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| first5=Konstantin V.
| first5=Konstantin V.
| s2cid=119328315
| s2cid=119328315
| doi-access=free
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
| dist_pc = 1800±140
| dist_pc = 1800±140
| names = War and Peace Nebula,<ref name="simbad" /> Lobster Nebula <ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/20/lobster-nebula-birthplace-stars-infrared|title=Lobster Nebula – birthplace of stars – revealed in infrared|first=Ian|last=Sample|date=20 February 2013|website=the Guardian}}</ref> [[Sharpless catalog|Sharpless]] 11, [[RCW Catalogue|RCW]] 131, Gum 66
| names = War and Peace Nebula,<ref name="simbad" /> Lobster Nebula <ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/20/lobster-nebula-birthplace-stars-infrared|title=Lobster Nebula – birthplace of stars – revealed in infrared|first=Ian|last=Sample|date=20 February 2013|website=the Guardian}}</ref> [[Sharpless catalog|Sharpless]] 11, [[RCW Catalogue|RCW]] 131, Gum 66, Madokami
}}
}}


'''NGC 6357''' is a [[diffuse nebula]] near [[NGC 6334]] in the [[constellation]] [[Scorpius (constellation)|Scorpius]]. The nebula contains many proto-stars shielded by dark discs of gas, and young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. It is also known as the '''Lobster Nebula'''<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/19938-lobster-nebula-seen-with-esos-vista-telescope-space-wallpaper.html|title=Lobster Nebula Seen with ESO's VISTA Telescope Space Wallpaper}}</ref> and the '''Madokami Nebula'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/01/20/star-observatory-spots-ultimate-madoka-in-space|title=Star Observatory Spots Ultimate Madoka in Space}}</ref> by some fans of the Japanese [[anime]] ''[[Madoka Magica]]'' due to its resemblance to the main character from the anime, and a popular fan petition to rename it.
'''NGC 6357''' is a [[diffuse nebula]] near [[NGC 6334]] in the [[constellation]] [[Scorpius (constellation)|Scorpius]]. The nebula contains many proto-stars shielded by dark discs of gas, and young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. It is also known as the '''Lobster Nebula'''.<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/19938-lobster-nebula-seen-with-esos-vista-telescope-space-wallpaper.html|title=Lobster Nebula Seen with ESO's VISTA Telescope Space Wallpaper|website=[[Space.com]] |date=25 February 2013 }}</ref> This nebula was given the name '''War and Peace Nebula''' by the [[Midcourse Space Experiment]] scientists because of its appearance, which, in infrared images the bright, western part resembles a dove, while the eastern part looks like a skull.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/powcap25.html|title=2MASS Picture of the Week Archive Captions}}</ref> A petition by anime fans to rename it as the [[Puella Magi Madoka Magica|Madokami]] nebula, due to resemblance with a character, was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/02/08-1/there-is-a-new-petition-to-name-a-nebula-after-ultimate-madoka|title=There Is A New Petition To Name A Nebula After "Ultimate Madoka"|publisher=crunchyroll.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://astrodrudis.com/ngc-6357-the-lobster-nebula/|title=NGC 6357. The Lobster Nebula|publisher=astrodrudis.com}}</ref>


⚫
It is located about 5,500 light years away from Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/35094-cosmic-winter-wonderland-nebula.html |title=Winter Wonderland' Glows in Space as Nebula Is Wreathed in Wintry Colors |date=20 December 2016 |publisher=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>
This nebula was also given the name '''War and Peace Nebula''' by the [[Midcourse Space Experiment]] scientists because of its appearance, which, in infrared images the bright, western part resembles a dove, while the eastern part looks like a skull.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/powcap25.html|title=2MASS Picture of the Week Archive Captions}}</ref>

⚫
It is located about 8,000 light years away from Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/35094-cosmic-winter-wonderland-nebula.html |title=Winter Wonderland' Glows in Space as Nebula Is Wreathed in Wintry Colors |publisher=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>


==Associated open clusters==
==Associated open clusters==
===Pismis 24===
===Pismis 24===
[[File: EmissionNebula NGC6357.jpg|thumb|A [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) image of [[Pismis 24-1]], the "core" of NGC 6357.]]
[[File: EmissionNebula NGC6357.jpg|thumb|A [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) image of [[Pismis 24-1]], the "core" of NGC 6357.]]
[[File: NGC_6357.jpg|thumb| [[Dark Energy Camera]] captures the star-forming nebula NGC 6357]]
⚫
This nebula includes the open cluster '''Pismis 24''', which is home to several [[OB star|massive stars]]. One of the brightest stars in the cluster, [[Pismis 24-1]], was thought possibly to be the most massive on record, approaching 300 [[solar mass]]es, until it was discovered to be a [[binary star|multiple system]] of at least three stars; component stars would still remain near 100 solar masses each, making them among the more massive stars on record.<ref name="ESA">{{cite web

⚫
This nebula includes the [[open cluster]] '''Pismis 24''', which is home to several [[OB star|massive stars]]. One of the brightest stars in the cluster, [[Pismis 24-1]], was thought possibly to be the most massive on record, approaching 300 [[solar mass]]es, until it was discovered to be a [[binary star|multiple system]] of at least three stars; component stars would still remain near 100 solar masses each, making them among the more massive stars on record.<ref name="ESA">{{cite web
|title = ESA Science & Technology: Star on a Hubble diet NGC 6357
|title = ESA Science & Technology: Star on a Hubble diet NGC 6357
|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0619a.html
|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0619a.html
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|WC7
|WC7
| align="right" | -11.2
| align="right" | -11.2
| align="right" | 71000
| align="right" | 71,000
| align="right" | 10
| align="right" | 10
| align="right" | 120
| align="right" | 120
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| Pismis 24-19 || B0.5 V || align="right" | &minus;5.4 || align="right" | 30,000 || align="right" | 4 || align="right" | 11
| Pismis 24-19 || B0.5 V || align="right" | &minus;5.4 || align="right" | 30,000 || align="right" | 4 || align="right" | 11
|}
|}

==See also ==

* [[List of most massive stars]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:H II regions]]
[[Category:H II regions]]
[[Category:Scorpius (constellation)]]
[[Category:Scorpius]]
[[Category:NGC objects|6357]]
[[Category:NGC objects|6357]]
[[Category:Sharpless objects]]
[[Category:Sharpless objects]]

Latest revision as of 18:30, 30 July 2024

NGC 6357
Emission nebula
H II region
NGC 6357 composite image
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension17h 24m [1]
Declination−34° 20′[1]
Distance~5900±450[2] ly   (1800±140 pc)
ConstellationScorpius[3]
DesignationsWar and Peace Nebula,[1] Lobster Nebula [4] Sharpless 11, RCW 131, Gum 66, Madokami
See also: Lists of nebulae

NGC 6357 is a diffuse nebula near NGC 6334 in the constellation Scorpius. The nebula contains many proto-stars shielded by dark discs of gas, and young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. It is also known as the Lobster Nebula.[4][5] This nebula was given the name War and Peace Nebula by the Midcourse Space Experiment scientists because of its appearance, which, in infrared images the bright, western part resembles a dove, while the eastern part looks like a skull.[6] A petition by anime fans to rename it as the Madokami nebula, due to resemblance with a character, was unsuccessful.[7][8]

It is located about 5,500 light years away from Earth.[9]

Associated open clusters

[edit]

Pismis 24

[edit]
A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image of Pismis 24-1, the "core" of NGC 6357.
Dark Energy Camera captures the star-forming nebula NGC 6357

This nebula includes the open cluster Pismis 24, which is home to several massive stars. One of the brightest stars in the cluster, Pismis 24-1, was thought possibly to be the most massive on record, approaching 300 solar masses, until it was discovered to be a multiple system of at least three stars; component stars would still remain near 100 solar masses each, making them among the more massive stars on record.[10][11]

G353.2+0.7

[edit]

The young stellar cluster G353.2+0.7 lies east of Pismis 24 and was revealed by a Chandra X-ray image showing approximately 800 stars.[12]

G353.1+0.6

[edit]

The young stellar cluster G353.1+0.6 lies southeast of Pismis 24 and also contains approximately 800 stars detected by X-ray.[12] The region includes several O-type stars, including [BDSB2003] 10.[13]

Massive stars

[edit]

NGC 6357 is one of the most prominent sites of massive-star formation in our neighborhood of the Milky Way. A variety of early O-type stars reside in this nebula, blowing the bubbles around the star clusters that can be seen in the molecular cloud.

Prominent stars in Pismis 24[14]
Star name Spectral type Magnitude
(Mbol) 		Temperature[15]
(K) 		Radius
(R☉) 		Mass
(M☉)
WR 93 (HD 157504) WC7 -11.2 71,000 10 120
Pismis 24-1NE O3.5 If* −10.0 42,000 17 74
Pismis 24-1SW O4 III −9.8 41,500 16 66
Pismis 24-2 O5.5 V(f) −8.9 40,000 12 43
Pismis 24-3 O8 V −7.7 33,400 9 25
Pismis 24-10 O9 V −7.2 31,500 8 20
Pismis 24-12 B1 V −5.3 30,000 4 11
Pismis 24-13 O6.5 III((f)) −8.6 35,600 12 35
Pismis 24-15 O8 V −7.8 33,400 10 25
Pismis 24-16 O7.5 V −9.0 34,000 16 38
Pismis 24-17 O3.5 III −10.1 42,700 17 78
Pismis 24-18 B0.5 V −6.4 30,000 6 15
Pismis 24-19 B0.5 V −5.4 30,000 4 11

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "NGC 6357". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  2. ^ Kuhn, Michael A.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.; Sills, Alison; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V. (2018). "Kinematics in Young Star Clusters and Associations with Gaia DR2". The Astrophysical Journal. 870 (1): 32. arXiv:1807.02115. Bibcode:2019ApJ...870...32K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaef8c. S2CID 119328315.
  3. ^ R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
  4. ^ a b Sample, Ian (20 February 2013). "Lobster Nebula – birthplace of stars – revealed in infrared". the Guardian.
  5. ^ "Lobster Nebula Seen with ESO's VISTA Telescope Space Wallpaper". Space.com. 25 February 2013.
  6. ^ "2MASS Picture of the Week Archive Captions".
  7. ^ "There Is A New Petition To Name A Nebula After "Ultimate Madoka"". crunchyroll.com.
  8. ^ "NGC 6357. The Lobster Nebula". astrodrudis.com.
  9. ^ "Winter Wonderland' Glows in Space as Nebula Is Wreathed in Wintry Colors". Space.com. 20 December 2016.
  10. ^ "ESA Science & Technology: Star on a Hubble diet NGC 6357". Archived from the original on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  11. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 December 2006). "NASA: Massive Stars in Open Cluster Pismis 24". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
  12. ^ a b Townsley, L. K.; et al. (2014). "The Massive Star-Forming Regions Omnibus X-Ray Catalog". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 213 (1): 1. arXiv:1403.2576. Bibcode:2014ApJS..213....1T. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/1. S2CID 76658453.
  13. ^ Damke, G.; et al. (2006). "The open cluster G353.1+0.7 in NGC6357". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 26: 180. Bibcode:2006RMxAC..26..180D.
  14. ^ Fang, M.; Van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, T.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; Okamoto, Y. K.; Roccatagliata, V.; Sicilia-Aguilar, A. (2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. S2CID 73612793.
  15. ^ Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J. (2005). "A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (3): 1049–1065. arXiv:astro-ph/0503346. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1049M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386. S2CID 39162419.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to NGC 6357.
  1. Star Forming Region NGC 6357 showing complex interactions between interstellar winds, radiation pressures and magnetic fields.
  2. A Massive Star in NGC 6357 with a close-up of Pismis 24.
  3. NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars
  4. A Massive Star in NGC 6357
  5. NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars
  6. NGC 6357: The Lobster Nebula
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