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Paper models, also called card models or papercraft, are models constructed mainly from sheets of heavy paper, paperboard, card stock, or foam.

Details

This may be considered a broad category that contains origami and card modeling. Origami is the process of making a paper model by folding a single piece of paper without using glue or cutting while the variation kirigami does. Card modeling is making scale models from sheets of cardstock on which the parts were printed, usually in full color. These pieces would be cut out, folded, scored, and glued together. Papercraft is the art of combining these model types to build complex creations such as wearable suits of armor, life-size characters, and accurate weapon models.

Sometimes the model pieces can be punched out. More frequently the printed parts must be cut out. Edges may be scored to aid folding. The parts are usually glued together with polyvinyl acetate glue ("white glue", "PVA"). In this kind of modeling, the sections are usually pre-painted, so there is no need to paint the model after completion. Some enthusiasts may enhance the model by painting and detailing. Due to the nature of the paper medium, the model may be sealed with varnish or filled with spray foam to last longer. Some enthusiasts also use papercrafts or perdurable to do life-sized props starting by making the craft, covering it with resin and painting them. Some also use photo paper and laminate them by heat, thus preventing the printed side from color wearing out, beyond the improved realistic effect on certain kinds of models (ships, cars, buses, trains, etc.). Paper crafts can be used as references to do props with other materials too.

History

The first paper models appeared in Europe in the 17th century with the earliest commercial models were appearing in French toy catalogs in 1800.^[1] Printed card became common in magazines in the early part of the 20th century. The popularity of card modeling boomed during World War II when the paper was one of the few items whose use and production was not heavily regulated.^[2]

Micromodels, designed and published in England from 1941 were very popular with 100 different models, including architecture, ships, and aircraft.^[3] But as plastic model kits became more commonly available, interest in paper decreased.

Availability

The Robert Freidus Collection, held at the V&A Museum of Childhood has over 14000 card models exclusively in the category Architectural Paper Models.^[4] Since paper model patterns can be easily printed and assembled, the Internet has become a popular means of exchanging them. Commercial corporations have recently begun using downloadable paper models for their marketing (examples are Yamaha and Canon).

The availability of numerous models on the Internet at little or no cost, which can then be downloaded and printed on inexpensive inkjet printers has caused its popularity again to increase worldwide. Home printing also allows models to be scaled up or down easily (for example, in order to make two models from different authors, in different scales, match each other in size), although the paper weight might need to be adjusted in the same ratio.

Inexpensive kits are available from dedicated publishers (mostly based in Eastern Europe; examples include Halinski, JSC Models, and Maly Modelarz), a portion of the catalog of which date back to 1950.

Experienced hobbyists often scratchbuild models, either by first hand drawing or using software such as Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape. An historical example of highly specialized software is Designer Castles for BBC Micro and Acorn Archimedes platforms, which was developed as a tool for creation of card model castles.^[5] CAD and CG software, such as Rhino 3D, 3DS Max, Blender, and specialist software, like Pepakura Designer from Tama Software, Dunreeb Cutout or Ultimate Papercraft 3D, may be employed to convert 3D computer models into two-dimensional printable templates for assembly.

3D models to paper

The use of 3D models greatly assists in the construction of paper models, with video game models being the most prevalent source. The video game or source in question will have to be loaded into the computer. Various methods of extracting the model exist, including using a model viewer and exporting it into a workable file type, or capturing the model from the emulation directly. The methods of capturing the model are often unique to the subject and the tools available. Readability of file-formats including proprietary ones could mean that a model viewer and exporter is unavailable outside of the developer. Using other tools that capture rendered 3D models and textures is often the only way to obtain them. In this case, the designer may have to arrange the textures and the wireframe model on a 3D program, such as SketchUp, 3DS MAX, Metasequoia, or Blender before exporting it to a papercraft creating program, such as Dunreeb Cutout or Pepakura Designer by Tama Software. From there the model is typically refined to give a proper layout and construction tabs that will affect the overall appearance and difficulty in constructing the model.

Subjects

Because people can create their own patterns, paper models are limited only by their designers' imaginations and ability to manipulate paper into forms. Vehicles of all forms, from cars and cargo trucks to space shuttles, are a frequent subject of paper models, some using photo-realistic textures from their real-life counterparts for extremely fine details. Architecture models can be very simple and crude forms to very detailed models with thousands of pieces to assemble. The most prevalent designs are from video games, due to their popularity and ease of producing paper models.

On the Web, enthusiasts can find hundreds of models from different designers across a wide range of subjects. The models include very difficult and ambitious paper projects, such as life-sized and complex creations. Architectural paper models are popular with model railway enthusiasts.

Various models are used in tabletop gaming, primarily wargaming. Scale paper models allow for easy production of armies and buildings for use in gaming and that can be scaled up or down readily or produced as desired. Whether they be three-dimensional models or two-dimensional icons, players are able to personalize and modify the models to bear unique unit designations and insignias for gaming.

References

^ "Nastawnia Bramowa | Swiat | V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
^ "A brief history of paper models". users.ece.cmu.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
^ "History World of Micromodels". 2016-03-13. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2017-09-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "The Robert Freidus Collection of Architectural Paper Models - V&A Museum of Childhood". V&A Museum of Childhood. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
^ Drage, Chris (September 1991). "Design for learning". BBC Acorn User. No. 110. Redwood Publishing. pp. 110–111. ISSN 0263-7456.

External links

Software for creating paper models

[1] "Nastawnia Bramowa | Swiat | V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-09-27.

[2] "A brief history of paper models". users.ece.cmu.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-27.

[3] "History World of Micromodels". 2016-03-13. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2017-09-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[4] "The Robert Freidus Collection of Architectural Paper Models - V&A Museum of Childhood". V&A Museum of Childhood. Retrieved 2017-09-27.

[5] Drage, Chris (September 1991). "Design for learning". BBC Acorn User. No. 110. Redwood Publishing. pp. 110–111. ISSN 0263-7456.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Models constructed from paper}}
 {{Redirect|Papercraft|the broader use of paper in art and craft|Paper craft}}
 {{Redirect|Pepakura|the New Zealand urban area|Papakura}}
-{{Unreferenced|date=December 2010}}
+{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
-[[File:Mountvernon.jpg|thumb|300px|Paper model of [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]]]]
+[[File:ShortHairPepakura.jpg|thumb|right|Example of a cat papercraft]]
 '''Paper models''', also called '''card models''' or '''papercraft''', are [[Physical model|models]] constructed mainly from sheets of heavy [[paper]], [[paperboard]], [[card stock]], or foam.
 == Details ==
+[[File:Paper VALMETRO.JPG|thumb|Printable sheet to make a metro train of the [[Valencia Metro (Venezuela)]]]]
-This may be considered a broad category that contains [[origami]] and card modeling.  Origami is the process of making a paper model by folding a single paper without using glue or cutting while the variation [[kirigami]] does. Card modeling is making [[scale model]]s from sheets of cardstock on which the parts were printed, usually in full color.  These pieces would be cut out, folded, scored and glued together. Pepakura is the art of combining these model types to build complex creations such as wearable suits of armor, life size characters, and accurate weapon models.
+This may be considered a broad category that contains [[origami]] and card modeling. Origami is the process of making a paper model by folding a single piece of paper without using glue or cutting while the variation [[kirigami]] does. Card modeling is making [[scale model]]s from sheets of cardstock on which the parts were printed, usually in full color. These pieces would be cut out, folded, scored, and glued together. Papercraft is the art of combining these model types to build complex creations such as wearable suits of armor, life-size characters, and accurate weapon models.
-Sometimes the model pieces can be punched out.  More frequently the printed parts must be cut out. Edges may be scored to aid folding. The parts are usually glued together with [[polyvinyl acetate]] [[Adhesive|glue]] ("white glue", "PVA"). In this kind of modeling the sections are usually pre-painted, so there is no need to paint the model after completion.  Some enthusiasts may enhance the model by painting and detailing. Due to the nature of the paper medium, the model may be sealed with varnish or filled with [[spray foam]] to last longer. Some enthusiasts also use paper crafts or perdurable to do life-sized props starting by making the craft, covering it with resin and painting them. Some also use photo paper and laminate them by heat, thus preventing the printed side from color wearing-out, beyond improved realistic effect on certain kinds of models (ships, cars, buses, trains, etc.). Paper crafts can be used as references to do props with other materials too.
+Sometimes the model pieces can be punched out. More frequently the printed parts must be cut out. Edges may be scored to aid folding. The parts are usually glued together with [[polyvinyl acetate]] [[Adhesive|glue]] ("white glue", "PVA"). In this kind of modeling, the sections are usually pre-painted, so there is no need to paint the model after completion. Some enthusiasts may enhance the model by painting and detailing. Due to the nature of the paper medium, the model may be sealed with varnish or filled with [[spray foam]] to last longer. Some enthusiasts also use papercrafts or perdurable to do life-sized props starting by making the craft, covering it with resin and painting them. Some also use photo paper and laminate them by heat, thus preventing the printed side from color wearing out, beyond the improved realistic effect on certain kinds of models (ships, cars, buses, trains, etc.). Paper crafts can be used as references to do props with other materials too.
 == History ==
-[[File:ShortHairPepakura.jpg|thumb|right|human=Statikeffeck|Example of a cat papercraft]]
+[[File:Imagerie D epinal 418 tour eiffel.jpg|thumb|[[Eiffel Tower]] model]]
+The first paper models appeared in Europe in the 17th century with the earliest commercial models were appearing in French toy catalogs in 1800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O131181/nastawnia-bramowa-paper-model-swiat/|title=Nastawnia Bramowa {{!}} Swiat {{!}} V&A Search the Collections|website=collections.vam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> Printed card became common in [[magazine]]s in the early part of the 20th century. The popularity of card modeling boomed during [[World War II]] when the paper was one of the few items whose use and production was not heavily regulated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/airplanes/history.html|title=A brief history of paper models|website=users.ece.cmu.edu|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>
+[[Micromodels]], designed and published in [[England]] from 1941 were very popular with 100 different models, including [[architecture]], ships, and aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldofmicromodels.com/micromodels-history.html|title=History World of Micromodels|date=2016-03-13|access-date=2017-09-27|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125700/http://www.worldofmicromodels.com/micromodels-history.html|archivedate=2016-03-13}}</ref> But as [[plastic model]] kits became more commonly available, interest in paper decreased.
-The first paper models appeared in Europe in the 17th Century with the earliest commercial models were appearing in French toy catalogues in 1800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O131181/nastawnia-bramowa-paper-model-swiat/|title=Nastawnia Bramowa {{!}} Swiat {{!}} V&A Search the Collections|website=collections.vam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> Printed card became common in [[magazine]]s in the early part of the 20th century. The popularity of card modeling boomed during [[World War II]], when paper was one of the few items whose use and production was not heavily regulated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/airplanes/history.html|title=A brief history of paper models|website=users.ece.cmu.edu|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>
-[[Micromodels]], designed and published in [[England]] from 1941 were very popular with 100 different models, including [[architecture]], ships, and aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125700/http://www.worldofmicromodels.com:80/micromodels-history.html|title=History World of Micromodels|date=2016-03-13|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> But as [[plastic model]] kits became more commonly available, interest in paper decreased.
 == Availability ==
-The Robert Freidus Collection, held at the [[V&A Museum of Childhood]] has over 14000 card models exclusivly in the category Architectural Paper Models.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/robert-freidus-collection-architectural-paper-models/|title=The Robert Freidus Collection of Architectural Paper Models - V&A Museum of Childhood|work=V&A Museum of Childhood|access-date=2017-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Since paper model patterns can be easily [[computer printer|printed]] and assembled, the [[Internet]] has become a popular means of exchanging them. Commercial corporations have recently begun using downloadable paper models for their marketing (examples are [http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/global/entertainment/papercraft/index.html Yamaha] and [http://cp.c-ij.com/english/3D-papercraft/ Canon]).
+The Robert Freidus Collection, held at the [[V&A Museum of Childhood]] has over 14000 card models exclusively in the category Architectural Paper Models.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/robert-freidus-collection-architectural-paper-models/|title=The Robert Freidus Collection of Architectural Paper Models - V&A Museum of Childhood|work=V&A Museum of Childhood|access-date=2017-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Since paper model patterns can be easily [[computer printer|printed]] and assembled, the [[Internet]] has become a popular means of exchanging them. Commercial corporations have recently begun using downloadable paper models for their marketing (examples are [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] and [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]).
 The availability of numerous models on the Internet at little or no cost, which can then be downloaded and printed on inexpensive [[inkjet printer]]s has caused its popularity again to increase worldwide. Home printing also allows models to be scaled up or down easily (for example, in order to make two models from different authors, in different scales, match each other in size), although the [[Paper size#Expressing paper thickness and density|paper weight]] might need to be adjusted in the same ratio.
-Inexpensive kits are available from dedicated publishers (mostly based in [[Eastern Europe]]; examples include Halinski, JSC Models and  Maly Modelarz, a portion of the catalog of which date back to 1950.
+Inexpensive kits are available from dedicated publishers (mostly based in [[Eastern Europe]]; examples include Halinski, JSC Models, and Maly Modelarz), a portion of the catalog of which date back to 1950.
-Experienced hobbyists often [[scratch building|scratchbuild]] models, either by first hand drawing or using software such as [[Adobe Illustrator]]. CAD and CG software, such as [[Rhino 3D]], [[3DS Max]], [[Blender (software)|Blender]], and specialist software, like Pepakura Designer from [[Tama Software]] and [[Waybe]] or [http://www.dunreeb.com/ Dunreeb Cutout] or Ultimate Papercraft 3D, may be employed to convert 3D [[computer model]]s into two-dimensional printable templates for assembly.
+Experienced hobbyists often [[scratch building|scratchbuild]] models, either by first hand drawing or using software such as [[Adobe Illustrator]] and [[Inkscape]]. An historical example of highly specialized software is [[Designer Castles]] for [[BBC Micro]] and [[Acorn Archimedes]] platforms, which was developed as a tool for creation of card model castles.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Drage|first=Chris|date= September 1991|title=Design for learning |magazine=BBC Acorn User|publisher=Redwood Publishing|issn=0263-7456|issue=110|pages=110–111}}</ref> CAD and CG software, such as [[Rhino 3D]], [[3DS Max]], [[Blender (software)|Blender]], and specialist software, like Pepakura Designer from [[Tama Software]], [[Dunreeb Cutout]] or Ultimate Papercraft 3D, may be employed to convert 3D [[computer model]]s into two-dimensional printable templates for assembly.
-=== 3-d models to paper models ===
+=== 3D models to paper ===
 [[File:Papercraft4_3D.jpg|alt=world's first paper model made from only 4 photos using "Papercraft4 3D" for Mac|thumb|220x220px|Paper model made from 4 photos]]
-[[File:Example of a 3d model of a V12 engine by Quintin Cloud.jpg|thumb|Model of a V12 engine.]]
+[[File: Example of a 3d model of a V12 engine by Quintin Cloud.jpg|thumb|Model of a V12 engine.]]
-The use of 3-d models greatly assists in the construction of paper models, with video game models being the most prevalent source. The video game or source in question will have to be loaded into the computer. Various methods of extracting the model exist, including using a model viewer and exporting it into a workable file type, or capturing the model from the emulation directly. The methods of capturing the model is often unique to the subject and the tools available. Readability of file formats including propriety ones could mean that a model viewer and exporter is unavailable outside of the developer. Using other tools that capture rendered 3-d models and textures are often the only way to obtain them. In this case, the designer may have to arrange the textures and the wire frame model on a 3D program, such as [[SketchUp]], [[3DS MAX]], [[Metasequoia (software)|Metasequoia]], or [[Blender (software)|Blender]] before exporting it to a papercraft creating program, such as Dunreeb Cutout or Pepakura Designer by [[Tama software]]. From there the model is typically refined to give a proper layout and construction tabs that will affect the overall appearance and difficulty in constructing the model.
+The use of 3D models greatly assists in the construction of paper models, with video game models being the most prevalent source. The video game or source in question will have to be loaded into the computer. Various methods of extracting the model exist, including using a model viewer and exporting it into a workable file type, or capturing the model from the emulation directly. The methods of capturing the model are often unique to the subject and the tools available. Readability of file-formats including proprietary ones could mean that a model viewer and exporter is unavailable outside of the developer. Using other tools that capture rendered 3D models and textures is often the only way to obtain them. In this case, the designer may have to arrange the textures and the wireframe model on a 3D program, such as [[SketchUp]], [[3DS MAX]], [[Metasequoia (software)|Metasequoia]], or [[Blender (software)|Blender]] before exporting it to a papercraft creating program, such as Dunreeb Cutout or Pepakura Designer by [[Tama Software]]. From there the model is typically refined to give a proper layout and construction tabs that will affect the overall appearance and difficulty in constructing the model.
 ==Subjects==
+[[File:Mountvernon.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Paper model of [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]]]]
-Because people can create their own patterns, paper models are limited only by their designers' imaginations and ability to manipulate paper into forms. Vehicles of all forms, from cars and cargo trucks to space shuttles are a frequent subject of paper models, some using photo realistic textures from their real-life counterparts for extremely fine details. Architecture models can be very simple and crude forms to very detailed models with thousands of pieces to assemble. The most prevalent designs are from video games, due to their popularity and ease of producing paper models.
+Because people can create their own patterns, paper models are limited only by their designers' imaginations and ability to manipulate paper into forms. Vehicles of all forms, from cars and cargo trucks to space shuttles, are a frequent subject of paper models, some using photo-realistic textures from their real-life counterparts for extremely fine details. Architecture models can be very simple and crude forms to very detailed models with thousands of pieces to assemble. The most prevalent designs are from video games, due to their popularity and ease of producing paper models.
-On the Web, enthusiasts can find hundreds of models from different designers across a wide range of subjects. The models include very difficult and ambitious paper projects, such as life-sized and complex creations. Architectural Paper Models are popular with [[Rail transport modelling|model railway]] entusiasts.[http://www.rmweb.co.uk/community/index.php?/forum/113-card-structure-modelling-forum/]
+On the Web, enthusiasts can find hundreds of models from different designers across a wide range of subjects. The models include very difficult and ambitious paper projects, such as life-sized and complex creations. Architectural paper models are popular with [[Rail transport modeling|model railway]] enthusiasts.
 Various models are used in tabletop gaming, primarily [[wargaming]]. Scale paper models allow for easy production of armies and buildings for use in gaming and that can be scaled up or down readily or produced as desired. Whether they be three-dimensional models or two-dimensional icons, players are able to personalize and modify the models to bear unique unit designations and insignias for gaming.
 == See also ==
-*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpMx1VDeG58 The Art of Scale Paper Modeling]
 *[[Net (polyhedron)|Net]]
 *[[Cardboard modeling]]
 *[[Paper Airplane|Paper Aeroplane]]
 *[[Origamic architecture]]
-*[[Paper prototyping]]
 *[[Superquick]]
+*[[Leo Monahan (artist)|Leo Monahan]]
+*{{annotated link|Toy theater}}
+*[[Omocha-e]]
+== References ==
+{{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 60: @@
 PLEASE NOTE THAT WIKIPEDIA POLICY FORBIDS THE USE OF EXTERNAL LINKS FOR PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES.
 UNLESS LINKS IN AN EXTERNAL LINK SECTION POINT DIRECTLY TO SIGNIFICANT RELEVANT
-NON-COMMERCIAL INFORMATIONAL CONTENT, THEY WILL BE REMOVED, AND OTHER SANCTIONS
+NON-COMMERCIAL INFORMATIONAL CONTENT WILL BE REMOVED, AND OTHER SANCTIONS
 MAY BE APPLIED IF NECESSARY TO PREVENT THIS FROM RECURRING.
 -->
-* {{dmoz|Recreation/Models/Paper|Paper Models}}
+=== Software for creating paper models ===
-* https://papermau.blogspot.co.uk/ Papermau.blogspot, a website which showcases free paper models from around the World.
-* http://cerealoffers.com/home.html Examples of card models from a number of breakfast cereal producers.
+* [https://tamasoft.co.jp/pepakura-en/ Pepakura Designer]
+* [http://www.dunreeb.com/3dplugins/index.php/34-news/67-cutout-product Dunreeb Cutout]
+* [https://www.papercraft3d.com/upc/index.aspx Ultimate Papercraft 3D]
+* [https://papercraft-maker.com/ PaperMaker]
 {{Decorative arts}}
 {{Paper}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Paper Model}}

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