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{{Short description|Romanization scheme for Cantonese Chinese}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox Chinese|title=Yale|t=耶魯|s=耶鲁|y=yèh lóuh|j=je4 lou5|ci={{IPAc-yue|j|e|4|-|l|ou|5}}|showflag=y}}
{{RCL}}
{{RCL}}
{{Cantonese language}}
{{Cantonese language}}
{{IPA notice}}
{{IPA notice}}


The '''Yale romanization of Cantonese''' was developed by Gerard<!--- not Gerald ---> P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook ''Speak Cantonese'' initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952<ref>{{cite book|title=Cantonese Sounds and Tones|date=1965|last=Huang|first=Parker Po-fei|publisher=Far Eastern Publications, Yale University|place=New Haven, CT|page=Foreword}}</ref> but later published in 1958.<ref>''[https://books.google.no/books?id=A3D7CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=no#v=onepage&q&f=false The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language]'', p. 40.</ref> Unlike the [[Yale romanization of Mandarin]], it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of [[Cantonese]].
The '''Yale romanization of Cantonese''' was developed by [[Yale University|Yale]] scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook ''Speak Cantonese'' initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952<ref>{{cite book|title=Cantonese Sounds and Tones|date=1965|last=Huang|first=Parker Po-fei|publisher=Far Eastern Publications, Yale University|place=New Haven, CT|page=Foreword}}</ref> but later published in 1958.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=A3D7CwAAQBAJ The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language]'', p. 40.</ref> Unlike the [[Yale romanization of Mandarin]], it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of [[Cantonese]]. It shares some similarities with [[Hanyu Pinyin]] in that unvoiced, unaspirated [[consonants]] are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, {{IPA|[p]}} is represented as ''b'' in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, {{IPA|[pʰ]}} is represented as ''p''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Omniglot|title=Cantonese|url=http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/cantonese.htm|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> Students attending [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]'s New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.<ref>{{cite web|title=CUHK Teaching Materials|url=http://www.ycclc.cuhk.edu.hk/?v=new_TMP|access-date= 2016-10-27}}</ref>

It shares some similarities with [[Hanyu Pinyin]] in that unvoiced, unaspirated [[consonants]] are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent unvoiced sounds. For example, {{IPA|[p]}} is represented as ''b'' in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, {{IPA|[pʰ]}} is represented as ''p''.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Omniglot |title=Cantonese |url=http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/cantonese.htm |accessdate= 2016-10-27}}</ref> Students attending [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]'s New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.<ref>{{cite web |title=CUHK Teaching Materials |url=http://www.ycclc.cuhk.edu.hk/?v=new_TMP |accessdate= 2016-10-27}}</ref>
Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore [[:zh:粵文拉丁化|writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}


== Initials ==
== Initials ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
|b <br/> {{IPAblink|p}}<br>巴
|b <br/> {{IPAblink|p}}<br>{{lang|yue|巴}}
|p <br/> {{IPAblink|pʰ}}<br>怕
|p <br/> {{IPAblink|pʰ}}<br>{{lang|yue|怕}}
|m <br/> {{IPAblink|m}}<br>媽
|m <br/> {{IPAblink|m}}<br>{{lang|yue|媽}}
|f <br/> {{IPAblink|f}}<br>花
|f <br/> {{IPAblink|f}}<br>{{lang|yue|花}}
|
|
|-
|-
|d <br/> {{IPAblink|t}}<br>打
|d <br/> {{IPAblink|t}}<br>{{lang|yue|打}}
|t <br/> {{IPAblink|tʰ}}<br>他
|t <br/> {{IPAblink|tʰ}}<br>{{lang|yue|他}}
|n <br/> {{IPAblink|n}}<br>那
|n <br/> {{IPAblink|n}}<br>{{lang|yue|那}}
|
|
|l <br/>{{IPAblink|l}}<br>啦
|l <br/>{{IPAblink|l}}<br>{{lang|yue|啦}}
|-
|-
|g <br/> {{IPAblink|k}}<br>家
|g <br/> {{IPAblink|k}}<br>{{lang|yue|家}}
|k <br/> {{IPAblink|kʰ}}<br>卡
|k <br/> {{IPAblink|kʰ}}<br>{{lang|yue|卡}}
|ng <br/> {{IPAblink|ŋ}}<br>牙
|ng <br/> {{IPAblink|ŋ}}<br>{{lang|yue|牙}}
|h <br/> {{IPAblink|h}}<br>蝦
|h <br/> {{IPAblink|h}}<br>{{lang|yue|蝦}}
|
|
|-
|-
|gw <br/> {{IPA|[kw]}}<br>瓜
|gw <br/> {{IPA|[kʷ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|瓜}}
|kw <br/> {{IPA|[kʰw]}}<br>誇
|kw <br/> {{IPA|[kʷʰ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|誇}}
|
|
|
|
|w <br/> {{IPAblink|w}}<br>蛙
|w <br/> {{IPAblink|w}}<br>{{lang|yue|蛙}}
|-
|-
|j <br/> {{IPAblink|ts}}<br>渣
|j <br/> {{IPAblink|ts}}<br>{{lang|yue|渣}}
|ch <br/> {{IPAblink|tsʰ}}<br>叉
|ch <br/> {{IPAblink|tsʰ}}<br>{{lang|yue|叉}}
|
|
|s <br/> {{IPAblink|s}}<br>沙
|s <br/> {{IPAblink|s}}<br>{{lang|yue|沙}}
|y <br/> {{IPAblink|j}}<br>也
|y <br/> {{IPAblink|j}}<br>{{lang|yue|也}}
|}
|}


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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
|a<br />{{IPAblink|aː}}<br>沙
|a<br />{{IPAblink|aː}}<br>{{lang|yue|沙}}
|aai<br />{{IPA|[aːj]}}<br>晒
|aai<br />{{IPA|[aːi̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|晒}}
|aau<br />{{IPA|[aːw]}}<br>筲
|aau<br />{{IPA|[aːu̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|筲}}
|aam<br />{{IPA|[aːm]}}<br>三
|aam<br />{{IPA|[aːm]}}<br>{{lang|yue|三}}
|aan<br />{{IPA|[aːn]}}<br>山
|aan<br />{{IPA|[aːn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|山}}
|aang<br />{{IPA|[aːŋ]}}<br>省
|aang<br />{{IPA|[aːŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|省}}
|aap<br />{{IPA|[aːp]}}<br>圾
|aap<br />{{IPA|[aːp̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|圾}}
|aat<br />{{IPA|[aːt]}}<br>殺
|aat<br />{{IPA|[aːt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|殺}}
|aak<br />{{IPA|[aːk]}}<br>客
|aak<br />{{IPA|[aːk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|客}}
|-
|-
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|ai<br />{{IPA|[ɐj]}}<br>西
|ai<br />{{IPA|[ɐi̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|西}}
|au<br />{{IPA|[ɐw]}}<br>收
|au<br />{{IPA|[ɐu̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|收}}
|am<br />{{IPA|[ɐm]}}<br>心
|am<br />{{IPA|[ɐm]}}<br>{{lang|yue|心}}
|an<br />{{IPA|[ɐn]}}<br>新
|an<br />{{IPA|[ɐn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|新}}
|ang<br />{{IPA|[ɐŋ]}}<br>生
|ang<br />{{IPA|[ɐŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|生}}
|ap<br />{{IPA|[ɐp]}}<br>十
|ap<br />{{IPA|[ɐp̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|十}}
|at<br />{{IPA|[ɐt]}}<br>失
|at<br />{{IPA|[ɐt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|失}}
|ak<br />{{IPA|[ɐk]}}<br>塞
|ak<br />{{IPA|[ɐk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|塞}}
|-
|-
|e<br />{{IPAblink|ɛː}}<br>些
|e<br />{{IPAblink|ɛː}}<br>{{lang|yue|些}}
|ei<br />{{IPA|[ej]}}<br>四
|ei<br />{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|四}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|eng<br />{{IPA|[ɛːŋ]}}<br>聲
|eng<br />{{IPA|[ɛːŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|聲}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|ek<br />{{IPA|[ɛːk]}}<br>石
|ek<br />{{IPA|[ɛːk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|石}}
|-
|-
|i<br />{{IPAblink|iː}}<br>司
|i<br />{{IPAblink|iː}}<br>{{lang|yue|司}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|iu<br />{{IPA|[iːw]}}<br>消
|iu<br />{{IPA|[iːu̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|消}}
|im<br />{{IPA|[iːm]}}<br>閃
|im<br />{{IPA|[iːm]}}<br>{{lang|yue|閃}}
|in<br />{{IPA|[iːn]}}<br>先
|in<br />{{IPA|[iːn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|先}}
|ing<br />{{IPA|[eŋ]}}<br>星
|ing<br />{{IPA|[ɪŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|星}}
|ip<br />{{IPA|[iːp]}}<br>攝
|ip<br />{{IPA|[iːp̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|攝}}
|it<br />{{IPA|[iːt]}}<br>舌
|it<br />{{IPA|[iːt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|舌}}
|ik<br />{{IPA|[ek]}}<br>色
|ik<br />{{IPA|[ɪk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|色}}
|-
|-
|o<br />{{IPAblink|ɔː}}<br>蔬
|o<br />{{IPAblink|ɔː}}<br>{{lang|yue|蔬}}
|oi<br />{{IPA|[ɔːj]}}<br>鰓
|oi<br />{{IPA|[ɔːy̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|鰓}}
|ou<br />{{IPA|[ow]}}<br>酥
|ou<br />{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|酥}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|on<br />{{IPA|[ɔːn]}}<br>看
|on<br />{{IPA|[ɔːn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|看}}
|ong<br />{{IPA|[ɔːŋ]}}<br>康
|ong<br />{{IPA|[ɔːŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|康}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|ot<br />{{IPA|[ɔːt]}}<br>割
|ot<br />{{IPA|[ɔːt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|割}}
|ok<br />{{IPA|[ɔːk]}}<br>各
|ok<br />{{IPA|[ɔːk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|各}}
|-
|-
|u<br />{{IPAblink|uː}}<br>夫
|u<br />{{IPAblink|uː}}<br>{{lang|yue|夫}}
|ui<br />{{IPA|[uːj]}}<br>灰
|ui<br />{{IPA|[uːy̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|灰}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|un<br />{{IPA|[uːn]}}<br>寬
|un<br />{{IPA|[uːn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|寬}}
|ung<br />{{IPA|[oŋ]}}<br>風
|ung<br />{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|風}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|ut<br />{{IPA|[uːt]}}<br>闊
|ut<br />{{IPA|[uːt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|闊}}
|uk<br />{{IPA|[ok]}}<br>福
|uk<br />{{IPA|[ʊk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|福}}
|-
|-
|eu<br />{{IPAblink|œː}}<br>靴
|eu<br />{{IPAblink|œː}}<br>{{lang|yue|靴}}
|eui<br />{{IPA|[ɵj]}}<br>去
|eui<br />{{IPA|[ɵy̯]}}<br>{{lang|yue|去}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|eun<br />{{IPA|[ɵn]}}<br>信
|eun<br />{{IPA|[ɵn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|信}}
|eung<br />{{IPA|[œːŋ]}}<br>上
|eung<br />{{IPA|[œːŋ]}}<br>{{lang|yue|上}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|eut<br />{{IPA|[ɵt]}}<br>摔
|eut<br />{{IPA|[ɵt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|摔}}
|euk<br />{{IPA|[œːk]}}<br>削
|euk<br />{{IPA|[œːk̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|削}}
|-
|-
|yu<br />{{IPAblink|yː}}<br>書
|yu<br />{{IPAblink|yː}}<br>{{lang|yue|書}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|yun<br />{{IPA|[yːn]}}<br>孫
|yun<br />{{IPA|[yːn]}}<br>{{lang|yue|孫}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|yut<br />{{IPA|[yːt]}}<br>雪
|yut<br />{{IPA|[yːt̚]}}<br>{{lang|yue|雪}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 127: Line 129:
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|m<br />{{IPAblink|m̩}}<br>唔
|m<br />{{IPAblink|m̩}}<br>{{lang|yue|唔}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|ng<br />{{IPAblink|ŋ̩}}<br>吳
|ng<br />{{IPAblink|ŋ̩}}<br>{{lang|yue|吳}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
Line 137: Line 139:


== Tones ==
== Tones ==
[[File:Cantonese Tones.png|right|thumb|180px|Graphical representation of the 6 tones of Cantonese.]]
[[File:Cantonese Tones.png|right|thumb|180px|Graphical representation of the tones of six-tone Cantonese.]]
Modern Cantonese has six phonetic tones. Cantonese Yale represents these tones using a combination of diacritics and the letter ''h''.<ref>Ng Lam & Chik 2000: 515. "Appendix 3: Tones. The student of Cantonese will be well aware of the importance of tones in conveying meaning. Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for ..."</ref><ref>Gwaan 2000: 7. "Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for the three low tones. The following chart will illustrate the seven tones: 3 Mid Level, 1 High Level, 5 Low Falling, 6 Low Level..."</ref> Traditional Chinese linguistics treats the tones in syllables ending with a stop consonant as separate "[[entering tone]]s". Cantonese Yale follows modern linguistic conventions in treating these the same as tones 1, 3 and 6, respectively.
Modern Cantonese has up to seven phonemic tones. Cantonese Yale represents these tones using a combination of diacritics and the letter ''h''.<ref>Ng Lam & Chik 2000: 515. "Appendix 3: Tones. The student of Cantonese will be well aware of the importance of tones in conveying meaning. Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for ..."</ref><ref>Gwaan 2000: 7. "Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for the three low tones. The following chart will illustrate the seven tones: 3 Mid Level, 1 High Level, 5 Low Falling, 6 Low Level..."</ref> Traditional Chinese linguistics treats the tones in syllables ending with a stop consonant as separate "[[entering tone]]s". Cantonese Yale follows modern linguistic conventions in treating these the same as the high-flat, mid-flat and low-flat tones, respectively.
{|class="wikitable" cellspacing="0"
{|class="wikitable"
! No.
! No.
! Description
! Description
! [[Barnett-Chao Romanisation|Chao]] tone<br>number
! IPA & [[Tone letter#Chao tone letters (IPA)|Chao]] <br>tone numbers
! colspan="3" | Yale representation
! colspan="3" | Yale representation
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| 1
| high-flat
| high-flat
| 55
| {{IPA|˥}} 55
| sī
| sī
| sīn
| sīn
| sīk
| sīk
|-
|-
| high-falling
| 2
| {{IPA|˥˨}} 52
| sì
| sìn
|
|-
! rowspan="1" | 2
| mid-rising
| mid-rising
| 35
| {{IPA|˧˥}} 35
| sí
| sí
| sín
| sín
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" | 3
| 3
| mid-flat
| mid-flat
| 33
| {{IPA|˧}} 33
| si
| si
| sin
| sin
| sik
| sik
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" | 4
| 4
| low-falling
| low-falling
| 21
| {{IPA|˨˩}} 21
| sìh
| sìh
| sìhn
| sìhn
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" | 5
| 5
| low-rising
| low-rising
| 23
| {{IPA|˨˧}} 23
| síh
| síh
| síhn
| síhn
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" | 6
| 6</td>
| low-flat
| low-flat
| 22
| {{IPA|˨}} 22
| sih
| sih
| sihn
| sihn
Line 193: Line 201:
![[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional]]
![[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional]]
![[Simplified Chinese character|Simplified]]
![[Simplified Chinese character|Simplified]]
!Romanization using Tone Marks
!Romanization
!Romanization using Numbers
|-
|-
|{{lang|zh-HK|廣州話}}
|{{lang|yue-Hant-HK|廣州話}}
|{{lang|zh-CN|广州话}}
|{{lang|yue-Hans-CN|广州话}}
|gwóng jàu wá
|Gwóngjāuwá
|Gwong<sup>2</sup>jau<sup>1</sup>wa<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
|{{lang|zh-HK|粵語}}
|{{lang|yue-Hant-HK|粵語}}
|{{lang|zh-CN|粤语}}
|{{lang|yue-Hans-CN|粤语}}
|yuht yúh
|Yuhtyúh
|Yut<sup>6</sup>yu<sup>5</sup>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | {{lang|zh-HK|你好}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|你好}}
|Néih hóu
|néih hóu
|Nei<sup>5</sup> hou<sup>2</sup>
|}
|}


Line 215: Line 219:
{| style="margin:auto; font-size:larger; text-align:left;"
{| style="margin:auto; font-size:larger; text-align:left;"
|-
|-
! width=200 | {{lang|zh-hk|春曉}}<br/><small>{{lang|zh-hk|[[Meng Haoran|孟浩然]]}}</small> || Chēun Híu<br/><small>Maahng Houh Yìhn</small>
! width=200 | {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|春曉}}<br/><small>{{lang|yue-Hant-HK|[[Meng Haoran|孟浩然]]}}</small> ||chēun híu<br/><small>maahng houh yìhn</small>
|-
|-
| {{lang|zh-hk|春眠不覺曉，}} || Chēun mìhn bāt gok híu,
| {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|春眠不覺曉，}} || {{transl|yue|chēun mìhn bāt gok híu}},
|-
|-
| {{lang|zh-hk|處處聞啼鳥。}} || chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh.
| {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|處處聞啼鳥。}} || {{transl|yue|chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh}}.
|-
|-
| {{lang|zh-hk|夜來風雨聲，}} || yeh lòih fūng yúh sīng,
| {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|夜來風雨聲，}} || {{transl|yue|yeh lòih fūng yúh sīng}},
|-
|-
| {{lang|zh-hk|花落知多少？}} || fā lohk jī dō síu?
| {{lang|yue-Hant-HK|花落知多少？}} || {{transl|yue|fā lohk jī dō síu}}?
|}
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
⚫
* [[Barnett-Chao Romanisation]]
* [[Cantonese phonology]]
* [[Cantonese phonology]]
* [[Jyutping]]
* [[Jyutping]]
* [[Guangdong Romanization]]
* [[Cantonese Pinyin]]
* [[Sidney Lau romanisation]]
* [[S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)]]
⚫
* [[Barnett–Chao Romanisation]]
* [[Yale romanization of Mandarin]]
* [[Yale romanization of Mandarin]]
* [[Yale romanization of Korean]]
* [[Yale romanization of Korean]]
Line 237: Line 245:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Gwaan, Choi-wa (關彩華)|year=2000|title=English-Cantonese Dictionary - ''英粤字典''<!--Done deliberately so the Chinese is NOT italicized - Chinese shouldn't be italicized or else it becomes unreadable-->: Cantonese in Yale Romanization|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Chinese University Press]]|isbn=962-201-970-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Gwaan, Choi-wa {{lang|yue|關彩華}}|year=2000|title=English-Cantonese Dictionary - ''{{lang|yue|英粤字典}}''<!--Done deliberately so the Chinese is NOT italicized - Chinese shouldn't be italicized or else it becomes unreadable-->: Cantonese in Yale Romanization|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Chinese University Press]]|isbn=962-201-970-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Matthews, Stephen |author2=Yip, Virginia |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1994|title=Cantonese. A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-08945-X}}
* {{cite book|author1=Matthews, Stephen |author2=Yip, Virginia |name-list-style=amp |year=1994|title=Cantonese. A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-08945-X}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ng Lam, Sim-yuk |author2=Chik, Hon-man |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2000|title=<!--Title begins here-->Chinese-English Dictionary ''漢英小字典''<!--Done deliberately so the Chinese is NOT italicized - Chinese shouldn't be italicized or else it becomes unreadable-->: Cantonese in Yale Romanization, Mandarin in Pinyin|publisher=[[Chinese University Press]]|isbn=962-201-922-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ng Lam, Sim-yuk |author2=Chik, Hon-man |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title=<!--Title begins here-->Chinese-English Dictionary ''{{lang|zh|漢英小字典}}''<!--Done deliberately so the Chinese is NOT italicized - Chinese shouldn't be italicized or else it becomes unreadable-->: Cantonese in Yale Romanization, Mandarin in Pinyin|publisher=[[Chinese University Press]]|isbn=962-201-922-6}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~windharp/ctroma.htm Comparison chart of Romanization for Cantonese with Yale, S. Lau, Guangdong, Toho and LSHK (uses Shift JIS encoding)]
* [http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~windharp/ctroma.htm Comparison chart of Romanization for Cantonese with Yale, S. Lau, Guangdong, Toho and LSHK (uses Shift JIS encoding)]
* [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=chardict MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary (supports Cantonese Yale romanization)]
* [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=chardict MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary (supports Cantonese Yale romanization)]
* [http://transliterationisfun.blogspot.com/2016/08/chinese-character-to-cantonese-yale.html Online Chinese Character to Yale Romanization of Cantonese lookup Conversion tool]


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Latest revision as of 03:19, 12 August 2024

Yale
Traditional Chinese耶魯
Simplified Chinese耶鲁
Cantonese Yaleyèh lóuh
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationyèh lóuh
Jyutpingje4 lou5
IPA[jɛ˩ lɔw˩˧]
Transliteration of Chinese
Mandarin
Modern Standard Mandarin
Late imperial Mandarin
Sichuanese
Wu
General Wu
Wenzhounese
Yue
Cantonese
Min
Hokkien
Teochew
Fuzhounese
Northern Min
Pu-Xian Min
Hainanese
Shao–Jiang Min
Gan
Nanchang-Duchang dialect
Hakka
Meixian dialect
Sixian dialect
Xiang
Chang–Yi dialects
Polylectal
General Chinese
See also
Other transliterations
By place
This article is part of the series on the
Cantonese language
Yue Chinese
Grammar
Phonology
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952[1] but later published in 1958.[2] Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p.[3] Students attending The Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.[4]

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.[citation needed]

Initials

[edit]
b
[p]
巴 		p
[pʰ]
怕 		m
[m]
媽 		f
[f]
花
d
[t]
打 		t
[tʰ]
他 		n
[n]
那 		l
[l]
啦
g
[k]
家 		k
[kʰ]
卡 		ng
[ŋ]
牙 		h
[h]
蝦
gw
[kʷ]
瓜 		kw
[kʷʰ]
誇 		w
[w]
蛙
j
[ts]
渣 		ch
[tsʰ]
叉 		s
[s]
沙 		y
[j]
也

Finals

[edit]
a
[aː]
沙 		aai
[aːi̯]
晒 		aau
[aːu̯]
筲 		aam
[aːm]
三 		aan
[aːn]
山 		aang
[aːŋ]
省 		aap
[aːp̚]
圾 		aat
[aːt̚]
殺 		aak
[aːk̚]
客
  ai
[ɐi̯]
西 		au
[ɐu̯]
收 		am
[ɐm]
心 		an
[ɐn]
新 		ang
[ɐŋ]
生 		ap
[ɐp̚]
十 		at
[ɐt̚]
失 		ak
[ɐk̚]
塞
e
[ɛː]
些 		ei
[ei̯]
四 		      eng
[ɛːŋ]
聲 		    ek
[ɛːk̚]
石
i
[iː]
司 		  iu
[iːu̯]
消 		im
[iːm]
閃 		in
[iːn]
先 		ing
[ɪŋ]
星 		ip
[iːp̚]
攝 		it
[iːt̚]
舌 		ik
[ɪk̚]
色
o
[ɔː]
蔬 		oi
[ɔːy̯]
鰓 		ou
[ou̯]
酥 		  on
[ɔːn]
看 		ong
[ɔːŋ]
康 		  ot
[ɔːt̚]
割 		ok
[ɔːk̚]
各
u
[uː]
夫 		ui
[uːy̯]
灰 		    un
[uːn]
寬 		ung
[ʊŋ]
風 		  ut
[uːt̚]
闊 		uk
[ʊk̚]
福
eu
[œː]
靴 		eui
[ɵy̯]
去 		    eun
[ɵn]
信 		eung
[œːŋ]
上 		  eut
[ɵt̚]
摔 		euk
[œːk̚]
削
yu
[yː]
書 		      yun
[yːn]
孫 		    yut
[yːt̚]
雪 		 
      m
[m̩]
唔 		  ng
[ŋ̩]
吳 		     

Tones

[edit]
Graphical representation of the tones of six-tone Cantonese.

Modern Cantonese has up to seven phonemic tones. Cantonese Yale represents these tones using a combination of diacritics and the letter h.[5][6] Traditional Chinese linguistics treats the tones in syllables ending with a stop consonant as separate "entering tones". Cantonese Yale follows modern linguistic conventions in treating these the same as the high-flat, mid-flat and low-flat tones, respectively.

No. Description IPA & Chao
tone numbers 		Yale representation
1 high-flat ˥ 55 sī sīn sīk
high-falling ˥˨ 52 sì sìn
2 mid-rising ˧˥ 35 sí sín
3 mid-flat ˧ 33 si sin sik
4 low-falling ˨˩ 21 sìh sìhn
5 low-rising ˨˧ 23 síh síhn
6 low-flat ˨ 22 sih sihn sihk

Examples

[edit]
Traditional Simplified Romanization
廣州話 广州话 gwóng jàu wá
粵語 粤语 yuht yúh
你好 néih hóu

Sample transcription of one of the 300 Tang Poems by Meng Haoran:

春曉
孟浩然		 chēun híu
maahng houh yìhn
春眠不覺曉， chēun mìhn bāt gok híu,
處處聞啼鳥。 chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh.
夜來風雨聲， yeh lòih fūng yúh sīng,
花落知多少？ fā lohk jī dō síu?

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Huang, Parker Po-fei (1965). Cantonese Sounds and Tones. New Haven, CT: Far Eastern Publications, Yale University. p. Foreword.
  2. ^ The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, p. 40.
  3. ^ "Cantonese". Omniglot. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  4. ^ "CUHK Teaching Materials". Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  5. ^ Ng Lam & Chik 2000: 515. "Appendix 3: Tones. The student of Cantonese will be well aware of the importance of tones in conveying meaning. Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for ..."
  6. ^ Gwaan 2000: 7. "Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for the three low tones. The following chart will illustrate the seven tones: 3 Mid Level, 1 High Level, 5 Low Falling, 6 Low Level..."

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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