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#REDIRECT [[Anarchism in Argentina#Semana Trágica and 1920s]] {{R to section}} |
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'''Expropriative anarchism''' ({{lang-es|anarquismo expropiador}}) is the name given to an [[anarchist]] practice carried out by certain [[anarchist]] [[affinity group]]s in [[Argentina]] and [[Spain]] which involved theft, robbery, [[scam]]s and [[Counterfeit money|counterfeiting currency]].<ref>[http://historiasigloxx.suite101.net/article.cfm/el_anarquismo_expropiador El anarquismo expropiador El uso de la violencia en beneficio de la Idea by Federico Millenaar]</ref><ref>[http://anarquismoexpropiador.blogspot.com/2008/05/anarquismo-expropiador-en-ro-de-la.html Anarquismo expropiador en río de la Plata] Published by ''Barricada'',from [[Montevideo]]</ref><ref name="Osvaldo Bayer 2008, p. 65">Osvaldo Bayer, ''Los anarquistas expropiadores y otros ensayos''. Booklet, Buenos Aires, 2008, p. 65.</ref> The robberies done were called "[[Confiscation|expropriations]] on the [[bourgeoisie]]". It had its major peak between 1920 and 1935, being some of its most famous executioneers [[Buenaventura Durruti]], [[Francisco Ascaso]], [[Severino Di Giovanni]], [[Miguel Arcángel Roscigna]], and [[Lucio Urtubia]]. It was different from French [[illegalism]] because it was not thought of as a way of life but as a way of reaching political ends such as financing revolutionary activities, anarchist propaganda and the release of anarchist prisoners.<ref>"Se puede ver desde los testimonios de la época que, el accionar de los anarquistas y siguiendo la lógica de sus protagonistas, que la expropiación tenía claramente fines políticos. Existen testimonios de expropiadores y allegados a estos en donde se deja en claro que las condiciones de vida de estos no modificaron luego de las expropiaciones. No se enriquecieron en pocas palabras. Tampoco fue el caso de los grupos que posteriormente, y en otra coyuntura, se abocaron a esta tarea." [http://anarquismoexpropiador.blogspot.com/2008/05/anarquismo-expropiador-en-ro-de-la.html Anarquismo expropiador en río de la Plata] Published by ''Barricada'',from [[Montevideo]]</ref> |
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== Spain == |
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[[Los Solidarios]] (“Solidarity”), also known as Crisol (“Crucible”), was a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[anarchist]] armed-struggle group founded in 1922 or 1923 in [[Barcelona]], as a reply to the 'dirty war' strategy used by the employers and government against [[trade union]]s. It was created as a successor to a previous group called ''Los Justicieros'' (“The Avenging Ones”), created in [[Zaragoza]]. The group was instigated by [[anarcho syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalists]], and it set up a network in order to buy and store guns, with which to attack members of the Sindicato Libre, (“Free Trade Union”), an employer-obeying organization. ''Los Solidarios'' are considered responsible for bank robberies, such as the [[Bank of Spain]] Robbery (September 1923), and for the murder of the Zaragoza cardinal [[Juan Soldevilla y Romero]] (1923). |
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After that, and pressured by the [[Primo de Rivera]] dictatorship, [[Buenaventura Durruti]], [[Francisco Ascaso]] and other members fled to [[France]], and then to Latin America, where they were charged with more robberies. They returned to Europe, settled down in France, and were charged with making an attempt on the life of [[Alfonso XIII]] on a visit to Paris, so they had to live clandestinely. They were expelled from France and settled down in [[Belgium]], where they were allowed to stay. With the advent of the [[Spanish Second Republic]] (1931), some of the members that had been able to return to [[Catalonia]] decided to enter the [[Federación Anarquista Ibérica]] (“Iberian Anarchist Federation”), as a group called ''Nosotros'' (“Us”), holding more radical points of view than those of the FAI itself. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out, the group dissolved as such, but they kept working inside the FAI. |
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== Argentina == |
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The first robbery in Argentina for anarchist political ends was executed by the [[Russia]]n Germán Boris Wladimirovich in 1919. The purpose was to obtain financing for pamphlets which could explain the situation of the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]]. The robbery failed and Wladimirovich was arrested along with his collaborator Andrés Babby. |
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[[Image:Severino di Giovanni.jpg|180px|left|thumb|[[Severino Di Giovanni]]]]Miguel Arcángel Roscigna and Andrés Vázquez Paredes, who had collaborated with [[Buenaventura Durruti]] and [[Los Solidarios]] when they were in Argentina, later executed a series of bombings against USA interests in response to the execution of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]]. In this campaign, the notorious Italian expropiator [[Severino Di Giovanni]] joined in. Roscigna y Vázquez Paredes alongside Antonio Moretti and Vicente Moretti carried out a robbery on the Rawson Hospital of Buenos Aires in October, 1927, where they obtained the amount of 141.000 pesos. According to historian Oswaldo Bayer, Roscigna, with this money they financed the counterfeiting of argentinian currency.<ref name="Osvaldo Bayer 2008, p. 65"/> |
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The Moretti brothers and three [[Catalan people|Catalans]] recommended by Durruti decided to rob the Cambio Messina in [[Montevideo]], with an outcome of 3 deaths and only 4000 pesos. They ended up being arrested but shortly put in practice a spectacular jailbreak. Di Giovanni started publishing a magazine called ''Culmine'' and anarchist propaganda, all of which was financed partly by robberies.<ref>[http://historiasigloxx.suite101.net/article.cfm/anarquismo_en_la_argentina Anarquismo en la Argentina Di Giovanni, el expropiador by Federico Millenaar]</ref> The anarcho-syndicalist publication La Protesta started criticizing Di Giovanni and his group in strong terms even going as far as accusing him of being a spy and a police agent. Rosigna continued the expropriations but with the purpose of aiding anarchist prisoners.<ref>Osvaldo Bayer, ''Los anarquistas expropiadores y otros ensayos''. Booklet, Buenos Aires, 2008, p. 69.</ref> This money was used for liberating the anarchists in the Punta Carretas prison. The expropriative anarchists also carried out reprisals against police and state agents who attacked the anarchist movement. Before being arrested Di Giovanni published Anarchia also with "expropriations". He ended up being executed alongside Paulino Scarfó. |
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== Eastern Europe == |
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[[Image:Chernoe Znamia Meeting Minsk.png|180px|right|thumb|[[Chernoe Znamia]]]] |
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Groups such as [[Rewolucyjni Mściciele]] (''Revolutionary Avengers'') and [[Chernoe Znamia]] (''The Black Banner''), active at the beginning of the 20th century, used expropriation as a mean to fund their activities.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Sekura | first1 = Adrian | title = Rewolucyjni Mściciele śmierć z browningiem w ręku | publisher = Bractwo Trojka | year = 2010 | location = Poznań | accessdate = 2012-09-08 | isbn = 978-83-926662-6-4}}</ref> |
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== More recent examples == |
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[[Image:Lucio Urtubia.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Lucio Urtubia]]]] |
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[[Lucio Urtubia]] Jiménez is a living Spanish [[anarchist]] famous for his practice of expropriative anarchism. At times compared to [[Robin Hood]],<ref name="the hoff">{{cite journal |last=Hoffert |first=Barbara |date=2001-08-01 |title=Lucio: The Irreducible Anarchist. (Review) |journal=[[Library Journal]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate=2008-06-13 |quote=Billed as a modern-day Robin Hood--or, more appropriately, the ultimate Quixote--Lucio Urtubia was born in Cascante, Spain }}</ref> Urtubia carried out bank robberies and forgeries throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In the words of [[Albert Boadella]], "Lucio is a [[Quijote]] that did not fight against wind mills, but against a true giant". |
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{{-}} |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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== Bibliography == |
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* Bayer, Osvaldo. ''Severino Di Giovanni, el idealista de la violencia''. Booket, Buenos Aires, mayo de 2006. ISBN 987-580-092-9 |
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* Bayer Osvaldo, ''Los anarquistas expropiadores y otros ensayos''. Booket, Buenos Aires, 2008. |
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* Bayer, Osvaldo. ''Severino Di Giovanni, el idealista de la violencia''. Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1970. |
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* Noble, Cristina. ''Severino Di Giovanni, Pasión Anarquista.'' Buenos Aires: Ed. Capital Intellectual, 2006. |
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== External links == |
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*[http://anarquismoexpropiador.blogspot.com/ Digital Archive of Expropriative Anarchism] in Spanish |
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*[http://rioter.info/2009/11/06/on-polys-georgiadis-case/ On the case of Greek social bandit V. Palaiokostas and the anarchists arrested with him] |
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{{Anarchism}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Expropriative Anarchism}} |
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[[Category:Illegalism]] |
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[[Category:Anarchist movements]] |
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[[Category:Anarchism in Argentina]] |
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[[Category:Anarchism in Spain]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:05, 10 August 2024
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