Jump to content

Nasdaq: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°45′23″N 73°59′09″W / 40.7565°N 73.98576°W / 40.7565; -73.98576
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,170,596 edits
Added date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024 | #UCB_Category 152/853
(14 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American stock exchange}}
{{Short description|American stock exchange}}
{{About|the stock exchange|the stock market index|Nasdaq Composite|the corporation that owns Nasdaq exchanges|Nasdaq, Inc.|the corporation's physical headquarters|Nasdaq MarketSite}}
{{About|the stock exchange|the stock market index|Nasdaq Composite|the corporation that owns Nasdaq exchanges|Nasdaq, Inc.|the corporation's physical headquarters|Nasdaq MarketSite}}
{{Update|new all-time highs in 2020|date=August 2023}}
{{Update|new all-time highs in 2020|date=July 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
Line 15: Line 15:
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1971|02|8}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1971|02|8}}
| owner = [[Nasdaq, Inc.]]
| owner = [[Nasdaq, Inc.]]
| listings = {{Decrease}} 4,061 (Feb 2024)<ref name="companies">{{Cite web |title=Nasdaq Companies |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/screening/companies-by-industry.aspx?exchange=NASDAQ |access-date=March 18, 2024}}</ref>
| listings = {{Decrease}} 4,061 (Feb 2024)<ref name="companies">{{Cite web |title=Nasdaq Companies |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/screening/companies-by-industry.aspx?exchange=NASDAQ |access-date=March 18, 2024 |archive-date=February 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201070640/http://www.nasdaq.com/screening/companies-by-industry.aspx?exchange=NASDAQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| currency = [[United States dollar]]
| currency = [[United States dollar]]
| mcap = {{Increase}} {{USD}}23.414 [[trillion (short scale)|trillion]] (Feb 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Market Statistics – Focus |url=https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/february-2024/market-statistics |website=focus.world-exchanges.org |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges]] |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en |date=March 2024}}</ref>
| mcap = {{Increase}} {{USD}}23.414 [[trillion (short scale)|trillion]] (Feb 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Market Statistics – Focus |url=https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/february-2024/market-statistics |website=focus.world-exchanges.org |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges]] |access-date=March 18, 2024 |language=en |date=March 2024 |archive-date=March 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318174706/https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/february-2024/market-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.nasdaq.com}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.nasdaq.com}}
|indexes = {{unbulleted list|[[Nasdaq-100]]|[[Nasdaq Financial-100]]|[[Nasdaq Composite]]}}
|indexes = {{unbulleted list|[[Nasdaq-100]]|[[Nasdaq Financial-100]]|[[Nasdaq Composite]]}}
Line 27: Line 27:
]]
]]


The '''Nasdaq Stock Market''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-NASDAQ.ogg|ˈ|n|æ|z|d|æ|k}} (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American [[stock exchange]] based in [[New York City]]. It is the most active stock trading venue in the US by volume,<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Equities Market Volume Summary|url=https://www.cboe.com/us/equities/market_share/}}</ref> and ranked second on the [[list of stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] of shares traded, behind the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Reports |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817220823/http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |department=World-Exchanges.org |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges]]}}</ref> The exchange platform is owned by [[Nasdaq, Inc.]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasdaq – Business Solutions & Services |url=http://www.business.nasdaq.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020164343/http://business.nasdaq.com/ |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |access-date=June 16, 2016 |website=nasdaq.com }}</ref> which also owns the [[Nasdaq Nordic]] stock market network and several U.S.-based stock and [[Options (finance)|options exchanges]].
The '''Nasdaq Stock Market''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-NASDAQ.ogg|ˈ|n|æ|z|d|æ|k}}; National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American [[stock exchange]] based in [[New York City]]. It is the most active stock trading venue in the U.S. by volume,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Equities Market Volume Summary|url=https://www.cboe.com/us/equities/market_share/|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=December 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210125708/https://www.cboe.com/us/equities/market_share/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ranked second on the [[list of stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] of shares traded, behind the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Reports |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817220823/http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |department=World-Exchanges.org |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges]]}}</ref> The exchange platform is owned by [[Nasdaq, Inc.]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasdaq – Business Solutions & Services |url=http://www.business.nasdaq.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020164343/http://business.nasdaq.com/ |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |access-date=June 16, 2016 |website=nasdaq.com }}</ref> which also owns the [[Nasdaq Nordic]] stock [[Market economy|market network]] and several U.S.-based stock and [[Options (finance)|options exchanges]]. Although it trades stock of healthcare, financial, entertainment, retail, and food businesses, it focuses more on technology [[Stock|stocks]]. The exchange is made up of both American and foreign firms, with [[China]] and [[Israel]] being the largest foreign sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet U.S. – Israel Economic Relationship |url=https://il.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/fact-sheet-u-s-israel-economic-relationship/ |website=United States embassy in Israel}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===1971–2000===
===1971–2000===
[[File:NASDAQ.svg|thumb|Former logo used from 1971 to 2014]]
[[File:NASDAQ.svg|thumb|Former logo used from 1971 to 2014]]
"Nasdaq" was initially an [[acronym]] for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.<ref>[http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429200618/http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> It was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), now known as the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]].<ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=Terrell |first=Ellen |title=History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414213410/http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> On February 8, 1971, the Nasdaq stock market began operations as the world's first electronic stock market.<ref name="history" /> At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennon |first=Joshua |date=March 26, 2019 |title=What Is the NASDAQ? |url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-nasdaq-356343 |website=[[Dotdash]]}}</ref>
"Nasdaq" was initially an [[acronym]] for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.<ref>[http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429200618/http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> It was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), now known as the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]].<ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=Terrell |first=Ellen |title=History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414213410/http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> On February 8, 1971, the Nasdaq stock market began operations as the world's first electronic stock market.<ref name="history" /> At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennon |first=Joshua |date=March 26, 2019 |title=What Is the NASDAQ? |url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-nasdaq-356343 |website=[[Dotdash]] |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317134734/https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-nasdaq-356343 |url-status=live }}</ref>


The NASDAQ Stock Market eventually assumed the majority of major trades that had been executed by the [[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] (OTC) system of trading, but there are still many securities traded in this fashion. As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media reports<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilpin |first=Kenneth N. |date=July 3, 1987 |title=Company News: An Erratic Quarter for Stock Markets |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050610/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> and also in the monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by [[Standard & Poor's]] Corporation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salinger |first=Lawrence M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vh2AwAAQBAJ&q=nasdaq+OTC+in+stock+guides+issued+by++standard+and+poor%27s+corporation&pg=PA638 |title=Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime |date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-7616-8 |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, it became more of a stock market by adding trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. In 1981, Nasdaq traded 37% of the U.S. securities markets' total of 21&nbsp;billion shares. By 1991, Nasdaq's share had grown to 46%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Widder |first=Pat |date=May 24, 1992 |title=NASDAQ Has Eye On Next 100 Years |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1992-05-24-2855271-story.html}}</ref> In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the [[London Stock Exchange]] to form the first intercontinental linkage of [[capital market]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odekon |first=Mehmet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267 |title=Booms and Busts: ''An Encyclopedia of Economic History'' from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317475750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267&lpg=PT1267&dq=Nasdaq+Stock+Market+the+london+Stock+exchange+1992#v=onepage&q=Nasdaq%20Stock%20Market%20the%20london%20Stock%20exchange%201992&f=false |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The NASDAQ Stock Market eventually assumed the majority of major trades that had been executed by the [[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] (OTC) system of trading, but there are still many securities traded in this fashion. As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media reports<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilpin |first=Kenneth N. |date=July 3, 1987 |title=Company News: An Erratic Quarter for Stock Markets |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050610/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> and also in the monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by [[Standard & Poor's]] Corporation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salinger |first=Lawrence M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vh2AwAAQBAJ&q=nasdaq+OTC+in+stock+guides+issued+by++standard+and+poor%27s+corporation&pg=PA638 |title=Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime |date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-7616-8 |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, it became more of a stock market by adding trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. In 1981, Nasdaq traded 37% of the U.S. securities markets' total of 21&nbsp;billion shares. By 1991, Nasdaq's share had grown to 46%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Widder |first=Pat |date=May 24, 1992 |title=NASDAQ Has Eye On Next 100 Years |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1992-05-24-2855271-story.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429130718/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1992-05-24-2855271-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the [[London Stock Exchange]] to form the first intercontinental linkage of [[capital market]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odekon |first=Mehmet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267 |title=Booms and Busts: ''An Encyclopedia of Economic History'' from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317475750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267&lpg=PT1267&dq=Nasdaq+Stock+Market+the+london+Stock+exchange+1992#v=onepage&q=Nasdaq%20Stock%20Market%20the%20london%20Stock%20exchange%201992&f=false |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 1996, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] issued a report alleging that Nasdaq market makers [[Price fixing|fixed prices]] by avoiding "odd-eighths" quotes (at the time, stock prices were quoted in increments of an eighth of a dollar) to artificially widen spreads. The report was followed by a new set of rules for how Nasdaq handled orders.<ref>{{cite book |title = Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System |last = Patterson |first = Scott |year = 2012 |publisher = Crown Publishing |isbn = 978-0307887177}}</ref>{{rp|102, 126}}
In 1996, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] issued a report alleging that Nasdaq market makers [[Price fixing|fixed prices]] by avoiding "odd-eighths" quotes (at the time, stock prices were quoted in increments of an eighth of a dollar) to artificially widen spreads. The report was followed by a new set of rules for how Nasdaq handled orders.<ref>{{cite book |title = Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System |last = Patterson |first = Scott |year = 2012 |publisher = Crown Publishing |isbn = 978-0307887177}}</ref>{{rp|102, 126}}


In 1998, it became the first stock market in the United States to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feb 8, 1971 CE: 'Stock Market for the Next 100 Years' Opens |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719000823/http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |archive-date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |publisher=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted many companies during the [[dot-com bubble]].
In 1998, it became the first stock market in the [[United States]] to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feb 8, 1971 CE: 'Stock Market for the Next 100 Years' Opens |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719000823/http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |archive-date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |publisher=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted many companies during the [[dot-com bubble]].


Its main index is the [[NASDAQ Composite]], which has been published since its inception. The QQQ [[exchange-traded fund]] tracks the large-cap [[NASDAQ-100]] index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside the [[NASDAQ Financial-100]] Index, which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of market capitalization.
Its main index is the [[NASDAQ Composite]], which has been published since its inception. The QQQ [[exchange-traded fund]] tracks the large-cap [[NASDAQ-100]] index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside the [[NASDAQ Financial-100]] Index, which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of [[market capitalization]].


===2000–present===
===2000–present===
Line 48: Line 48:
On March 10, 2000, the [[NASDAQ Composite]] stock market index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3,227 by April 17,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASDAQ Composite daily index |url=http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115756/http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2010 }}</ref> and, in the following 30 months, fell 78% from its peak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glassman |first=James K. |date=February 11, 2015 |title=3 Lessons for Investors From the Tech Bubble |work=[[Kiplinger's Personal Finance]] |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200655/http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |archive-date=April 15, 2017 }}</ref>
On March 10, 2000, the [[NASDAQ Composite]] stock market index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3,227 by April 17,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASDAQ Composite daily index |url=http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115756/http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2010 }}</ref> and, in the following 30 months, fell 78% from its peak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glassman |first=James K. |date=February 11, 2015 |title=3 Lessons for Investors From the Tech Bubble |work=[[Kiplinger's Personal Finance]] |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200655/http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |archive-date=April 15, 2017 }}</ref>


In a series of sales in 2000 and 2001, FINRA sold its stake in the Nasdaq. On July 2, 2002, Nasdaq Inc. became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INVESTOR FAQS |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/resources/investor-faqs |publisher=Nasdaq}}</ref> In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Michelle |title=Nasdaq Stock Market Becomes A National Securities Exchange; Changes Market Designations |url=http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225809/http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, it merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lucchetti |first1=Aaron |last2=MacDonald |first2=Alistair |date=May 26, 2007 |title=Nasdaq Lands OMX for $5.7 Billion; Are More Merger Deals on the Way? |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070747/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |issn=0099-9660 }}</ref>
In a series of sales in 2000 and 2001, FINRA sold its stake in the Nasdaq. On July 2, 2002, Nasdaq Inc. became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INVESTOR FAQS |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/resources/investor-faqs |publisher=Nasdaq |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930234214/http://ir.nasdaq.com/resources/investor-faqs |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Michelle |title=Nasdaq Stock Market Becomes A National Securities Exchange; Changes Market Designations |url=http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225809/http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, it merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lucchetti |first1=Aaron |last2=MacDonald |first2=Alistair |date=May 26, 2007 |title=Nasdaq Lands OMX for $5.7 Billion; Are More Merger Deals on the Way? |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070747/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |issn=0099-9660 }}</ref>


To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the [[United States Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), must have at least three [[market maker]]s (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders.
To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the [[United States Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), must have at least three [[market maker]]s (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders.
Line 54: Line 54:
In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of [[NYSE Euronext]] with {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Börse]]|italic=no}}, speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and [[Intercontinental Exchange]] (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be{{When|date=October 2016}} looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion."<ref>De la Merced, Michael J., [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp "Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid"] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120003131/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp |date=January 20, 2012 }}, ''The New York Times'' Dealbook, February 18, 2011.</ref> Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12&nbsp;billion counterbid.<ref>Fraser, Michelle E., [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html "Nasdaq May Ask CME or ICE for Help in NYSE Counterbid, WSJ Says"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220137/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html | date=July 29, 2014}}, [[Bloomberg News]], February 26, 2011.</ref>
In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of [[NYSE Euronext]] with {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Börse]]|italic=no}}, speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and [[Intercontinental Exchange]] (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be{{When|date=October 2016}} looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion."<ref>De la Merced, Michael J., [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp "Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid"] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120003131/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp |date=January 20, 2012 }}, ''The New York Times'' Dealbook, February 18, 2011.</ref> Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12&nbsp;billion counterbid.<ref>Fraser, Michelle E., [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html "Nasdaq May Ask CME or ICE for Help in NYSE Counterbid, WSJ Says"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220137/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html | date=July 29, 2014}}, [[Bloomberg News]], February 26, 2011.</ref>


In December 2005, NASDAQ acquired [[Instinet]] for $1.9&nbsp;billion, retaining the [[Inet]] ECN and subsequently selling the agency brokerage business to [[Silver Lake Partners]] and Instinet management.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=NASDAQ Completes Acquisition of Inet |date=December 8, 2005 |publisher=Nasdaq |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-completes-acquisition-inet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Authers |first=John |date=December 8, 2005 |title=Nasdaq completes purchase of Instinet exchange |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 2005 |title=Nasdaq to Acquire Instinet in $1.9 Billion Deal |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/business/nasdaq-to-acquire-instinet-in-19-billion-deal.html |url-access=subscription |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In December 2005, NASDAQ acquired [[Instinet]] for $1.9&nbsp;billion, retaining the [[Inet]] ECN and subsequently selling the agency brokerage business to [[Silver Lake Partners]] and Instinet management.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=NASDAQ Completes Acquisition of Inet |date=December 8, 2005 |publisher=Nasdaq |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-completes-acquisition-inet |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200708/http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-completes-acquisition-inet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Authers |first=John |date=December 8, 2005 |title=Nasdaq completes purchase of Instinet exchange |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 2005 |title=Nasdaq to Acquire Instinet in $1.9 Billion Deal |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/business/nasdaq-to-acquire-instinet-in-19-billion-deal.html |url-access=subscription |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403041828/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/business/nasdaq-to-acquire-instinet-in-19-billion-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ) was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. In 2003, operations were shut down as a result of the burst of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2003 |title=Nasdaq Might Shut Down German Exchange |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nasdaq-might-shut-down-german-exchange/a-945442}}</ref> In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived first as Equiduct and was acquired by [[Börse Berlin]] later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Easdaq Makes A Comeback As Equiduct |url=http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106155659/http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 }}</ref>
The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ) was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. In 2003, operations were shut down as a result of the burst of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2003 |title=Nasdaq Might Shut Down German Exchange |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nasdaq-might-shut-down-german-exchange/a-945442 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200704/https://www.dw.com/en/nasdaq-might-shut-down-german-exchange/a-945442 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived first as Equiduct and was acquired by [[Börse Berlin]] later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Easdaq Makes A Comeback As Equiduct |url=http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106155659/http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 }}</ref>


On June 18, 2012, Nasdaq OMX became a founding member of the United Nations [[Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative]] on the eve of the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] (Rio+20).<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges Listing Over 4,600 Companies Commit to Promoting Sustainability |date=June 18, 2012 |publisher=[[GlobeNewswire]] |url=http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable+Stock+Exchanges+Initiative+Exchanges+listing+over+4+600+companies+commit+to+promoting+sustainability+HUG1620418.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206171519/http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable%2BStock%2BExchanges%2BInitiative%2BExchanges%2Blisting%2Bover%2B4%2B600%2Bcompanies%2Bcommit%2Bto%2Bpromoting%2Bsustainability%2BHUG1620418.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jungcurt |first=Stefan |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Five Stock Exchanges Commit to Promoting Sustainability |work=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]] |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/five-stock-exchanges-commit-to-promoting-sustainability/}}</ref>
On June 18, 2012, Nasdaq OMX became a founding member of the United Nations [[Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative]] on the eve of the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] (Rio+20).<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges Listing Over 4,600 Companies Commit to Promoting Sustainability |date=June 18, 2012 |publisher=[[GlobeNewswire]] |url=http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable+Stock+Exchanges+Initiative+Exchanges+listing+over+4+600+companies+commit+to+promoting+sustainability+HUG1620418.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206171519/http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable%2BStock%2BExchanges%2BInitiative%2BExchanges%2Blisting%2Bover%2B4%2B600%2Bcompanies%2Bcommit%2Bto%2Bpromoting%2Bsustainability%2BHUG1620418.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jungcurt |first=Stefan |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Five Stock Exchanges Commit to Promoting Sustainability |work=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]] |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/five-stock-exchanges-commit-to-promoting-sustainability/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206171519/http://sdg.iisd.org/news/five-stock-exchanges-commit-to-promoting-sustainability/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


In November 2016, chief operating officer [[Adena Friedman]] was promoted to [[chief executive officer]], becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Nasdaq's New CEO Attributes Her Success to an 'Eclectic' Career Path |url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153717/http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] }}</ref>
In November 2016, chief operating officer [[Adena Friedman]] was promoted to [[chief executive officer]], becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Nasdaq's New CEO Attributes Her Success to an 'Eclectic' Career Path |url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153717/http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] }}</ref>
Line 64: Line 64:
In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272&nbsp;million in listings-related revenues.<ref name="wsj-new">{{Cite news |last=Osipovich |first=Alexander |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026100518/https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 }}</ref>
In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272&nbsp;million in listings-related revenues.<ref name="wsj-new">{{Cite news |last=Osipovich |first=Alexander |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026100518/https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 }}</ref>


In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and Nasdaq did not justify the continued price increases when selling [[market data]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Osipovich |first1=Alexander |last2=Michaels |first2=Dave |last3=Morgenson |first3=Gretchen |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC Ruling Takes Aim at Stock-Exchange Profits |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-to-rule-nyse-nasdaq-didnt-justify-market-data-fee-increases-1539721232 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC rules NYSE and Nasdaq did not justify data fee increases |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michaels |first=Dave |date=October 19, 2018 |title=NYSE, Nasdaq Take It on the Chin in Washington |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyse-nasdaq-take-it-on-the-chin-in-washington-1539941404 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and Nasdaq did not justify the continued price increases when selling [[market data]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Osipovich |first1=Alexander |last2=Michaels |first2=Dave |last3=Morgenson |first3=Gretchen |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC Ruling Takes Aim at Stock-Exchange Profits |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-to-rule-nyse-nasdaq-didnt-justify-market-data-fee-increases-1539721232 |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001901/https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-to-rule-nyse-nasdaq-didnt-justify-market-data-fee-increases-1539721232 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC rules NYSE and Nasdaq did not justify data fee increases |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michaels |first=Dave |date=October 19, 2018 |title=NYSE, Nasdaq Take It on the Chin in Washington |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyse-nasdaq-take-it-on-the-chin-in-washington-1539941404 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |access-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019204112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyse-nasdaq-take-it-on-the-chin-in-washington-1539941404 |url-status=live }}</ref>


In December 2020, NASDAQ announced that it would strip its indexes of four Chinese companies in response to [[Executive Order 13959]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Kerber |first2=Ross |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Nasdaq to remove four Chinese companies' shares from indexes after U.S. order |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-indexes-idUSKBN28L2XW |access-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref>
In December 2020, NASDAQ announced that it would strip its indexes of four Chinese companies in response to [[Executive Order 13959]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Kerber |first2=Ross |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Nasdaq to remove four Chinese companies' shares from indexes after U.S. order |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-indexes-idUSKBN28L2XW |access-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214132127/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-indexes-idUSKBN28L2XW |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Contract specifications ==
== Contract specifications ==
Line 73: Line 73:
|+Contract Specifications
|+Contract Specifications
!
!
!Nasdaq 100 (NDA)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Historical Nasdaq 100 Intraday Futures Data (NDA) |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/nasdaq-100-intraday-data-nda/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Nasdaq 100 (NDA)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Historical Nasdaq 100 Intraday Futures Data (NDA) |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/nasdaq-100-intraday-data-nda/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429145743/https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/nasdaq-100-intraday-data-nda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
!E-Mini Nasdaq 100 (NQ/ENQ)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Historical E Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday NQ/ENQ Futures Data |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US}}</ref>
!E-Mini Nasdaq 100 (NQ/ENQ)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Historical E Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday NQ/ENQ Futures Data |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526174219/https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Micro E-Mini Nasdaq (MNQ)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday Data (MNQ) |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Micro E-Mini Nasdaq (MNQ)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday Data (MNQ) |url=https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232708/https://portaracqg.com/historical-futures-data/historical-e-mini-nasdaq-100-intraday-futures-data-nq/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
|Contract Size:
|Contract Size:
Line 145: Line 145:


==Difference between NYSE and Nasdaq==
==Difference between NYSE and Nasdaq==
After the NYSE, Nasdaq is the second largest stock exchange in the United States with a market capitalization of $19 trillion, which is about $5.5 trillion less than the NYSE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.forbes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World|url=https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/10-largest-stock-exchanges-world|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.analyticssteps.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting to Know the Stock Exchanges|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/04/092404.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com}}</ref> Nasdaq is a much younger organization than the NYSE, having been founded in just 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The NYSE and Nasdaq: How They Work|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/03/103103.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of Nasdaq from creation in 1971 to the present|url=https://capital.com/the-history-of-nasdaq-from-creation-in-1971-to-the-present|access-date=2023-12-07|work=capital.com}}</ref> In addition to age and market capitalization, there are other key differences between the two exchanges:
After the NYSE, Nasdaq is the second largest stock exchange in the United States with a market capitalization of $19 trillion, which is about $5.5 trillion less than the NYSE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.forbes.com|archive-date=April 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409150456/https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World|url=https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/10-largest-stock-exchanges-world|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.analyticssteps.com|archive-date=March 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304222510/https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/10-largest-stock-exchanges-world|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting to Know the Stock Exchanges|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/04/092404.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com|archive-date=February 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221233923/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/04/092404.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Nasdaq is a much younger organization than the NYSE, having been founded in just 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The NYSE and Nasdaq: How They Work|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/03/103103.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com|archive-date=February 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219175901/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/03/103103.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of Nasdaq from creation in 1971 to the present|url=https://capital.com/the-history-of-nasdaq-from-creation-in-1971-to-the-present|access-date=2023-12-07|work=capital.com}}</ref> In addition to age and market capitalization, there are other key differences between the two exchanges:
*Exchange systems. Before the pandemic, the NYSE maintained both an electronic trading system and a trading floor system staffed by live professionals who help conduct auctions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of NYSE|url=https://www.nyse.com/history-of-nyse|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.nyse.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is The NYSE?|url=https://www.wallstrank.com/learn/what-is-the-nyse|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.wallstrank.com}}</ref> Nasdaq has been an all-electronic exchange since its inception.
*Exchange systems. Before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the NYSE maintained both an electronic trading system and a trading floor system staffed by live professionals who help conduct auctions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of NYSE|url=https://www.nyse.com/history-of-nyse|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.nyse.com|archive-date=January 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129135305/https://www.nyse.com/history-of-nyse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is The NYSE?|url=https://www.wallstrank.com/learn/what-is-the-nyse|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.wallstrank.com|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207204029/https://www.wallstrank.com/learn/what-is-the-nyse|url-status=live}}</ref> Nasdaq has been an all-electronic exchange since its inception.
*Market Types. The NYSE uses an auction market to set prices, while Nasdaq uses a dealer market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange?|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/nyse%3A-what-is-the-new-york-stock-exchange-2021-04-09|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.nasdaq.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Definition, How It Works, History|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nyse.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com}}</ref> In the NYSE auction market, buyers and sellers submit competitive bids simultaneously. When the buyer's bid and the seller's request match, a transaction occurs. In the Nasdaq dealer market model, all prices are set by dealers. Dealers continually update bid (sell) and ask (buy) prices throughout the trading day.
*Market Types. The NYSE uses an auction market to set prices, while Nasdaq uses a dealer market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange?|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/nyse%3A-what-is-the-new-york-stock-exchange-2021-04-09|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.nasdaq.com|archive-date=January 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117043249/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/nyse%3A-what-is-the-new-york-stock-exchange-2021-04-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Definition, How It Works, History|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nyse.asp|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.investopedia.com|archive-date=February 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212014126/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nyse.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In the NYSE auction market, buyers and sellers submit competitive bids simultaneously. When the buyer's bid and the seller's request match, a transaction occurs. In the Nasdaq dealer market model, all prices are set by dealers. Dealers continually update bid (sell) and ask (buy) prices throughout the trading day.
*Listing fees. There is a big difference in listing fees on the major stock exchanges. Listing fees on the Nasdaq range from $55,000 to $80,000 for the lowest tier of the capital market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is NASDAQ?|url=https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3403-nasdaq.html|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.businessnewsdaily.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How to buy American shares (2023)? - Investing on USA stock exchange|url=https://trading.info/american-shares/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=trading.info}}</ref> The NYSE is significantly more expensive, with the lowest listing fee of $150,000.
*Listing fees. There is a big difference in listing fees on the major stock exchanges. Listing fees on the Nasdaq range from $55,000 to $80,000 for the lowest tier of the capital market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is NASDAQ?|url=https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3403-nasdaq.html|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.businessnewsdaily.com|archive-date=March 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081215/https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3403-nasdaq.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How to buy American shares (2023)? - Investing on USA stock exchange|url=https://trading.info/american-shares/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=trading.info|archive-date=March 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304205719/https://trading.info/american-shares/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYSE is significantly more expensive, with the lowest listing fee of $150,000.
*Sectors. Investors typically view the NYSE as an exchange for older, more established companies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nyse Vs Nasdaq: Whats The Difference|url=https://www.newyorkdaily.net/how-to-invest-in-new-york-stock-exchange/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.newyorkdaily.net}}</ref> Nasdaq tends to be home to newer companies focused on technology and innovation, so some investors consider Nasdaq listings to be riskier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasdaq 100 forecast: The US100 rebounds ahead of Fed meeting in December|url=https://capital.com/nasdaq-100-forecast|access-date=2023-12-07|work=capital.com}}</ref>
*Sectors. Investors typically view the NYSE as an exchange for older, more established companies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nyse Vs Nasdaq: Whats The Difference|url=https://www.newyorkdaily.net/how-to-invest-in-new-york-stock-exchange/|access-date=2023-12-07|work=www.newyorkdaily.net|date=July 6, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221044553/https://www.newyorkdaily.net/how-to-invest-in-new-york-stock-exchange/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nasdaq tends to be home to newer companies focused on technology and innovation, so some investors consider Nasdaq listings to be riskier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasdaq 100 forecast: The US100 rebounds ahead of Fed meeting in December|url=https://capital.com/nasdaq-100-forecast|access-date=2023-12-07|work=capital.com}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:25, 2 August 2024

This article is about the stock exchange. For the stock market index, see Nasdaq Composite. For the corporation that owns Nasdaq exchanges, see Nasdaq, Inc. For the corporation's physical headquarters, see Nasdaq MarketSite.

Nasdaq Stock Market
TypeStock exchange
LocationNew York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°45′23″N 73°59′09″W / 40.7565°N 73.98576°W / 40.7565; -73.98576
FoundedFebruary 8, 1971; 53 years ago (1971-02-08)
OwnerNasdaq, Inc.
CurrencyUnited States dollar
No. of listingsDecrease 4,061 (Feb 2024)[1]
Market capIncrease US$23.414 trillion (Feb 2024)[2]
Indices
Websitewww.nasdaq.com
class=notpageimage|
Stock exchanges (listing venues) owned by Nasdaq, Inc.
Nasdaq compared to corporate profits
  Corporate profits after tax
  NASDAQ Index

The Nasdaq Stock Market (/ˈnæzdæk/ ⓘ; National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American stock exchange based in New York City. It is the most active stock trading venue in the U.S. by volume,[3] and ranked second on the list of stock exchanges by market capitalization of shares traded, behind the New York Stock Exchange.[4] The exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc.,[5] which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic stock market network and several U.S.-based stock and options exchanges. Although it trades stock of healthcare, financial, entertainment, retail, and food businesses, it focuses more on technology stocks. The exchange is made up of both American and foreign firms, with China and Israel being the largest foreign sources.[6]

History

1971–2000

Former logo used from 1971 to 2014

"Nasdaq" was initially an acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.[7] It was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), now known as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.[8] On February 8, 1971, the Nasdaq stock market began operations as the world's first electronic stock market.[8] At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades.[9]

The NASDAQ Stock Market eventually assumed the majority of major trades that had been executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading, but there are still many securities traded in this fashion. As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media reports[10] and also in the monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by Standard & Poor's Corporation.[11] Over the years, it became more of a stock market by adding trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. In 1981, Nasdaq traded 37% of the U.S. securities markets' total of 21 billion shares. By 1991, Nasdaq's share had grown to 46%.[12] In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of capital markets.[13]

In 1996, the SEC issued a report alleging that Nasdaq market makers fixed prices by avoiding "odd-eighths" quotes (at the time, stock prices were quoted in increments of an eighth of a dollar) to artificially widen spreads. The report was followed by a new set of rules for how Nasdaq handled orders.[14]: 102, 126 

In 1998, it became the first stock market in the United States to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years".[15] The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted many companies during the dot-com bubble.

Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has been published since its inception. The QQQ exchange-traded fund tracks the large-cap NASDAQ-100 index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside the NASDAQ Financial-100 Index, which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of market capitalization.

2000–present

During the dot-com bubble, the NASDAQ Composite index spiked in the late 1990s. It then fell sharply as the bubble burst.
Studio

On March 10, 2000, the NASDAQ Composite stock market index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3,227 by April 17,[16] and, in the following 30 months, fell 78% from its peak.[17]

In a series of sales in 2000 and 2001, FINRA sold its stake in the Nasdaq. On July 2, 2002, Nasdaq Inc. became a public company via an initial public offering.[18] In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange.[19] In 2007, it merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group.[20]

To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), must have at least three market makers (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders.

In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of NYSE Euronext with Deutsche Börse, speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be[when?] looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the derivatives business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion."[21] Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid.[22]

In December 2005, NASDAQ acquired Instinet for $1.9 billion, retaining the Inet ECN and subsequently selling the agency brokerage business to Silver Lake Partners and Instinet management.[23][24][25]

The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ) was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. In 2003, operations were shut down as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble.[26] In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived first as Equiduct and was acquired by Börse Berlin later that year.[27]

On June 18, 2012, Nasdaq OMX became a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).[28][29]

In November 2016, chief operating officer Adena Friedman was promoted to chief executive officer, becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S.[30]

In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272 million in listings-related revenues.[31]

In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq did not justify the continued price increases when selling market data.[32][33][34]

In December 2020, NASDAQ announced that it would strip its indexes of four Chinese companies in response to Executive Order 13959.[35]

Contract specifications

Nasdaq 100 futures are traded on the CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) while its derivatives, E-Mini Nasdaq 100 and Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 100 futures are traded on the EMiniCME. Below are the contract specifications for the Nasdaq 100 and derivatives.

Contract Specifications
Nasdaq 100 (NDA)[36] E-Mini Nasdaq 100 (NQ/ENQ)[37] Micro E-Mini Nasdaq (MNQ)[38]
Contract Size: $100 X Nasdaq 100 Index $20 X Nasdaq 100 Index $2 X Nasdaq 100 Index
Exchange: CME EMiniCME EMiniCME
Sector: Index Index Index
Tick Size: 0.25 0.25 0.25
Tick Value: 25 USD 5 USD 0.5 USD
BPV: 100 20 2
Denomination: USD USD USD
Decimal Place: 2 2 2

Quote availability

Nasdaq quotes are available at three levels:

  • Level 1 shows the highest bid and lowest ask—inside quote.
  • Level 2 shows all public quotes of market makers together with information of market dealers wishing to buy or sell stock and recently executed orders.[39]
  • Level 3 is used by the market makers and allows them to enter their quotes and execute orders.[40]

Trading schedule

The Nasdaq Stock Market sessions, with times in the Eastern Time Zone are:

7:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.: extended-hours trading session (premarket)

9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.: normal trading session

4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.: extended-hours trading session (postmarket)[41]

The Nasdaq Stock Market averages about 253 trading days per year.[citation needed]

Market tiers

The Nasdaq Stock Market has three different market tiers:

  • Capital Market (NASDAQ-CM small cap) is an equity market for companies that have relatively small levels of market capitalization. Listing requirements for such "small cap" companies are less stringent than for other Nasdaq markets that list larger companies with significantly higher market capitalization.[42]
  • Global Market (NASDAQ-GM mid cap) is made up of stocks that represent the Nasdaq Global Market. The Global Market consists of 1,450 stocks that meet Nasdaq's strict financial and liquidity requirements, and corporate governance standards. The Global Market is less exclusive than the Global Select Market.[43]
  • Global Select Market (NASDAQ-GS large cap) is a market capitalization-weighted index made up of US-based and international stocks that represent the NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite (NQGS). The Global Select Market consists of 1,200 stocks that meet Nasdaq's strict financial and liquidity requirements and corporate governance standards. The Global Select Market is more exclusive than the Global Market. Every October, the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department reviews the Global Market Composite to determine if any of its stocks have become eligible for listing on the Global Select Market.[44][45]

Difference between NYSE and Nasdaq

After the NYSE, Nasdaq is the second largest stock exchange in the United States with a market capitalization of $19 trillion, which is about $5.5 trillion less than the NYSE.[46][47][48] Nasdaq is a much younger organization than the NYSE, having been founded in just 1971.[49][50] In addition to age and market capitalization, there are other key differences between the two exchanges:

  • Exchange systems. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the NYSE maintained both an electronic trading system and a trading floor system staffed by live professionals who help conduct auctions.[51][52] Nasdaq has been an all-electronic exchange since its inception.
  • Market Types. The NYSE uses an auction market to set prices, while Nasdaq uses a dealer market.[53][54] In the NYSE auction market, buyers and sellers submit competitive bids simultaneously. When the buyer's bid and the seller's request match, a transaction occurs. In the Nasdaq dealer market model, all prices are set by dealers. Dealers continually update bid (sell) and ask (buy) prices throughout the trading day.
  • Listing fees. There is a big difference in listing fees on the major stock exchanges. Listing fees on the Nasdaq range from $55,000 to $80,000 for the lowest tier of the capital market.[55][56] The NYSE is significantly more expensive, with the lowest listing fee of $150,000.
  • Sectors. Investors typically view the NYSE as an exchange for older, more established companies.[57] Nasdaq tends to be home to newer companies focused on technology and innovation, so some investors consider Nasdaq listings to be riskier.[58]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Nasdaq Companies". Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  2. ^ "Market Statistics – Focus". focus.world-exchanges.org. World Federation of Exchanges. March 2024. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  3. ^ "U.S. Equities Market Volume Summary". Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  4. ^ "Monthly Reports". World-Exchanges.org. World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014.
  5. ^ "Nasdaq – Business Solutions & Services". nasdaq.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  6. ^ "Fact Sheet U.S. – Israel Economic Relationship". United States embassy in Israel.
  7. ^ Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001. Archived April 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Terrell, Ellen. "History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
  9. ^ Kennon, Joshua (March 26, 2019). "What Is the NASDAQ?". Dotdash. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  10. ^ Gilpin, Kenneth N. (July 3, 1987). "Company News: An Erratic Quarter for Stock Markets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017.
  11. ^ Salinger, Lawrence M. (June 14, 2013). Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-7616-8.
  12. ^ Widder, Pat (May 24, 1992). "NASDAQ Has Eye On Next 100 Years". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  13. ^ Odekon, Mehmet (March 17, 2015). Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 9781317475750. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.
  14. ^ Patterson, Scott (2012). Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System. Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0307887177.
  15. ^ "Feb 8, 1971 CE: 'Stock Market for the Next 100 Years' Opens". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  16. ^ "NASDAQ Composite daily index". Archived from the original on November 22, 2010.
  17. ^ Glassman, James K. (February 11, 2015). "3 Lessons for Investors From the Tech Bubble". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017.
  18. ^ "INVESTOR FAQS". Nasdaq. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  19. ^ Walsh, Michelle. "Nasdaq Stock Market Becomes A National Securities Exchange; Changes Market Designations". Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.
  20. ^ Lucchetti, Aaron; MacDonald, Alistair (May 26, 2007). "Nasdaq Lands OMX for $5.7 Billion; Are More Merger Deals on the Way?". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.
  21. ^ De la Merced, Michael J., "Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid" Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times Dealbook, February 18, 2011.
  22. ^ Fraser, Michelle E., "Nasdaq May Ask CME or ICE for Help in NYSE Counterbid, WSJ Says" Archived July 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News, February 26, 2011.
  23. ^ "NASDAQ Completes Acquisition of Inet" (Press release). Nasdaq. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  24. ^ Authers, John (December 8, 2005). "Nasdaq completes purchase of Instinet exchange". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022.
  25. ^ "Nasdaq to Acquire Instinet in $1.9 Billion Deal". The New York Times. April 22, 2005. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  26. ^ "Nasdaq Might Shut Down German Exchange". Deutsche Welle. August 11, 2003. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  27. ^ "Easdaq Makes A Comeback As Equiduct". Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  28. ^ "Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges Listing Over 4,600 Companies Commit to Promoting Sustainability" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. June 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  29. ^ Jungcurt, Stefan (June 29, 2012). "Five Stock Exchanges Commit to Promoting Sustainability". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  30. ^ "Nasdaq's New CEO Attributes Her Success to an 'Eclectic' Career Path". Fortune. November 15, 2016. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016.
  31. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (October 26, 2017). "Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017.
  32. ^ Osipovich, Alexander; Michaels, Dave; Morgenson, Gretchen (October 16, 2018). "SEC Ruling Takes Aim at Stock-Exchange Profits". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  33. ^ "SEC rules NYSE and Nasdaq did not justify data fee increases". Financial Times. October 16, 2018. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022.
  34. ^ Michaels, Dave (October 19, 2018). "NYSE, Nasdaq Take It on the Chin in Washington". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  35. ^ Singh, Kanishka; Kerber, Ross (December 12, 2020). "Nasdaq to remove four Chinese companies' shares from indexes after U.S. order". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  36. ^ "Historical Nasdaq 100 Intraday Futures Data (NDA)". PortaraCQG. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
  37. ^ "Historical E Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday NQ/ENQ Futures Data". PortaraCQG. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
  38. ^ "Historical Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 100 Intraday Data (MNQ)". PortaraCQG. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  39. ^ "Order Book, Level 2 Market Data, and Depth of Market". Daytrading. About.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2011.
  40. ^ "Nasdaq Level III Quote". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  41. ^ "Nasdaq Trading Schedule". Nasdaq.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014.
  42. ^ "Definition of 'Nasdaq SmallCap Market', now known as Nasdaq Capital Market". Investopedia. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013.
  43. ^ "Definition of 'Nasdaq Global Market Composite'". Investopedia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013.
  44. ^ "Definition of 'Nasdaq Global Select Market Composite'". Investopedia. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013.
  45. ^ Pinto, Jerald E.; Henry, Elaine; Robinson, Thomas R.; Stowe, John D. (2010). Equity Asset Valuation. CFA Institute Investment Series. Vol. 27 (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 6. ISBN 9780470579657. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. [...] NASDAQ-GS stands for 'Nasdaq Global Select Market,' [...]
  46. ^ "The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  47. ^ "10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World". www.analyticssteps.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  48. ^ "Getting to Know the Stock Exchanges". www.investopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  49. ^ "The NYSE and Nasdaq: How They Work". www.investopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  50. ^ "The history of Nasdaq from creation in 1971 to the present". capital.com. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  51. ^ "The History of NYSE". www.nyse.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  52. ^ "What Is The NYSE?". www.wallstrank.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  53. ^ "NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange?". www.nasdaq.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  54. ^ "New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Definition, How It Works, History". www.investopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  55. ^ "What is NASDAQ?". www.businessnewsdaily.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  56. ^ "How to buy American shares (2023)? - Investing on USA stock exchange". trading.info. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  57. ^ "Nyse Vs Nasdaq: Whats The Difference". www.newyorkdaily.net. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  58. ^ "Nasdaq 100 forecast: The US100 rebounds ahead of Fed meeting in December". capital.com. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to NASDAQ.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasdaq&oldid=1238215173"