (1922–1993)
- Francis Fukuyama (born 1952)[37]
List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions
Current parties
- Argentina: Union of the Democratic Centre,[38] Christian Democratic Party[39][40]
- Australia: Liberal Party of Australia[41]
- Belgium: Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats,[3][41][42] Reformist Movement,[3][41][42] New Flemish Alliance, Libertarian, Direct, Democratic[43]
- Brazil: Progressive Party,[44] Social Democratic Party (factions), Liberal Party, New Party
- Bulgaria: National Movement for Stability and Progress[45]
- Canada: British Columbia United, Coalition Avenir Québec, Saskatchewan Party
- Chile: Evópoli
- Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party[43]
- Czech Republic: Mayors and Independents, TOP 09,[46] Civic Democratic Party,[47][48][49] ANO 2011[45]
- Denmark: Venstre–Liberal Party of Denmark[3][43][50]
- Estonia: Estonian Reform Party[51]
- El Salvador: Nuevas Ideas, GANA
- Faroe Islands: Union Party,[43] People's Party[52]
- Finland: National Coalition Party, Centre Party[19][53]
- France: The Republicans, Horizons, The Centrists[43]
- Germany: Free Democratic Party[3][54][55]
- Ghana: New Patriotic Party
- Greece: New Democracy[56]
- Greenland: Feeling of Community[43]
- Iceland: Independence Party[57]
- Ireland: Fianna Fáil,[19] Fine Gael[58]
- Israel: Likud,[59][60] Telem, New Hope[61]
- Italy: Forza Italia[62]
- Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[63][64][65][a]
- Latvia: Unity
- Lithuania: Liberal Movement, Freedom and Justice
- Luxembourg: Democratic Party[3]
- Moldova: Liberal Party,[43][68] Liberal Reformist Party[citation needed]
- Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy,[43][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] JA21[76][77]
- New Zealand: New Zealand National Party
- Norway: Progress Party[43][78]
- Philippines: Liberal Party (factions), Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
- Poland: Civic Platform[79][80][81]
- Portugal: Social Democratic Party[82]
- Romania: National Liberal Party[45]
- Russia: Democratic Choice
- Serbia: People's Party
- Slovakia: Freedom and Solidarity[83]
- Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[49]
- South Africa: Democratic Alliance[84]
- South Korea: Minsaeng Party, Democratic Party of Korea (factions)[85][86][87]
- Spain: People's Party,[88] Catalan European Democratic Party, Basque Nationalist Party[89]
- Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals[3][45]
- Sweden: Liberals[45]
- Thailand: Democrat Party[90]
- Turkey: Good Party[citation needed]
- Ukraine: Civil Position[91]
- United Kingdom: Conservative Party
- United States: Republican Party
Historical parties
- Austria: Constitutional Party, Federation of Independents, Freedom Party of Austria[3]
- Belarus: Belarusian Peasant Party[92]
- Belgium: People's Party[43]
- Brazil: National Democratic Union
- Canada: Liberal-Conservative Party[93]
- Chile: National Party
- Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,[54][94] Public Affairs[95]
- El Salvador: National Coalition Party
- France: Feuillant, Thermidorians, Doctrinaires, Resistance Party, Union for the New Republic/Union of Democrats for the Republic/Rally for the Republic,[96] Independent Republicans/Republican Party/Liberal Democracy,[96] Union for French Democracy[97] Republican Party,[98] Union for a Popular Movement, Agir
- Germany: National Liberal Party, German People's Party[99][100]
- Iceland: Liberal Party (1927), Liberal Party (1998)[101]
- Ireland: Progressive Democrats[102]
- Israel: General Zionists, Liberal Party
- Italy: Italian Liberal Party,[3][103] Italian Liberal Right, Forza Italia,[62] Civic Choice[104]
- Japan: New Party Sakigake[105]
- Latvia: Latvian Way,[106][107] Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way[45]
- Lithuania: National Resurrection Party, Liberal and Centre Union[45]
- Mexico: Liberal Party[citation needed]
- Netherlands: Liberal State Party, Party of Freedom[108]
- New Zealand: United Party[109]
- Norway: Frisinnede Venstre[110]
- Poland: Liberty, League of the Right of the Republic,[111] Liberal Democratic Congress,[112] Poland Together[113]
- Romania: Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party
- Russia: Democratic Choice of Russia
- Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party[114]
- Slovakia: Democratic Party[115]
- South Korea: Korea Democratic Party, Democratic Nationalist Party, Democratic Party (1955), New Democratic Party, Reunification Democratic Party, Democratic Party (1990), United Democratic Party (1995), National Congress for New Politics, Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000), People Party (2016), Party for Democracy and Peace,[116] New Alternatives
- Spain: Liberal Party, Democratic Convergence of Catalonia[117]
- Switzerland: Free Democratic Party,[3][118] Liberal Party[3][43]
- Turkey: Motherland Party
- United Kingdom: Whigs, Liberal Unionist Party, National Liberal Party
- United States: Whig Party
See also
Notes
- ^ The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to ultranationalism and neo-fascism. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.[66][67]
References
- ^ Keith L. Nelson, ed. (2019). The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1421436210.
... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ...
- ^ Paul Orlowski, ed. (2011). Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN 978-9400714182.
This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, Representative Government in Europe, p. 221.
- ^ R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 2.
- ^ a b Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 326.
- ^ a b "Content". Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.
- ^ Kenneth Dyson (2021). "Introduction". In Kenneth Dyson (ed.). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-885428-9.
- ^ Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1442600409.
- ^ Roger Scruton. "Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- ^ Telos. Telos Press. 1998. p. 72.
- ^ Shannan Lorraine Mattiace, ed. (1998). Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996. University of Texas at Austin.
- ^ Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). France 1814–1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317871439.
... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...
- ^ Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013). In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott. Imprint Academic. p. 14. ISBN 9781845404680.
... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...
- ^ The New York Times Book Review. New York Times Company. 1986. p. 1. ISBN 978-1317755098.
... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ...
- ^ Kraynak, Robert (December 2005). "Living with liberalism". The New Criterion. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 13.
- ^ Hans Slomp, ed. (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN 978-0313391811.
Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism.
- ^ Immanuel Wallerstein, ed. (2011). The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. University of California Press.
- ^ a b c Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. pp. 338–339.
- ^ a b c David Cayla, ed. (2021). Populism and Neoliberalism. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-1000366709.
He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism.
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth Dyson, ed. (2021). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Martin Fitzpatrick; Peter Jones, eds. (2017). The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1350012554.
... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ...
- ^ a b Andrew Cleveland Gould, ed. (1992). Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815–1914. University of California. p. 82.
Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ...
- ^ Jennings, Jeremy (2011). Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0198203131.
- ^ Agulhon, Maurice (1983). The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
- ^ a b c d Klein, Daniel B. (1 March 2021). "Conservative liberalism: Hume, Smith, and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 183: 861–873. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.021. ISSN 0167-2681. S2CID 233880111.
- ^ a b Otis L. Graham Jr., ed. (1976). Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon. Oxford University Press. p. 1911. ISBN 978-0199923212.
The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol.
- ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719060205.
- ^ Slomp 2011, p. 107.
- ^ Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities. Brill. 2020. p. 93. ISBN 978-9004432864.
It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat").
- ^ "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". Christian Science Monitor. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests.
- ^ "Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja". Kaleva.fi. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ Peter Lawler, Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism, The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2003/Spring 2004
- ^ Kansas State College of Pittsburg, ed. (1945). The Educational Leader. Kansas State College. p. 67.
The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century, William E. Gladstone, was in principle and practice a conservative liberal. As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894, he was directly ...
- ^ Paul Kelly, ed. (2005). Liberalism. Polity. p. 71. ISBN 978-0745632902.
Conservative liberal critics of social justice, such as Friedrich Hayek, have sought to reject precisely this distinction.
- ^ In Defense of Decadent Europe. Transaction Publishers. 1996. p. XI. ISBN 978-1412826044.
... Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the ...
- ^ Phillip Darby, ed. (1997). At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender, and Dependency. Pinter. p. 62.
... Instead, in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal, Francis Fukuyama, comfortably pronounces the victory of ...
- ^ Pion-Berlin, David (1997), Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-military Relations in Argentina, Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 66
- ^ "Quién es quién. Los partidos políticos argentinos" (PDF). Corbière, Emilio J. (in Spanish). August 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ "Documento Final del Congreso Ideológico Nacional del PDC". Partido Demócrata Cristiano (in Spanish). 6 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ a b c Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-1137314840.
- ^ a b Slomp 2011, p. 465.
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{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Jacques Rupnik; Jan Zielonka (2003). The Road to the European Union. Manchester University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0719065972.
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