Jump to content

M: Difference between revisions

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m fix smart quotes in ref + ref cleanup (via WP:JWB)
m or M when used with financial numbers is ambiguous. Some say 1,000, others say 1,000,000.
(23 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{short description|13th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the letter of the Roman alphabet|the letter of the [[Cyrillic script]] (М, м)|Em (Cyrillic)|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}{{About|the letter of the Roman alphabet|the letter of the [[Cyrillic script]] (М, м)|Em (Cyrillic)|the letter of the [[Greek script]] (Μ, μ) |Mu (letter)|other uses}}
⚫
{{technical reasons|M#|the programming language|M Sharp}}
{{distinguish|ញ|ᛖ|₥|ℳ|ෆ|ʍ}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
⚫
{{technical reasons|M#|the programming language|M Sharp}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox grapheme
{{Infobox grapheme
Line 12: Line 13:
|typedesc=ic and [[Logographic]]
|typedesc=ic and [[Logographic]]
|language=[[Latin language]]
|language=[[Latin language]]
|phonemes=[{{IPAlink|m}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ɱ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|n}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|n̼}}]<br>{{IPAc-en|ɛ|m}}
|phonemes={{grid list|[{{IPAlink|m}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɱ}}]|[{{IPAlink|n}}]|[{{IPAlink|n̼}}]|{{IPAc-en|ɛ|m}}}}
|unicode=U+004D, U+006D
|unicode=U+004D, U+006D
|alphanumber=13
|alphanumber=13
Line 20: Line 21:
|fam3=[[File:Phoenician_mem.svg|20px|Phoenician Mem]]
|fam3=[[File:Phoenician_mem.svg|20px|Phoenician Mem]]
|fam4=[[File:PhoenicianM-01.svg|20px]]
|fam4=[[File:PhoenicianM-01.svg|20px]]
|fam5=[[File:EtruscanM-01.svg|20px]]
|fam5=[[File:Greek_Mu_04.svg|20px|Early Greek My]]
|fam6=[[File:Greek_Mu_04.svg|20px|Early Greek My]]
|fam6=[[μ|Μ μ]]
|fam7=[[μ|Μ μ]]
|fam7=[[File:EtruscanM-01.svg|20px]]
|fam8=[[𐌌]]
|fam8=[[𐌌]]
|usageperiod=~-700 to present
|usageperiod=~−700 to present
|children={{bull}}[[₥]]<br>{{bull}}[[™]]<br>{{bull}}[[℠]]<br>{{bull}}[[ᴟ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Teuthonista|ꬺ]]<br>{{bull}}[[Human female|ꟽ]] [[ɯ]] [[ɰ]]<br>{{bull}}[[ꟿ]]<br>{{bull}}[[ᛗ]]
|children={{grid list|[[₥]]|[[™]]|[[℠]]|[[ᴟ]]|[[ꬺ]]|[[ꟽ]] [[ɯ]] [[ɰ]]|[[ꟿ]]|[[ᛗ]]}}
|sisters=[[М]]<br>[[Ӎ]]<br>[[Mem|מ<br>ם<br>م<br>ܡ]]<br>[[מּ]]<br>[[ﬦ]]<br>[[File:Mem.svg|10px|Aramaic Mem]]<br>[[Ⰿ]]<br>[[ࠌ]]<br>[[𐌼]]
|sisters={{grid list|[[М]]|[[Ӎ]]|[[Mem|מ]]|[[Mem|ם]]|[[Mem|م]]|[[Mem|ܡ]]|[[מּ]]|[[ﬦ]]|[[File:Mem.svg|10px|Aramaic Mem]]|[[Ⰿ]]|[[ࠌ]]|[[𐌼]]}}
|equivalents=
|equivalents=
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#M|m(x)]]
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#M|m(x)]]
|direction=Left-to-Right
|direction=Left-to-right
|image=File:Latin_letter_M.svg}}
⚫
}}
{{Latin letter info|m}}
{{Latin letter info|m}}
'''M''', or '''m''', is the thirteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''em'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|m}}), plural ''ems''.<ref>"M" ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' 2nd edition (1989); ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "em," op. cit.</ref>
'''M''', or '''m''', is the thirteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''em'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|m}}), plural ''ems''.<ref>"M" ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' 2nd edition (1989); ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "em," op. cit.</ref>


==History==
==History==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
! Egyptian hieroglyph<br/>"n"
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
⚫
! Phoenician<br/>[[Mem]]
⚫
! [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyph]] "n"
⚫
! Western Greek<br/>[[Mu (letter)|Mu]]
⚫
! [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] <br/>''[[Mem]]''
! [[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]] M
! Etruscan<br/>M
! Latin<br/>M
⚫
! [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] <br/>''[[Mu (letter)|Mu]]''
⚫
! [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] <br/>M
|--- align=center
|--- align=center
|<hiero>n</hiero>
|<hiero>n</hiero>
| [[File:PhoenicianM-01.svg|25x25px]]
| [[File:PhoenicianM-01.svg|25x25px]]
| [[File:EtruscanM-01.svg|x25px]]
| [[File:Greek Mu 04.svg|35px]]
| [[File:Mu uc lc.svg|x35px]]
| [[File:EtruscanM-01.svg|25px]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis M.SVG|x20px|Latin M]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis M.SVG|x30px|Latin M]]
|}
|}
The letter M is derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Mem]], via the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[Mu (letter)|Mu]] (Μ,&nbsp;μ). [[Semitic alphabets|Semitic]] Mem is most likely derived from a "[[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]" ([[Bronze Age]]) adoption of the [[N-water ripple (n hieroglyph)|"water" ideogram]] in [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian writing]]. The Egyptian sign had the [[acrophonic]] value {{IPA|/n/}}, from the Egyptian word for "water", ''nt''; the adoption as the Semitic letter for {{IPA|/m/}} was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word for "water", ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/maʾ-|*mā(y)-]]''.<ref>See F. Simons, "Proto-Sinaitic — Progenitor of the Alphabet" ''Rosetta'' 9 (2011):
The letter M is derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Mem]] via the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[Mu (letter)|Mu]] (Μ,&nbsp;μ). [[Semitic alphabets|Semitic]] Mem is most likely derived from a "[[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]" ([[Bronze Age]]) adoption of the [[N-water ripple (n hieroglyph)|"water" ideogram]] in [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian writing]]. The Egyptian sign had the [[acrophonic]] value {{IPA|/n/}}, from the Egyptian word for "water", ''nt''; the adoption as the Semitic letter for {{IPA|/m/}} was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] word for "water", ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/maʾ-|*mā(y)-]]''.<ref>See F. Simons, "Proto-Sinaitic — Progenitor of the Alphabet" ''Rosetta'' 9 (2011):
Figure Two: "Representative selection of proto-Sinaitic characters with comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs", (p. 38)
Figure Two: "Representative selection of proto-Sinaitic characters with comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs", (p. 38)
Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39),
Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39),
Line 55: Line 55:


==Use in writing systems==
==Use in writing systems==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
⚫
The letter {{angbr|m}} represents the [[bilabial nasal]] consonant sound {{IPAblink|m}} in the orthography of Latin as well as in that of many modern [[language]]s, and also in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. In English, the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (first edition) says that {{angbr|m}} is sometimes a [[vowel]], in words like ''spasm'' and in the [[suffix]] ''-ism''. In modern terminology, this is described as a [[syllabic consonant]] (IPA {{IPA|[m̩]}}). M is the [[Letter frequency|fourteenth most frequently used letter]] in the English language.
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|m}} by language
! Orthography
! Phonemes
|-
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]])
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|-
! [[English orthography|English]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}, ''silent''
|-
! [[French orthography|French]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|-
! [[German orthography|German]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|-
! [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}, ''silent''
|-
! [[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|-
⚫
! [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}
⚫
|}

===English===
In [[English orthography|English]], {{angbr|m}} represents the [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA|/m/}}.

⚫
The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (first edition) says that {{angbr|m}} is sometimes a [[vowel]], such as in words like ''spasm'' and in the [[suffix]] ''-ism''. In modern terminology, this is described as a [[syllabic consonant]] (IPA: {{IPA|/m̩/}}).

M is the [[Letter frequency|fourteenth most frequently used letter]] in the English language.

===Other languages===
The letter {{angbr|m}} represents the [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA|/m/}} in the orthography of Latin as well as in those of many modern [[language]]s.

⚫
In [[Washo language|Washo]], lower-case {{angbr|m}} represents a [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA|/m/}}, while upper-case {{angbr|M}} represents a [[voiceless bilabial nasal]] {{IPA|/m̥/}}.


===Other systems===
⚫
In [[Washo language|Washo]], lower-case {{angbr|m}} represents a typical em sound, while upper-case {{angbr|M}} represents a [[Voicelessness|voiceless]] em sound.
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|m}} represents the [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA|/m/}}.


==Other uses==
==Other uses==
{{main article|M (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Miehikkala.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|Styled letter M in the coat of arms of [[Miehikkälä]]]]
[[File:Miehikkala.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|Styled letter M in the coat of arms of [[Miehikkälä]]]]
* The [[Roman numeral]] M represents the number [[1000 (number)|1000]], though it was not used in Roman times. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries A.D. by the Romans.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/45 45]| isbn=9780520038981 }}</ref>
* The [[Roman numeral]] M represents the number [[1000 (number)|1000]], though it was not used in [[Ancient Rome|Roman times]]. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries A.D. by the Romans.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/45 45]| isbn=9780520038981 }}</ref>
* [[Unit prefix]] M (mega), meaning one million times, and m (milli) meaning one-thousandth.<ref name="freedict">{{cite web |url=https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/m |title=What does M stand for? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=The Free Dictionary |publisher= |access-date=9 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125054852/https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/m_1 |title=M definition and meaning |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Collins English Dictionary |publisher= |access-date=9 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227212738/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/m_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Unit prefix]] M (mega), meaning one million times, and m (milli) meaning one-thousandth.<ref name="freedict">{{cite web |url=https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/m |title=What does M stand for? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=The Free Dictionary |publisher= |access-date=9 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125054852/https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/m_1 |title=M definition and meaning |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Collins English Dictionary |publisher= |access-date=9 February 2021 |quote= |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227212738/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/m_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* m is the standard abbreviation for [[metre]] (or meter) in the [[International System of Units]] (SI).<ref name="freedict"/> However, m is also used as an abbreviation for [[mile]].<ref name="collins"/>
* m is the standard abbreviation for [[metre]] (or meter) in the [[International System of Units]] (SI).<ref name="freedict"/> However, m is also used as an abbreviation for [[mile]].<ref name="collins"/>
* M is used as the unit abbreviation for [[molar concentration|molarity]].<ref name="freedict/>
* M is used as the unit abbreviation for [[molar concentration|molarity]].<ref name="freedict" />
* With money amounts, m or M is ambiguous. In the finance industry<ref>{{cite web |title=MM (Millions) |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/fixed-income/mm-millions/ |website=corporatefinanceinstitute.com |publisher=corporate finance institute. |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>, m or M means 1,000. In this context, five million dollars is written $5mm or $5MM. Outside of finance, some people use M like the metric system "[[mega-]]" to mean one million and write $5M.<ref name="freedict"/><ref name="collins"/>
* With money amounts, m or M can mean one million: For example, $5m is five million dollars.<ref name="freedict"/><ref name="collins"/>
* M often represents male or masculine, especially in conjunction with F for female or feminine.<ref name="freedict"/><ref name="collins"/>
* M often represents male or masculine, especially in conjunction with F for female or feminine.<ref name="freedict"/><ref name="collins"/>
⚫
* In typography, an [[em dash]] is a punctuation symbol whose width is similar to that of a capital letter M.
* [[M (James Bond)]] is a fictional character in [[Ian Fleming]]'s [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] book and [[James Bond filmography|film]] series.
⚫
* In typography, an [[em dash]] is a punctuation symbol whose width is equal to that of a capital letter M.


==Related characters==
==Related characters==
Line 95: Line 133:


===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
*𐤌 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Mem]], from which the following symbols originally derive
*𐤌 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Mem]], from which the following symbols originally derive:
**Μ μ : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Mu (letter)|Mu]], from which M derives
**Μ μ : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Mu (letter)|Mu]], from which M derives
***{{Script|Copt|Ⲙ ⲙ}} : [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] letter Me, which derives from Greek Mu
***{{Script|Copt|Ⲙ ⲙ}} : [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] letter Me, which derives from Greek Mu
Line 108: Line 146:
*℠ : [[Service mark symbol]]
*℠ : [[Service mark symbol]]


==Other representations==
==Computing codes==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
{{charmap
{{charmap
| 004D | 006D | name1 = Latin Capital Letter M | name2 = Latin Small Letter M
| 004D | 006D | FF2D | FF4D | name1 = Latin Capital Letter M | name2 = Latin Small Letter M | name3 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M | name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER M
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D4 | map1char2 = 94
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D4 | map1char2 = 94
| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 4D | map2char2 = 6D
| map2 = [[ASCII]]{{efn|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} | map2char1 = 4D | map2char2 = 6D
}}
}}
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}


==Other representations==
===Other===
{{Letter other reps
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Mike
|NATO=Mike
Line 125: Line 163:
}}
}}
{{clear}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:45, 5 August 2024

This article is about the letter of the Roman alphabet. For the letter of the Cyrillic script (М, м), see Em (Cyrillic). For the letter of the Greek script (Μ, μ), see Mu (letter). For other uses, see M (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "M#" redirects here. For the programming language, see M Sharp.
Not to be confused with ញ, ᛖ, ₥, ℳ, ෆ, or ʍ.

M
M m
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Sound values
In UnicodeU+004D, U+006D
Alphabetical position13
Numerical value: 1000
History
Development
Time period~−700 to present
Descendants
Sisters
Other
Associated graphsm(x)
Associated numbers1000
Writing directionLeft-to-right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
M
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz

M, or m, is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is em (pronounced /ˈɛm/), plural ems.[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
"n" 		Phoenician
Mem 		Western Greek
Mu 		Etruscan
M 		Latin
M
n
 Latin M

The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value /n/, from the Egyptian word for "water", nt; the adoption as the Semitic letter for /m/ was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for "water", *mā(y)-.[2]

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨m⟩ by language
Orthography Phonemes
Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /m/
English /m/, silent
French /m/
German /m/
Portuguese /m/, silent
Spanish /m/
Turkish /m/

English

In English, ⟨m⟩ represents the voiced bilabial nasal /m/.

The Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that ⟨m⟩ is sometimes a vowel, such as in words like spasm and in the suffix -ism. In modern terminology, this is described as a syllabic consonant (IPA: /m̩/).

M is the fourteenth most frequently used letter in the English language.

Other languages

The letter ⟨m⟩ represents the voiced bilabial nasal /m/ in the orthography of Latin as well as in those of many modern languages.

In Washo, lower-case ⟨m⟩ represents a voiced bilabial nasal /m/, while upper-case ⟨M⟩ represents a voiceless bilabial nasal /m̥/.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨m⟩ represents the voiced bilabial nasal /m/.

Other uses

Main article: M (disambiguation)
Styled letter M in the coat of arms of Miehikkälä
  • The Roman numeral M represents the number 1000, though it was not used in Roman times. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries A.D. by the Romans.[3]
  • Unit prefix M (mega), meaning one million times, and m (milli) meaning one-thousandth.[4][5]
  • m is the standard abbreviation for metre (or meter) in the International System of Units (SI).[4] However, m is also used as an abbreviation for mile.[5]
  • M is used as the unit abbreviation for molarity.[4]
  • With money amounts, m or M is ambiguous. In the finance industry[6], m or M means 1,000. In this context, five million dollars is written $5mm or $5MM. Outside of finance, some people use M like the metric system "mega-" to mean one million and write $5M.[4][5]
  • M often represents male or masculine, especially in conjunction with F for female or feminine.[4][5]
  • In typography, an em dash is a punctuation symbol whose width is similar to that of a capital letter M.
  • M with diacritics: Ḿ ḿ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ M̃ m̃ ᵯ[7]
  • IPA-specific symbols related to M: ɱ ɰ
  • Ɱ : Capital M with hook
  • Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to M:[8]
    • U+1D0D ᴍ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M
    • U+1D1F ᴟ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS TURNED M
    • U+1D39 ᴹ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL M
    • U+1D50 ᵐ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M
    • U+1D5A ᵚ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M
  • Some symbols related to M were used by the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902:[9]
    • U+2098 ₘ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER M
    • U+A7FA ꟺ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED M
  • The Teuthonista phonetic transcription system uses U+AB3A ꬺ LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH CROSSED-TAIL[10]
  • Other variations used for phonetic transcription:[11] ᶆ ᶬ ᶭ
  • Ɯ ɯ : Turned M
  • ꟽ : Inverted M was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for mulier (woman)[12]
  • ꟿ : Archaic M was used in ancient Roman texts to abbreviate the personal name 'Manius' (A regular capital M was used for the more common personal name 'Marcus')[12]
  • ℳ : currency symbol for Mark

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤌 : Semitic letter Mem, from which the following symbols originally derive:
    • Μ μ : Greek letter Mu, from which M derives
      • Ⲙ ⲙ : Coptic letter Me, which derives from Greek Mu
      • М м : Cyrillic letter Em, also derived from Mu
      • 𐌌 : Old Italic M, which derives from Greek Mu, and is the ancestor of modern Latin M
        • ᛗ : Runic letter Mannaz, which derives from old Italic M
      • 𐌼 : Gothic letter manna, which derives from Greek Mu

Ligatures and abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

Character information
Preview M m Ｍ ｍ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M LATIN SMALL LETTER M FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER M
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 77 U+004D 109 U+006D 65325 U+FF2D 65357 U+FF4D
UTF-8 77 4D 109 6D 239 188 173 EF BC AD 239 189 141 EF BD 8D
Numeric character reference &#77; &#x4D; &#109; &#x6D; &#65325; &#xFF2D; &#65357; &#xFF4D;
EBCDIC family 212 D4 148 94
ASCII[a] 77 4D 109 6D

Other

Notes

  1. ^ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

References

  1. ^ "M" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "em," op. cit.
  2. ^ See F. Simons, "Proto-Sinaitic — Progenitor of the Alphabet" Rosetta 9 (2011): Figure Two: "Representative selection of proto-Sinaitic characters with comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs", (p. 38) Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39), Figure Four: "Representative selection of later proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to early proto-Canaanite and proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 40). See also: Goldwasser (2010), following Albright (1966), "Schematic Table of Proto-Sinaitic Characters" (fig. 1 Archived 2016-07-03 at the Wayback Machine).
  3. ^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 45. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved October 3, 2015. roman numerals.
  4. ^ a b c d e "What does M stand for?". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d "M definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  6. ^ "MM (Millions)". corporatefinanceinstitute.com. corporate finance institute. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  7. ^ Constable, Peter (September 30, 2003). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  8. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  9. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (January 27, 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  10. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  11. ^ Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  12. ^ a b Perry, David J. (August 1, 2006). "L2/06-269: Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  • Media related to M at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of M at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of m at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M&oldid=1238826007"