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==History==
==History==
Early modernist film came to maturity in the era between [[WWI]] and [[WWII]], with characteristics such as [[montage (filmmaking)|montage]] and symbolic imagery, manifesting itself in genres as diverse as [[expressionism]] and [[surrealism]] (as featured in the works of [[Fritz Lang]] and [[Luis Buñuel]])<ref>[https://ourpastimes.com/characteristics-of-a-modernist-film-12545688.html Characteristics of a Modernist Film|Our Pastimes]</ref> while postmodernist film – similar to [[postmodernism]] as a whole – is a reaction to modernist works, and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/betz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema Beyond the subtitle: remapping European art cinema: Betz, Mark - Internet Archive (pg.34)]</ref> Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness."<ref name=woods>''Beginning Postmodernism'', Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods</ref> The [[auteur theory]] and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision became a central characteristic of modernist filmmaking. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."<ref name="dragan">{{cite web|url=http://critcrim.org/critpapers/milovanovic_postmod.htm|title=Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought|author=Dragan Milovanovic|publisher=American Society of Criminology}}</ref><ref>"Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," ''Screen'': 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson</ref> The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and generally has a more sincere tone<ref>[https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider]</ref>) than the [[postmodernist film]].
Early modernist film came to maturity in the era between [[WWI]] and [[WWII]], with characteristics such as [[montage (filmmaking)|montage]] and symbolic imagery, manifesting itself in genres as diverse as [[expressionism]] and [[surrealism]] (as featured in the works of [[Fritz Lang]] and [[Luis Buñuel]])<ref>[https://ourpastimes.com/characteristics-of-a-modernist-film-12545688.html Characteristics of a Modernist Film|Our Pastimes]</ref> while postmodernist film – similar to [[postmodernism]] as a whole – is a reaction to modernist works, and to their tendencies (such as [[nostalgia]] and [[angst]]).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/betz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema Beyond the subtitle: remapping European art cinema: Betz, Mark - Internet Archive (pg.34)]</ref> Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness."<ref name=woods>''Beginning Postmodernism'', Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods</ref> The [[auteur theory]] and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision became a central characteristic of modernist filmmaking. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."<ref name="dragan">{{cite web|url=http://critcrim.org/critpapers/milovanovic_postmod.htm|title=Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought|author=Dragan Milovanovic|date=15 March 2009 |publisher=American Society of Criminology}}</ref><ref>"Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," ''Screen'': 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson</ref> The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and generally has a more sincere tone<ref>[https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider]</ref>) than the [[postmodernist film]].


==List of notable modernist films==
==List of notable modernist films==
<!--Per [[WP:PLOT]], don't make this list too big. Only include films whose modernism: 1) can be verified with a source, and 2) has a significant impact on their work.-->
<!--Per [[WP:PLOT]], don't make this list too big. Only include films whose modernism: 1) can be verified with a source, and 2) has a significant impact on their work.-->
*''[[Funeral Parade of Roses]]'' (1969; also called a [[postmodernist film]])
*''[[A Story of Floating Weeds]]'' (1934)
*''[[A Story of Floating Weeds]]'' (1934)
*''[[Day for Night (film)|Day for Night]]'' (1973; also called a [[postmodernist film]])
*''[[Day for Night (film)|Day for Night]]'' (1973; also called a [[postmodernist film]])
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*''[[Thugs with Dirty Mugs]]'' (1939)
*''[[Thugs with Dirty Mugs]]'' (1939)
*''[[Gay Purr-ee]]'' (1962)
*''[[Gay Purr-ee]]'' (1962)
*''[[United Productions of America|The Jaywalker]]'' (1956)
*''[[Tale of Tales (1979 film)|Tale of Tales]]'' (1979)
*''[[Brumberg sisters|The Tale of Tsar Durondai]]'' (1934)
*''[[Brumberg sisters|The Tale of Tsar Durondai]]'' (1934)
*''[[La notte]]'' (1961)
*''[[La notte]]'' (1961)
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*''[[The Heckling Hare]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Heckling Hare]]'' (1941)
*''[[Now Hear This (film)|Now Hear This]]'' (1962)
*''[[Now Hear This (film)|Now Hear This]]'' (1962)
*''[[Bruce Conner|Breakaway]]'' (1966)
*''[[Breakaway (1966 film)|Breakaway]]'' (1966)
*''[[Pannonia Film Studio|Bubble Bath]]'' (1979)
*''[[Habfürdö|Bubble Bath]]'' (1979)
*''[[The Little Prince and the Eight-Headed Dragon]]'' (1963)
*''[[Medium Cool]]'' (1968)
*''[[Medium Cool]]'' (1968)
*''[[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' (1970)
*''[[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' (1970)
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*''[[8½]]'' (1963; also been called a [[postmodernist film]])
*''[[8½]]'' (1963; also been called a [[postmodernist film]])
*''[[Mirror (1975 film)|The Mirror]]'' (1975)
*''[[Mirror (1975 film)|The Mirror]]'' (1975)
*''[[Au Hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966)
*''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966)
*''[[Apple in the River]]'' (1974)
*''[[Apple in the River]]'' (1974)
*''[[Dead Mountaineer's Hotel (film)|Dead Mountaineer's Hotel]]'' (1979)
*''[[Dead Mountaineer's Hotel (film)|Dead Mountaineer's Hotel]]'' (1979)
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*''[[Time Piece]]'' (1965)
*''[[Time Piece]]'' (1965)
*''[[Fred Mogubgub|The Pop Show]]'' (1966)
*''[[Fred Mogubgub|The Pop Show]]'' (1966)
*''[[N.Y., N.Y.]]'' (1957)
*''[[Surogat]]'' (1961)
*''[[N.Y., N.Y. (film)|N.Y., N.Y.]]'' (1957)
*''[[Here Is Your Life]]'' (1966)
*''[[Here Is Your Life]]'' (1966)
*''[[My Name Is Oona]]'' (1969)
*''[[My Name Is Oona]]'' (1969)
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*''[[Les Blank|God Respects Us When We Work, But Loves Us When We Dance]]'' (1968)
*''[[Les Blank|God Respects Us When We Work, But Loves Us When We Dance]]'' (1968)
*''[[John Whitney (animator)|Arabesque]]'' (1975)
*''[[John Whitney (animator)|Arabesque]]'' (1975)
*''[[The Diary (1974 film)|Diary]]'' (1974)
*''[[Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?]]'' (1957)
*''[[Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?]]'' (1957)
*''[[Screwball Squirrel]]'' (1944)
*''[[Screwball Squirrel]]'' (1944)
*''[[Who Killed Who]]'' (1943)
*''[[Who Killed Who]]'' (1943)
*''[[Voyage to Italy]]'' (1954)
*''[[Voyage to Italy]]'' (1954)
*''[[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)|The Maltese Falcon]]'' (1941)


===List of notable modernist filmmakers===
===List of notable modernist filmmakers===
<!--Per [[WP:PLOT]], don't make this list too big. Only include filmmakers whose modernism: 1) can be verified with a source, and 2) has a significant impact on their work.-->
<!--Per [[WP:PLOT]], don't make this list too big. Only include filmmakers whose modernism: 1) can be verified with a source, and 2) has a significant impact on their work.-->
*[[Chantal Ackerman]]
*[[Chantal Ackerman]]
*[[Agnes Varda]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Agnes Varda]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Roberto Rossellini]]
*[[Roberto Rossellini]]
*[[Shirley Clarke]]
*[[Shirley Clarke]]
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*[[Satyajit Ray]]
*[[Satyajit Ray]]
*[[Maya Deren]]
*[[Maya Deren]]
*[[William Greaves]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist frilmmaker]])
*[[William Greaves]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Sam Fuller]]
*[[Sam Fuller]]
*[[Alain Renais]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Alain Renais]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Robert Aldrich]]
*[[Robert Aldrich]]
*[[Nicholas Ray]]
*[[Nicholas Ray]]
*[[Douglas Sirk]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Douglas Sirk]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Luis Bunuel]]
*[[Luis Bunuel]]
*[[Orson Welles]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Orson Welles]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Alfred Hitchcock]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Alfred Hitchcock]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Andrei Tarkovsky]]
*[[Andrei Tarkovsky]]
*[[Akira Kurosawa]]
*[[Akira Kurosawa]]
*[[Robert Bresson]]
*[[Robert Bresson]]
*[[Federico Fellini]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Federico Fellini]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Ingmar Bergman]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Ingmar Bergman]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Jules Dassin]]
*[[Jules Dassin]]
*[[Jean-Luc Godard]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Jean-Luc Godard]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Stan Brakhage]]
*[[Stan Brakhage]]
*[[Fritz Lang]]
*[[Fritz Lang]]
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*[[Oscar Micheaux]]
*[[Oscar Micheaux]]
*[[Jacques Tourneur]]
*[[Jacques Tourneur]]
*[[François Truffaut]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[François Truffaut]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Tony Richardson]]
*[[Tony Richardson]]
*[[John Ford]]
*[[John Ford]]
*[[Tex Avery]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Tex Avery]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[John Hubley|John and]] [[Faith Hubley]]
*[[John Hubley|John and]] [[Faith Hubley]]
*[[Joseph Losey]]
*[[Joseph Losey]]
*[[Jacques Tati]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Jacques Tati]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[John Cassavetes]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[John Cassavetes]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Blake Edwards]]
*[[Blake Edwards]]
*[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]
*[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]
*[[Michelangelo Antonioni]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Michelangelo Antonioni]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Vincente Minnelli]]
*[[Vincente Minnelli]]
*[[Dziga Vertov]]
*[[Dziga Vertov]]
*[[Bruce Conner]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Bruce Conner]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Stanley Kubrick]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Stanley Kubrick]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Emile de Antonio]]
*[[Emile de Antonio]]
*[[Jordan Belson]]
*[[Jordan Belson]]
*[[Chris Marker]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Chris Marker]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[John Whitney (animator)|John Whitney]]
*[[John Whitney (animator)|John Whitney]]
*[[William Klein (photographer)|William Klein]]
*[[William Klein (photographer)|William Klein]]
*[[Frank Tashlin]]
*[[Frank Tashlin]]
*[[Chuck Jones]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film|postmodernist filmmaker]])
*[[Chuck Jones]] (also been called a [[postmodernist film]]maker)
*[[Jiri Trnka]]
*[[Jiri Trnka]]
*[[Edward D. Wood Jr.]]
*[[Edward D. Wood Jr.]]
*[[D.W. Griffith]]
Sources:<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-EQ56vka6EC | title=Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema | isbn=0253347718 | last1=Perry | first1=Ted | year=2006 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0162.xml Modernism and Film - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/220110/pdf | title=Modernism and the Cinema: Metropolis and the Expressionist Aesthetic | journal=Comparative Critical Studies | year=2007 | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=105–120 | last1=Murphy | first1=Richard | doi=10.3366/ccs.2007.4.1.105 | s2cid=145016904 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0062.xml Vertigo - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies]</ref><ref>[https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bm_oers/27/ "Modernism and Citizen Kane" by George R. Robinson - BMCC]</ref><ref>[https://www.mmca.go.kr/eng/exhibitions/exhibitionsDetail.do?exhId=201908300001174 The Big Sleep: Cinema and Modernism > National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea]</ref><ref>[https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernismlab/german-cinema-1920-1930/ German Cinema, 1920-1930 — Modernism Lab]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3700498 | jstor=3700498 | title=Sartre, the Philosophy of Nothingness, and the Modern Melodrama | last1=Kovács | first1=András Bálint | journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism | year=2006 | volume=64 | issue=1 | pages=135–145 | doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00235.x }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013469 Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity —— Edward Dimendberg|Harvard University Press]</ref><ref>[https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/cinema-and-modernism# Cinema and modernism - The British Library]</ref><ref>[https://museumcrush.org/the-forgotten-glamour-and-modernism-of-1930s-italian-cinema-sets/ The forgotten glamour and modernism of 1930s Italian cinema sets – Museum Crush]</ref><ref>[https://blogs.iu.edu/aplaceforfilm/2017/10/02/modernism-montage-and-social-commentary-in-early-city-films/ Modernism, Montage, and Social Commentary in Early City Films — Indiana University Cinema]</ref><ref>[http://tupress.temple.edu/uploads/book/excerpt/1543_ch1.pdf Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181030-how-chantal-akermans-modernist-masterpiece-changed-cinema How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema - BBC Culture]</ref><ref>[https://www.cineaste.com/fall2008/screening-modernism Screening Modernism —— Cineaste Magazine]</ref><ref>[http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/film_screenings/series/53494 Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings]</ref><ref>[https://www.universitypressbooks.com/book/9781438464121 American Stranger: Modernisms, Hollywood, and the Cinema of Nicholas Ray (Suny Series) (Paperback)|University Press Books/Berkeley]</ref><ref>[https://whitecitycinema.com/2012/03/12/sirkfassbinder-melodrama-mutations/ Sirk/Fassbinder: Melodrama Mutations|White City Cinema]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4 | jstor=10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4 | title=Douglas Sirk, Aesthetic Modernism and the Culture of Modernity | last1=Evans | first1=Victoria L. | year=2017 | isbn=9781474409391 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/feb/01/battleshippotemkinmakesusstrong Battleship Potemkin makes us strong|World cinema|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eDwQDgAAQBAJ American Stranger - Google Books]</ref><ref>[http://www.cassone-art.com/magazine/article/2011/09/key-avant-garde-films-from-the-roaring-20s/?psrc=photography-and-media Key avant-garde films from the roaring '20s :: September 2011 :: Cassone]</ref><ref>[https://www.stanforddaily.com/2017/04/28/bedlambadbeautiful/ The sad and the beautiful : Val Lewton and Vincette Minnelli at the Stanford Theatre|The Stanford Daily]</ref><ref>[https://iupress.org/9780253218582/masterpieces-of-modernist-cinema/ Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema - Indiana University Press]</ref><ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-11-23-9711230476-story.html THE WORK OF IDA LUPINO EARNS SOME OVERDUE PRAISE - Chicago Tribune]</ref><ref>[https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/726025/TOC Table of Contents: Masterpieces of modernist cinema/ - Villanova University]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2000/conference-for-the-love-of-fear/modernity/ Modernity: A Film by Alfred Hitchcock — Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226451664.001.0001/upso-9780226451633-chapter-18 Established Modernism, 1962-1966 - Chicago Scholarship]</ref><ref>[https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/smith-institute-for-political-economy-and-philosophy/_files/documents/guest%20lecture%20materials/moses,-mv-saved-from-the-blessings-of-civilization-expanded-summary.pdf “ ‘Saved from the Blessings of Civilization’: Stagecoach, the West, and American Vernacular Modernism” - Michael Valdez Moses, Duke University]</ref><ref>[https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/yasujiro-ozu-10-essential-films Yasujiro Ozu: 10 essential films|BFI]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/195-the-rashomon-effect The Rashomon Effect|The Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/quickie-look-life-career-tex-avery/#.YO9Y9D2SnIU A Quickie Look at the Life & Career of Tex Avery - Bright Lights Film Journal]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/tex-avery-arch-radicalizer-of-the-hollywood-cartoon/#.YO9Z5D2SnIU Tex Avery: Arch-Radicalizer of the Hollywood Cartoon - Bright Lights Journal]</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/08/29/thats-all-folks/c280ae5b-2a16-4df6-a6dc-3e67d2bd5272/ That's All, Folks - The Washington Post]</ref><ref>[https://www.vulture.com/article/most-influential-best-scenes-animation-history.html The 100 Most Influential Sequences in Animation History - Vulture]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/27/movies/the-cartoon-renegades.html The Cartoon Renegades - The New York Times]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/alternative-visions-animation Alternative Visions: Animation|BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546393/independent-spirits-faith-hubley-john-hubley#overview Independent Spirits: Faith Hubley/John Hubley (2003) - Turner Classic Movies]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZYZDgAAQBAJ | title=Animators of Film and Television: Nineteen Artists, Writers, Producers and Others | isbn=9780786448326 | last1=Wolfgram Evans | first1=Noell K. | date=26 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>[https://scroll.in/reel/982459/amit-chaudhuri-on-satyajit-rays-very-indian-modernity-not-a-beginning-as-much-as-a-fruition Amit Chaudhuri on Satyajit Ray's very Indian modernity: Not a 'beginning' as much as a 'fruition' - Scroll.in]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOSyjLc4L8C Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray - Google Books (pg.195)]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/cteq/norman_mclaren/ The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren — Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://govettbrewster.com/len-lye/ The world of Len Lye|Govett-Brewster Art Gallery|Len Lye Centre]</ref><ref>[http://www.getty.edu/publications/keepitmoving/theoretical-issues/15-brobbel_rees/ "Pretty Good for the 21st Century||Keep It Moving?]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDkyBwAAQBAJ Film and Literary Modernism - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://modernismmodernity.org/articles/statues-still-stood-third-man-and-third-spaces The Statues Still Stood: The Third Man and Third Spaces|Modernism / Modernity Print+]</ref><ref>[https://core.ac.uk/display/333651085 The Development of a Modernist Narrative in Selected Film of Joseph Losey - CORE]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/rabi11480 Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism on JSTOR]</ref><ref>[https://www.pps.org/article/ten-great-movies-for-placemakers?utm-content=bufferce3ed&utm-medium=social&utm-source=twitter.com&utm-campaign=buffer Ten Great Movies for Placemakers —— Project for Public Spaces]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=od7_WdOylyoC Black & White & Noir: American Pulp Modernism - Google Books (pgs.11-12)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132711 | jstor=3132711 | title=In the Modernist Mirror: Jacques Tati and the Parisian Landscape | last1=Hilliker | first1=Lee | journal=The French Review | year=2002 | volume=76 | issue=2 | pages=318–329 }}</ref><ref>[https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRW9tkc7KyQC | title=The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies | isbn=9780521388153 | last1=Carney | first1=Raymond | date=28 January 1994 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/daring-original-overlooked-symbiopsychotaxiplasm-take-one The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopyschotaxiplasm: Take One"|The New Yorker]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/movies/homevideo/blake-edwardss-the-great-race-and-the-party.html Blake Edwards's 'The Great Race' and 'The Party' - The New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.screeningthepast.com/issue-30-tribute-to-blake-edwards/the-bitter-essence-of-blake-edwards/ The Bitter Essence of Blake Edwards|Screening the Past]</ref><ref>[https://www.filmmuseum.at/en/film_program/scope?schienen_id=1427295519326 Filmmuseum - Program SD]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2015/feature-articles/hard-clarity-vaporous-ambiguity-the-fusion-of-realism-and-modernism-in-antonionis-early-1960s-films-1/ Hard Clarity, Vaporous Ambiguity: The Fusion of Realism and Modernism in Antonioni's early 1960s Films - Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/modernist-master-michelangelo-antonioni Modernist Master: Michelangelo Antonioni | BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28112-mr-klein Mr. Klein (1976)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/mr-klein Mr. Klein | BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.culledculture.com/jean-paul-belmondo-pierrot-le-fou/ Pierrot Le Fou’s Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society|Culled Culture]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797332 "All right: where am I?" "Looney Tunes" Animation as Modernist Performance on JSTOR]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/john-cassavetes-the-first-dogme-director/#.YioscGrMK70 John Cassavetes: The First Dogma Director? - Bright Lights Film Journal]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLXSg8ySA_sC | title=The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli | isbn=9780791481110 | last1=McElhaney | first1=Joe | date=February 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oFVBEAAAQBAJ A Modernist Cinema - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2011/sep/05/postmodernism-close-encounters-third-kind Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fYX4AAAAQBAJ&dq=kubrick+modernist&pg=PT24 Kubrick's Total Cinema: Philosophical Themes and Formal Qualities - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2021/book-reviews/time-machines-after-kubrick-a-filmmakers-legacy-edited-by-jeremi-szaniawski/ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10509209009361343?journalCode=gqrf20 | doi=10.1080/10509209009361343 | title=An epilogue: Postmodern parody: History, subjectivity, and ideology | year=1990 | last1=Hutcheon | first1=Linda | journal=Quarterly Review of Film and Video | volume=12 | issue=1–2 | pages=125–133 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3640-hiroshima-mon-amour-s-unforgettable-opening ''Hiroshima mon amour's'' Unforgettable Opening|Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://cineaction.ca/current/horror-versus-terror-in-the-body-genre/ Horror versus Terror in the Body Genre | CINEACTION]</ref><ref>[https://wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu/exhibits/emile-de-antonio Emile de Antonio - Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research]</ref><ref>[https://aesthetics-online.org/page/WalleyDocumentary Lessons of Documentary: Reality, Representation, and Cinematic Expressivity - American Society For Aesthetics]</ref><ref>[https://mubi.com/specials/jim-henson MUBI Special Being Green: Jim Henson's Early Shorts]</ref><ref>[http://www.thevisualist.org/2018/10/designers-in-context-film-advertising-and-modernism/ Designers in Context: Film, Advertising, and Modernism - The Visualist]</ref><ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/agn-s-varda-was-a-living-work-art-1198251/ Agnès Varda Was a Living Work of Art - The Hollywood Reporter]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/boxsets/691-eclipse-series-19-chantal-akerman-in-the-seventies Eclipse Series 19: Chantal Akerman in the Seventies|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28552-here-is-your-life Here Is Your Life (1966)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/nov/08/artsfeatures Voyage into the unknown | Movies - The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28833-a-matter-of-life-and-death A Matter of Life and Death (1946)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/hippie-modernism-cinema-and-counterculture Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964-1974 - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/theater-2-hippie-modernism-shorts Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://eastbayexpress.com/hippie-modernism-the-struggle-for-utopia-at-the-berkeley-art-museum-2-1/ Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum | East Bay Express]</ref>
Sources:<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-EQ56vka6EC | title=Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema | isbn=0253347718 | last1=Perry | first1=Ted | year=2006 | publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref><ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0162.xml Modernism and Film - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/220110/pdf | title=Modernism and the Cinema: Metropolis and the Expressionist Aesthetic | journal=Comparative Critical Studies | year=2007 | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=105–120 | last1=Murphy | first1=Richard | doi=10.3366/ccs.2007.4.1.105 | s2cid=145016904 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0062.xml Vertigo - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies]</ref><ref>[https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bm_oers/27/ "Modernism and Citizen Kane" by George R. Robinson - BMCC]</ref><ref>[https://www.mmca.go.kr/eng/exhibitions/exhibitionsDetail.do?exhId=201908300001174 The Big Sleep: Cinema and Modernism > National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea]</ref><ref>[https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernismlab/german-cinema-1920-1930/ German Cinema, 1920-1930 — Modernism Lab]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3700498 | jstor=3700498 | title=Sartre, the Philosophy of Nothingness, and the Modern Melodrama | last1=Kovács | first1=András Bálint | journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism | year=2006 | volume=64 | issue=1 | pages=135–145 | doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00235.x }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013469 Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity —— Edward Dimendberg|Harvard University Press]</ref><ref>[https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/cinema-and-modernism# Cinema and modernism - The British Library]</ref><ref>[https://museumcrush.org/the-forgotten-glamour-and-modernism-of-1930s-italian-cinema-sets/ The forgotten glamour and modernism of 1930s Italian cinema sets – Museum Crush]</ref><ref>[https://blogs.iu.edu/aplaceforfilm/2017/10/02/modernism-montage-and-social-commentary-in-early-city-films/ Modernism, Montage, and Social Commentary in Early City Films — Indiana University Cinema]</ref><ref>[http://tupress.temple.edu/uploads/book/excerpt/1543_ch1.pdf Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181030-how-chantal-akermans-modernist-masterpiece-changed-cinema How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema - BBC Culture]</ref><ref>[https://www.cineaste.com/fall2008/screening-modernism Screening Modernism —— Cineaste Magazine]</ref><ref>[http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/film_screenings/series/53494 Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings]</ref><ref>[https://www.universitypressbooks.com/book/9781438464121 American Stranger: Modernisms, Hollywood, and the Cinema of Nicholas Ray (Suny Series) (Paperback)|University Press Books/Berkeley]</ref><ref>[https://whitecitycinema.com/2012/03/12/sirkfassbinder-melodrama-mutations/ Sirk/Fassbinder: Melodrama Mutations|White City Cinema]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4 | jstor=10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4 | title=Douglas Sirk, Aesthetic Modernism and the Culture of Modernity | last1=Evans | first1=Victoria L. | year=2017 | isbn=9781474409391 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/feb/01/battleshippotemkinmakesusstrong Battleship Potemkin makes us strong|World cinema|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eDwQDgAAQBAJ American Stranger - Google Books]</ref><ref>[http://www.cassone-art.com/magazine/article/2011/09/key-avant-garde-films-from-the-roaring-20s/?psrc=photography-and-media Key avant-garde films from the roaring '20s :: September 2011 :: Cassone]</ref><ref>[https://www.stanforddaily.com/2017/04/28/bedlambadbeautiful/ The sad and the beautiful : Val Lewton and Vincette Minnelli at the Stanford Theatre|The Stanford Daily]</ref><ref>[https://iupress.org/9780253218582/masterpieces-of-modernist-cinema/ Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema - Indiana University Press]</ref><ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-11-23-9711230476-story.html THE WORK OF IDA LUPINO EARNS SOME OVERDUE PRAISE - Chicago Tribune]</ref><ref>[https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/726025/TOC Table of Contents: Masterpieces of modernist cinema/ - Villanova University]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2000/conference-for-the-love-of-fear/modernity/ Modernity: A Film by Alfred Hitchcock — Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226451664.001.0001/upso-9780226451633-chapter-18 Established Modernism, 1962-1966 - Chicago Scholarship]</ref><ref>[https://www.chapman.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/smith-institute-for-political-economy-and-philosophy/_files/documents/guest%20lecture%20materials/moses,-mv-saved-from-the-blessings-of-civilization-expanded-summary.pdf “ ‘Saved from the Blessings of Civilization’: Stagecoach, the West, and American Vernacular Modernism” - Michael Valdez Moses, Duke University]</ref><ref>[https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/yasujiro-ozu-10-essential-films Yasujiro Ozu: 10 essential films|BFI]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/195-the-rashomon-effect The Rashomon Effect|The Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/quickie-look-life-career-tex-avery/#.YO9Y9D2SnIU A Quickie Look at the Life & Career of Tex Avery - Bright Lights Film Journal]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/tex-avery-arch-radicalizer-of-the-hollywood-cartoon/#.YO9Z5D2SnIU Tex Avery: Arch-Radicalizer of the Hollywood Cartoon - Bright Lights Journal]</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/08/29/thats-all-folks/c280ae5b-2a16-4df6-a6dc-3e67d2bd5272/ That's All, Folks - The Washington Post]</ref><ref>[https://www.vulture.com/article/most-influential-best-scenes-animation-history.html The 100 Most Influential Sequences in Animation History - Vulture]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/27/movies/the-cartoon-renegades.html The Cartoon Renegades - The New York Times]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/alternative-visions-animation Alternative Visions: Animation|BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546393/independent-spirits-faith-hubley-john-hubley#overview Independent Spirits: Faith Hubley/John Hubley (2003) - Turner Classic Movies]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZYZDgAAQBAJ | title=Animators of Film and Television: Nineteen Artists, Writers, Producers and Others | isbn=9780786448326 | last1=Wolfgram Evans | first1=Noell K. | date=26 April 2011 | publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>[https://scroll.in/reel/982459/amit-chaudhuri-on-satyajit-rays-very-indian-modernity-not-a-beginning-as-much-as-a-fruition Amit Chaudhuri on Satyajit Ray's very Indian modernity: Not a 'beginning' as much as a 'fruition' - Scroll.in]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOSyjLc4L8C Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray - Google Books (pg.195)]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/cteq/norman_mclaren/ The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren — Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://govettbrewster.com/len-lye/ The world of Len Lye|Govett-Brewster Art Gallery|Len Lye Centre]</ref><ref>[http://www.getty.edu/publications/keepitmoving/theoretical-issues/15-brobbel_rees/ "Pretty Good for the 21st Century||Keep It Moving?]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDkyBwAAQBAJ Film and Literary Modernism - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://modernismmodernity.org/articles/statues-still-stood-third-man-and-third-spaces The Statues Still Stood: The Third Man and Third Spaces|Modernism / Modernity Print+]</ref><ref>[https://core.ac.uk/display/333651085 The Development of a Modernist Narrative in Selected Film of Joseph Losey - CORE]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/rabi11480 Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism on JSTOR]</ref><ref>[https://www.pps.org/article/ten-great-movies-for-placemakers?utm-content=bufferce3ed&utm-medium=social&utm-source=twitter.com&utm-campaign=buffer Ten Great Movies for Placemakers —— Project for Public Spaces]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=od7_WdOylyoC Black & White & Noir: American Pulp Modernism - Google Books (pgs.11-12)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3132711 | jstor=3132711 | title=In the Modernist Mirror: Jacques Tati and the Parisian Landscape | last1=Hilliker | first1=Lee | journal=The French Review | year=2002 | volume=76 | issue=2 | pages=318–329 }}</ref><ref>[https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRW9tkc7KyQC | title=The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies | isbn=9780521388153 | last1=Carney | first1=Raymond | date=28 January 1994 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/daring-original-overlooked-symbiopsychotaxiplasm-take-one The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopyschotaxiplasm: Take One"|The New Yorker]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/movies/homevideo/blake-edwardss-the-great-race-and-the-party.html Blake Edwards's 'The Great Race' and 'The Party' - The New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.screeningthepast.com/issue-30-tribute-to-blake-edwards/the-bitter-essence-of-blake-edwards/ The Bitter Essence of Blake Edwards|Screening the Past]</ref><ref>[https://www.filmmuseum.at/en/film_program/scope?schienen_id=1427295519326 Filmmuseum - Program SD]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2015/feature-articles/hard-clarity-vaporous-ambiguity-the-fusion-of-realism-and-modernism-in-antonionis-early-1960s-films-1/ Hard Clarity, Vaporous Ambiguity: The Fusion of Realism and Modernism in Antonioni's early 1960s Films - Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/modernist-master-michelangelo-antonioni Modernist Master: Michelangelo Antonioni | BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28112-mr-klein Mr. Klein (1976)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/mr-klein Mr. Klein | BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.culledculture.com/jean-paul-belmondo-pierrot-le-fou/ Pierrot Le Fou’s Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society|Culled Culture]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797332 "All right: where am I?" "Looney Tunes" Animation as Modernist Performance on JSTOR]</ref><ref>[https://brightlightsfilm.com/john-cassavetes-the-first-dogme-director/#.YioscGrMK70 John Cassavetes: The First Dogma Director? - Bright Lights Film Journal]</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLXSg8ySA_sC | title=The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli | isbn=9780791481110 | last1=McElhaney | first1=Joe | date=February 2012 | publisher=State University of New York Press }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oFVBEAAAQBAJ A Modernist Cinema - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2011/sep/05/postmodernism-close-encounters-third-kind Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fYX4AAAAQBAJ&dq=kubrick+modernist&pg=PT24 Kubrick's Total Cinema: Philosophical Themes and Formal Qualities - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2021/book-reviews/time-machines-after-kubrick-a-filmmakers-legacy-edited-by-jeremi-szaniawski/ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10509209009361343?journalCode=gqrf20 | doi=10.1080/10509209009361343 | title=An epilogue: Postmodern parody: History, subjectivity, and ideology | year=1990 | last1=Hutcheon | first1=Linda | journal=Quarterly Review of Film and Video | volume=12 | issue=1–2 | pages=125–133 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3640-hiroshima-mon-amour-s-unforgettable-opening ''Hiroshima mon amour's'' Unforgettable Opening|Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://cineaction.ca/current/horror-versus-terror-in-the-body-genre/ Horror versus Terror in the Body Genre | CINEACTION]</ref><ref>[https://wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu/exhibits/emile-de-antonio Emile de Antonio - Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research]</ref><ref>[https://aesthetics-online.org/page/WalleyDocumentary Lessons of Documentary: Reality, Representation, and Cinematic Expressivity - American Society For Aesthetics]</ref><ref>[https://mubi.com/specials/jim-henson MUBI Special Being Green: Jim Henson's Early Shorts]</ref><ref>[http://www.thevisualist.org/2018/10/designers-in-context-film-advertising-and-modernism/ Designers in Context: Film, Advertising, and Modernism - The Visualist]</ref><ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/agn-s-varda-was-a-living-work-art-1198251/ Agnès Varda Was a Living Work of Art - The Hollywood Reporter]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/boxsets/691-eclipse-series-19-chantal-akerman-in-the-seventies Eclipse Series 19: Chantal Akerman in the Seventies|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28552-here-is-your-life Here Is Your Life (1966)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/nov/08/artsfeatures Voyage into the unknown | Movies - The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28833-a-matter-of-life-and-death A Matter of Life and Death (1946)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/program/hippie-modernism-cinema-and-counterculture Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964-1974 - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/theater-2-hippie-modernism-shorts Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://eastbayexpress.com/hippie-modernism-the-struggle-for-utopia-at-the-berkeley-art-museum-2-1/ Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum | East Bay Express]</ref>
<ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/elegy-ecstasy-films-canyon-cinema Elegy to Ecstasy: Films from Canyon Cinema - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/festival-express Festival Express|BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.artforum.com/print/198202/vulgar-modernism-35630 Vulgar Modernism - Artfourm International]</ref><ref>[https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/vulgar-modernism Vulgar Modernism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyRIlJTkuQ4C&dq=vulgar+modernism&pg=PA171 |page=171 |title=Film Theory: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies |isbn=9780415259750 |last1=Simpson |first1=Philip |last2=Utterson |first2=Andrew |last3=Shepherdson |first3=Karen J. |year=2004 }}</ref><ref>[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/five-films-influenced-jean-luc-godard/ Five films that influenced Jean-Luc Godard|Far Out Magazine]</ref><ref>[http://americancinemathequecalendar.com/content/ji%C5%99%C3%AD-trnka-shorts-mature-mastery Jiří Trnka Shorts: Mature Mastery | American Cinematheque]</ref><ref>[https://harvardfilmarchive.org/calendar/6062 The Czech Year - Harvard Film Archive]</ref>
<ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/elegy-ecstasy-films-canyon-cinema Elegy to Ecstasy: Films from Canyon Cinema - BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://bampfa.org/event/festival-express Festival Express|BAMPFA]</ref><ref>[https://www.artforum.com/print/198202/vulgar-modernism-35630 Vulgar Modernism - Artfourm International]</ref><ref>[https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/vulgar-modernism Vulgar Modernism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyRIlJTkuQ4C&dq=vulgar+modernism&pg=PA171 |page=171 |title=Film Theory: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies |isbn=9780415259750 |last1=Simpson |first1=Philip |last2=Utterson |first2=Andrew |last3=Shepherdson |first3=Karen J. |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/five-films-influenced-jean-luc-godard/ Five films that influenced Jean-Luc Godard|Far Out Magazine]</ref><ref>[http://americancinemathequecalendar.com/content/ji%C5%99%C3%AD-trnka-shorts-mature-mastery Jiří Trnka Shorts: Mature Mastery | American Cinematheque]</ref><ref>[https://harvardfilmarchive.org/calendar/6062 The Czech Year - Harvard Film Archive]</ref>
<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQmDDwAAQBAJ | title=Cartoon Vision: UPA Animation and Postwar Aesthetics | isbn=9780520298132 | last1=Bashara | first1=Dan | date=2 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/global-animation-theory-international-perspectives-at-animafest-zagreb/ch11-animation-experienced-through-music Global Animation Theory - International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb - Bloomsbury Collections]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sollors |first1=Werner |title=Ethnic modernism |year=2008 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780674030916 |page=8 |edition=First Harvard University Press paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaXO7cSOS_cC}}</ref><ref name="folks">{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Robin L. |title=That's all folks? : ecocritical readings of American animated features |date=2011 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=9780803235120 |pages=85–89 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xEi8qg266g&t=869s Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube]</ref><ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/film/six-facts-jean-luc-goddard-breathless-the-jump-b1025400.html Six facts about Jean-Luc Goddard – the godfather of modernist cinema|Evening Standard]</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/01/31/what-made-buster-keatons-comedy-so-modern-biography-james-curtis-dana-stevens What Made Buster Keaton’s Comedy So Modern?|The New Yorker]</ref><ref>[https://animationobsessive.substack.com/p/and-walt-went-crazy 'And Walt Went Crazy' - Animation Obsessive]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/22/bubble-bath-review-hallucinogenic-animated-musical-is-a-work-of-70s-genius Bubble Bath review – hallucinogenic animated musical is a work of 70s genius|Movies|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://www.gyorgykovasznai.com/post/habf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-in-the-2020-2021-season-of-classic-films-catalogue Habfürdő in the 2020-2021 Season of Classic Films Catalogue|Gyorgy Kovasznai]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/31285-the-servant The Servant (1963)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28111-la-notte La notte (1961)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQmDDwAAQBAJ | title=Cartoon Vision: UPA Animation and Postwar Aesthetics | isbn=9780520298132 | last1=Bashara | first1=Dan | date=2 April 2019 | publisher=Univ of California Press }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/global-animation-theory-international-perspectives-at-animafest-zagreb/ch11-animation-experienced-through-music Global Animation Theory - International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb - Bloomsbury Collections]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sollors |first1=Werner |title=Ethnic modernism |year=2008 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780674030916 |page=8 |edition=First Harvard University Press paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaXO7cSOS_cC}}</ref><ref name="folks">{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Robin L. |title=That's all folks? : ecocritical readings of American animated features |date=2011 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=9780803235120 |pages=85–89 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xEi8qg266g&t=869s Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube]</ref><ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/film/six-facts-jean-luc-goddard-breathless-the-jump-b1025400.html Six facts about Jean-Luc Goddard – the godfather of modernist cinema|Evening Standard]</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/01/31/what-made-buster-keatons-comedy-so-modern-biography-james-curtis-dana-stevens What Made Buster Keaton’s Comedy So Modern?|The New Yorker]</ref><ref>[https://animationobsessive.substack.com/p/and-walt-went-crazy 'And Walt Went Crazy' - Animation Obsessive]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/22/bubble-bath-review-hallucinogenic-animated-musical-is-a-work-of-70s-genius Bubble Bath review – hallucinogenic animated musical is a work of 70s genius|Movies|The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://www.gyorgykovasznai.com/post/habf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-in-the-2020-2021-season-of-classic-films-catalogue Habfürdő in the 2020-2021 Season of Classic Films Catalogue|Gyorgy Kovasznai]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/31285-the-servant The Servant (1963)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28111-la-notte La notte (1961)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref>[https://www.artforum.com/columns/j-hoberman-on-shuzo-azuchi-gullivers-cinematic-illumination-249107/ Hippie Medium - Artfourm]</ref><ref>[https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/nick-and-stephen-bosustow-film/united-productions-of-america- United Productions of America and Cartoon Modernism · Bosustow Family Film Collection · Indiana University Libraries Movie Image Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.popmatters.com/12-totally-strange-animated-films 12 Totally Strange and Underseen Animated Films|PopMatters]</ref><ref>[https://www.meer.com/en/47944-modernist-cinema Modernist Cinema|Meer]</ref><ref>[https://www.thecollector.com/citizen-kane-greatest-film-all-time/ What Makes Citizen Kane the Greatest Film of All Time?|TheCollector]</ref><ref>[https://www.filminquiry.com/big-sleep-postmodern/ How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern - Film Requiry]</ref><ref>[https://www.sylff.org/news_voices/17172/ Theories of Modernism in Cinema|Voices|Sylff Official Website]</ref><ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/jean-luc-godard-obituary/ Godard Was Cinema|The Nation]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Post_War_Modernist_Cinema_and_Philosophy/6zbpf_LFQ24C?hl=en&gbpv=0 Post-War Modernist Cinema and Philosophy - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/early-anime-features-two-1960s-classics/ Early Anime Features: Two 1960s Classics|Cartoon Research]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 10:23, 3 August 2024

Modernist film is related to the art and philosophy of modernism.

History

Early modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII, with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, manifesting itself in genres as diverse as expressionism and surrealism (as featured in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[1] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to modernist works, and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[2] Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness."[3] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision became a central characteristic of modernist filmmaking. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[4][5] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and generally has a more sincere tone[6]) than the postmodernist film.

List of notable modernist films

List of notable modernist filmmakers

Sources:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120]

See also

References

  1. ^ Characteristics of a Modernist Film|Our Pastimes
  2. ^ Beyond the subtitle: remapping European art cinema: Betz, Mark - Internet Archive (pg.34)
  3. ^ Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods
  4. ^ Dragan Milovanovic (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology.
  5. ^ "Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," Screen: 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson
  6. ^ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider
  7. ^ Perry, Ted (2006). Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347718.
  8. ^ Modernism and Film - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  9. ^ Murphy, Richard (2007). "Modernism and the Cinema: Metropolis and the Expressionist Aesthetic". Comparative Critical Studies. 4 (1): 105–120. doi:10.3366/ccs.2007.4.1.105. S2CID 145016904.
  10. ^ Vertigo - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  11. ^ "Modernism and Citizen Kane" by George R. Robinson - BMCC
  12. ^ The Big Sleep: Cinema and Modernism > National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
  13. ^ German Cinema, 1920-1930 — Modernism Lab
  14. ^ Kovács, András Bálint (2006). "Sartre, the Philosophy of Nothingness, and the Modern Melodrama". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 64 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00235.x. JSTOR 3700498.
  15. ^ Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity —— Edward Dimendberg|Harvard University Press
  16. ^ Cinema and modernism - The British Library
  17. ^ The forgotten glamour and modernism of 1930s Italian cinema sets – Museum Crush
  18. ^ Modernism, Montage, and Social Commentary in Early City Films — Indiana University Cinema
  19. ^ Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal
  20. ^ How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema - BBC Culture
  21. ^ Screening Modernism —— Cineaste Magazine
  22. ^ Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings
  23. ^ American Stranger: Modernisms, Hollywood, and the Cinema of Nicholas Ray (Suny Series) (Paperback)|University Press Books/Berkeley
  24. ^ Sirk/Fassbinder: Melodrama Mutations|White City Cinema
  25. ^ Evans, Victoria L. (2017). Douglas Sirk, Aesthetic Modernism and the Culture of Modernity. ISBN 9781474409391. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4.
  26. ^ Battleship Potemkin makes us strong|World cinema|The Guardian
  27. ^ American Stranger - Google Books
  28. ^ Key avant-garde films from the roaring '20s :: September 2011 :: Cassone
  29. ^ The sad and the beautiful : Val Lewton and Vincette Minnelli at the Stanford Theatre|The Stanford Daily
  30. ^ Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema - Indiana University Press
  31. ^ THE WORK OF IDA LUPINO EARNS SOME OVERDUE PRAISE - Chicago Tribune
  32. ^ Table of Contents: Masterpieces of modernist cinema/ - Villanova University
  33. ^ Modernity: A Film by Alfred Hitchcock — Senses of Cinema
  34. ^ Established Modernism, 1962-1966 - Chicago Scholarship
  35. ^ “ ‘Saved from the Blessings of Civilization’: Stagecoach, the West, and American Vernacular Modernism” - Michael Valdez Moses, Duke University
  36. ^ Yasujiro Ozu: 10 essential films|BFI
  37. ^ The Rashomon Effect|The Current|The Criterion Collection
  38. ^ A Quickie Look at the Life & Career of Tex Avery - Bright Lights Film Journal
  39. ^ Tex Avery: Arch-Radicalizer of the Hollywood Cartoon - Bright Lights Journal
  40. ^ That's All, Folks - The Washington Post
  41. ^ The 100 Most Influential Sequences in Animation History - Vulture
  42. ^ The Cartoon Renegades - The New York Times
  43. ^ Alternative Visions: Animation|BAMPFA
  44. ^ Independent Spirits: Faith Hubley/John Hubley (2003) - Turner Classic Movies
  45. ^ Wolfgram Evans, Noell K. (26 April 2011). Animators of Film and Television: Nineteen Artists, Writers, Producers and Others. McFarland. ISBN 9780786448326.
  46. ^ Amit Chaudhuri on Satyajit Ray's very Indian modernity: Not a 'beginning' as much as a 'fruition' - Scroll.in
  47. ^ Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray - Google Books (pg.195)
  48. ^ The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren — Senses of Cinema
  49. ^ The world of Len Lye|Govett-Brewster Art Gallery|Len Lye Centre
  50. ^ "Pretty Good for the 21st Century||Keep It Moving?
  51. ^ Film and Literary Modernism - Google Books
  52. ^ The Statues Still Stood: The Third Man and Third Spaces|Modernism / Modernity Print+
  53. ^ The Development of a Modernist Narrative in Selected Film of Joseph Losey - CORE
  54. ^ Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism on JSTOR
  55. ^ Ten Great Movies for Placemakers —— Project for Public Spaces
  56. ^ Black & White & Noir: American Pulp Modernism - Google Books (pgs.11-12)
  57. ^ Hilliker, Lee (2002). "In the Modernist Mirror: Jacques Tati and the Parisian Landscape". The French Review. 76 (2): 318–329. JSTOR 3132711.
  58. ^ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider
  59. ^ Carney, Raymond (28 January 1994). The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521388153.
  60. ^ The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopyschotaxiplasm: Take One"|The New Yorker
  61. ^ Blake Edwards's 'The Great Race' and 'The Party' - The New York Times
  62. ^ The Bitter Essence of Blake Edwards|Screening the Past
  63. ^ Filmmuseum - Program SD
  64. ^ Hard Clarity, Vaporous Ambiguity: The Fusion of Realism and Modernism in Antonioni's early 1960s Films - Senses of Cinema
  65. ^ Modernist Master: Michelangelo Antonioni | BAMPFA
  66. ^ Mr. Klein (1976)|The Criterion Collection
  67. ^ Mr. Klein | BAMPFA
  68. ^ Pierrot Le Fou’s Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society|Culled Culture
  69. ^ "All right: where am I?" "Looney Tunes" Animation as Modernist Performance on JSTOR
  70. ^ John Cassavetes: The First Dogma Director? - Bright Lights Film Journal
  71. ^ McElhaney, Joe (February 2012). The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791481110.
  72. ^ A Modernist Cinema - Google Books
  73. ^ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
  74. ^ Kubrick's Total Cinema: Philosophical Themes and Formal Qualities - Google Books
  75. ^ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
  76. ^ Hutcheon, Linda (1990). "An epilogue: Postmodern parody: History, subjectivity, and ideology". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 12 (1–2): 125–133. doi:10.1080/10509209009361343.
  77. ^ Hiroshima mon amour's Unforgettable Opening|Current|The Criterion Collection
  78. ^ Horror versus Terror in the Body Genre | CINEACTION
  79. ^ Emile de Antonio - Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
  80. ^ Lessons of Documentary: Reality, Representation, and Cinematic Expressivity - American Society For Aesthetics
  81. ^ MUBI Special Being Green: Jim Henson's Early Shorts
  82. ^ Designers in Context: Film, Advertising, and Modernism - The Visualist
  83. ^ Agnès Varda Was a Living Work of Art - The Hollywood Reporter
  84. ^ Eclipse Series 19: Chantal Akerman in the Seventies|The Criterion Collection
  85. ^ Here Is Your Life (1966)|The Criterion Collection
  86. ^ Voyage into the unknown | Movies - The Guardian
  87. ^ A Matter of Life and Death (1946)|The Criterion Collection
  88. ^ Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964-1974 - BAMPFA
  89. ^ Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts - BAMPFA
  90. ^ Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum | East Bay Express
  91. ^ Elegy to Ecstasy: Films from Canyon Cinema - BAMPFA
  92. ^ Festival Express|BAMPFA
  93. ^ Vulgar Modernism - Artfourm International
  94. ^ Vulgar Modernism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism
  95. ^ Simpson, Philip; Utterson, Andrew; Shepherdson, Karen J. (2004). Film Theory: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 171. ISBN 9780415259750.
  96. ^ Five films that influenced Jean-Luc Godard|Far Out Magazine
  97. ^ Jiří Trnka Shorts: Mature Mastery | American Cinematheque
  98. ^ The Czech Year - Harvard Film Archive
  99. ^ Bashara, Dan (2 April 2019). Cartoon Vision: UPA Animation and Postwar Aesthetics. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520298132.
  100. ^ Global Animation Theory - International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb - Bloomsbury Collections
  101. ^ Sollors, Werner (2008). Ethnic modernism (First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass. p. 8. ISBN 9780674030916.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  102. ^ Murray, Robin L. (2011). That's all folks? : ecocritical readings of American animated features. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 85–89. ISBN 9780803235120.
  103. ^ Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
  104. ^ Six facts about Jean-Luc Goddard – the godfather of modernist cinema|Evening Standard
  105. ^ What Made Buster Keaton’s Comedy So Modern?|The New Yorker
  106. ^ 'And Walt Went Crazy' - Animation Obsessive
  107. ^ Bubble Bath review – hallucinogenic animated musical is a work of 70s genius|Movies|The Guardian
  108. ^ Habfürdő in the 2020-2021 Season of Classic Films Catalogue|Gyorgy Kovasznai
  109. ^ The Servant (1963)|The Criterion Collection
  110. ^ La notte (1961)|The Criterion Collection
  111. ^ Hippie Medium - Artfourm
  112. ^ United Productions of America and Cartoon Modernism · Bosustow Family Film Collection · Indiana University Libraries Movie Image Archive
  113. ^ 12 Totally Strange and Underseen Animated Films|PopMatters
  114. ^ Modernist Cinema|Meer
  115. ^ What Makes Citizen Kane the Greatest Film of All Time?|TheCollector
  116. ^ How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern - Film Requiry
  117. ^ Theories of Modernism in Cinema|Voices|Sylff Official Website
  118. ^ Godard Was Cinema|The Nation
  119. ^ Post-War Modernist Cinema and Philosophy - Google Books
  120. ^ Early Anime Features: Two 1960s Classics|Cartoon Research
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