Meixian dialect: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Meixian |
| name = Meixian |
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|nativename=梅縣話 |
| nativename = 梅縣話 |
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| states = [[Guangdong]], [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] |
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|states=Southern [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Taiwan]] |
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|region=[[Mei County, Guangdong|Meixian]] |
| region = [[Mei County, Guangdong|Meixian]] |
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|speakers=? |
| speakers = ? |
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|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan |
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|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] |
| fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] |
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|fam3=[[ |
| fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] |
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|fam4=[[ |
| fam4 = [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] |
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|fam5=[[:zh: |
| fam5 = [[:zh:粵台客語|Yue-Tai Hakka]] |
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| fam6 = [[:zh:梅惠小片|Mei-Hui section]] |
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|isoexception=dialect |
| isoexception = dialect |
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| script = [[Chinese characters]] |
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| pronunciation = {{IPA|[moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Meixian dialect''' ({{zh|t=梅縣話}}; [[Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]]: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: {{IPA| |
The '''Meixian dialect''' ({{zh|t=梅縣話}}; [[Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]]: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: {{IPA|[moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧]}}), also known as '''Moiyan dialect''', as well as '''Meizhou dialect''' ({{lang|zh|梅州話}}), or '''Jiaying dialect''' and '''Gayin dialect''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maciver |first=D. |title=A Chinese-English Dictionary: Hakka-Dialect as Spoken in Kwang-Tung Province}}</ref> is the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialect]] of [[Hakka Chinese]]. It is named after [[Meixian District]], [[Meizhou]], [[Guangdong]]. '''[[Sixian dialect]]''' (in Taiwan) is very similar to Meixian dialect. |
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==Phonology<ref>{{Cite journal |last=黃 |first=雪貞 |date= |title=梅縣客家話的語言特點 |journal=方言 |issue=1992(4) |pages=275 - 289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=黃 |first=曉煜 |title=客家方言嘉應小片語音研究 |date= |publisher=暨南大學 |year=2018}}</ref>== |
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==Phonology== |
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===Initials=== |
===Initials=== |
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There are two series of stops and affricates in Hakka, both voiceless: tenuis {{IPA| |
There are two series of stops and affricates in Hakka, both voiceless: tenuis /{{IPA|p t ts k}}/ and aspirated /{{IPA|pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ}}/. |
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{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
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!colspan=2 |[[nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
!colspan=2 |[[nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|m}}/ {{angle bracket|m}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|n}}/ {{angle bracket|n}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|[{{IPA link|ɲ}}] {{angle bracket|ng(i)}}* |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|ŋ}}/ {{angle bracket|ng}} |
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!rowspan=2|[[plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
!rowspan=2|[[plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
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!{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} |
!{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|p}}/ {{angle bracket|b}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|t}}/ {{angle bracket|d}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|[{{IPA link|c}}] {{angle bracket|g(i)}}* |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|k}}/ {{angle bracket|g}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|({{IPA link|ʔ}}) |
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!{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} |
!{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|pʰ}}/ {{angle bracket|p}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|tʰ}}/ {{angle bracket|t}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|[{{IPA link|cʰ}}] {{angle bracket|k(i)}}* |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|kʰ}}/ {{angle bracket|k}} |
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!{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} |
!{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|ts}}/ {{angle bracket|z}} |
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!{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} |
!{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|tsʰ}}/ {{angle bracket|c}} |
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!colspan=2 |[[fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
!colspan=2 |[[fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|f}}/ {{angle bracket|f}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|s}}/ {{angle bracket|s}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|[{{IPA link|ç}}] {{angle bracket|h(i)}}* |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|h}}/ {{angle bracket|h}} |
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!colspan=2|[[approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
!colspan=2|[[approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|ʋ}}/ {{angle bracket|v}} |
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|{{IPA| |
|/{{IPA link|l}}/ {{angle bracket|l}} |
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<nowiki>*</nowiki> When the initials {{IPA| |
<nowiki>*</nowiki> When the initials /{{IPA link|k}}/ {{angle bracket|g}}, /{{IPA link|kʰ}}/ {{angle bracket|k}}, /{{IPA link|h}}/ {{angle bracket|h}}, and /{{IPA link|ŋ}}/ {{angle bracket|ng}} are followed by a [[palatal approximant|palatal]] [[Syllable#Chinese model|medial]] /{{IPA link|j}}/ {{angle bracket|i}}, they become [{{IPA link|c̟}}]/[{{IPA link|c}}] {{angle bracket|g(i)}}, [{{IPA link|c̟ʰ}}]/[{{IPA link|cʰ}}] {{angle bracket|k(i)}}, [{{IPA link|ç}}] {{angle bracket|h(i)}}, and [{{IPA link|ɲ̟}}]/[{{IPA link|ɲ}}] {{angle bracket|ng(i)}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=嚴 |first=修鴻 |last2=黄 |first2=良喜 |title=結構所引起的輔音音變——論三個客家話軟齶音齦顎化演變的不平衡 |journal=語言科學 |issue=2008(36) |pages=449 - 458}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zee |first=Eric |title=Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP2008) |last2=Lee |first2=Wai-sum |date=2008 |publisher=INRIA |editor-last=Sock |editor-first=Rudolph |pages=113–116 |chapter=The Articulatory Characteristics of the Palatals, Palatalized Velars and Velars in Hakka Chinese |editor-last2=Fuchs |editor-first2=Susanne |editor-last3=Laprie |editor-first3=Yves |chapter-url=http://issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp2008-22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071040/http://issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp2008-22.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Rimes === |
=== Rimes === |
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Moiyan Hakka has |
Moiyan Hakka has seven vowels, {{IPAslink|ɹ̩}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|ə}}, {{IPAslink|ɔ}} and {{IPAslink|u}}, that are romanised as ii, i, ê, a, e, o and u, respectively. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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![[Close vowel|Close]] |
![[Close vowel|Close]] |
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|{{IPAslink|ɹ̩}} {{angle bracket|ii}} |
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|ɹ̩ |
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|{{IPAslink|u}} {{angle bracket|u}} |
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|{{IPA|u}} |
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![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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|{{IPAslink|e̞}} {{angle bracket|ê}} |
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|{{IPA|e}}̞ |
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|{{ |
|{{IPAslink|ə}} ({{IPAslink|ɘ}}) {{angle bracket|e}} |
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|{{ |
|{{IPAslink|ɔ}} {{angle bracket|o}} |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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![[Open vowel|Open]] |
![[Open vowel|Open]] |
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|{{IPAslink|a}} {{angle bracket|a}} |
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|{{IPA|a}} |
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===Finals=== |
====Finals==== |
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Moreover, Hakka finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely {{IPA|[m, n, ŋ, p, t, k]}} which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation. |
Moreover, Hakka finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely {{IPA|[m, n, ŋ, p, t, k]}} which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation. |
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!{{IPA|w-}} |
!{{IPA|w-}} |
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|we̞ |
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!∅- |
!∅- |
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|{{IPA|i}} |
|{{IPA|i}} |
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|wi |
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|{{IPA|iu}} |
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|{{IPA|im}} |
|{{IPA|im}} |
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|{{IPA|in}} |
|{{IPA|in}} |
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!{{IPA|j-}} |
!{{IPA|j-}} |
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|{{IPA|jo}} |
|{{IPA|jo}} |
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|joi |
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!∅- |
!∅- |
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|{{IPA|u}} |
|{{IPA|u}} |
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|{{IPA|ui}} |
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|{{IPA|jui}} |
|{{IPA|jui}} |
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|ju |
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|{{IPA|jun}} |
|{{IPA|jun}} |
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!{{IPA|-ə-}} |
!{{IPA|-ə-}} |
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!∅- |
!∅- |
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|{{IPA|ɹ̩}} |
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! colspan="2"|Syllabics |
! colspan="2"|Syllabics |
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| colspan=" |
| colspan="2" style="background: #aaa;"| |
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|{{IPA|m̩}} |
|{{IPA|m̩}} |
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|n̩ |
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|{{IPA|ŋ̩}} |
|{{IPA|ŋ̩}} |
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| colspan="3" style="background: #aaa;"| |
| colspan="3" style="background: #aaa;"| |
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===Tone=== |
===Tone=== |
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Moiyan Hakka has |
Moiyan Hakka has six tones. The [[Middle Chinese]] fully voiced initial syllables became aspirated voiceless initial syllable in Hakka. Before that happened, the [[Four tones (Middle Chinese)|four Middle Chinese 'tones']], ''ping, shang, qu, ru,'' underwent a voicing split in the case of ''ping'' and ''ru,'' giving the dialect six tones in traditional accounts. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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===Tone sandhi=== |
====Tone sandhi==== |
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For Moiyan Hakka, the ''yin ping'' and ''qu'' tone characters exhibit [[sandhi]] when the following character has a lower pitch. The pitch of the ''yin ping'' tone changes from {{IPA|˦}} (44) to {{IPA|˧˥}} (35) when sandhi occurs. Similarly, the ''qu'' tone changes from {{IPA|˥˧}} (53) to {{IPA|˦}} (55) under sandhi. These are shown in red in the following table. |
For Moiyan Hakka, the ''yin ping'' and ''qu'' tone characters exhibit [[sandhi]] when the following character has a lower pitch. The pitch of the ''yin ping'' tone changes from {{IPA|˦}} (44) to {{IPA|˧˥}} (35) when sandhi occurs. Similarly, the ''qu'' tone changes from {{IPA|˥˧}} (53) to {{IPA|˦}} (55) under sandhi. These are shown in red in the following table. |
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The Meixian dialect can be divided into four accents, which are: |
The Meixian dialect can be divided into four accents, which are: |
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Meicheng |
'''Meicheng accent:''' Most of the townships in the central part of Meixian County (including present-day Meijiang District) |
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Songkou |
'''Songkou accent:''' Songkou, Longwen, Taoyao. |
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Meixi |
'''Meixi accent:''' Meixi. |
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Shejiang River |
'''Shejiang River accent:''' Shejiang River in the southwest of Meixian County. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* {{cite JIPA |author=Lee, Wai-Sum & Zee, Eric |title=Hakka Chinese |printdate=2009 April |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=107-111 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003599 }} |
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* {{citation |
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|last1=Lee |
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|first1=Wai-sum |
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|last2=Eric |
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|first2=Zee |
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|year=2009 |
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|title=Hakka Chinese |
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |
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|volume=39 |
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|issue=1 |
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|pages=107–111 |
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|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003599 |
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|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2C4B6E6EB3F5DED1E739EB8C188D80ED/S0025100308003599a.pdf/hakka_chinese.pdf |
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|doi-access=free |
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}} |
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} |
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} |
Latest revision as of 06:03, 19 August 2024
Meixian | |
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梅縣話 | |
Pronunciation | [moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧] |
Native to | Guangdong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia |
Region | Meixian |
Chinese characters | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | yuet1238 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-gam |
The Meixian dialect (Chinese: 梅縣話; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: [moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧]), also known as Moiyan dialect, as well as Meizhou dialect (梅州話), or Jiaying dialect and Gayin dialect,[1] is the prestige dialect of Hakka Chinese. It is named after Meixian District, Meizhou, Guangdong. Sixian dialect (in Taiwan) is very similar to Meixian dialect.
Initials
[edit]There are two series of stops and affricates in Hakka, both voiceless: tenuis /p t ts k/ and aspirated /pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ/.
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
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Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | [ɲ] ⟨ng(i)⟩* | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
Plosive | tenuis | /p/ ⟨b⟩ | /t/ ⟨d⟩ | [c] ⟨g(i)⟩* | /k/ ⟨g⟩ | (ʔ) |
aspirated | /pʰ/ ⟨p⟩ | /tʰ/ ⟨t⟩ | [cʰ] ⟨k(i)⟩* | /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
Affricate | tenuis | /ts/ ⟨z⟩ | ||||
aspirated | /tsʰ/ ⟨c⟩ | |||||
Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | [ç] ⟨h(i)⟩* | /h/ ⟨h⟩ | ||
Approximant | /ʋ/ ⟨v⟩ | /l/ ⟨l⟩ |
* When the initials /k/ ⟨g⟩, /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩, /h/ ⟨h⟩, and /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ are followed by a palatal medial /j/ ⟨i⟩, they become [c̟]/[c] ⟨g(i)⟩, [c̟ʰ]/[cʰ] ⟨k(i)⟩, [ç] ⟨h(i)⟩, and [ɲ̟]/[ɲ] ⟨ng(i)⟩, respectively.[4][5]
Rimes
[edit]Moiyan Hakka has seven vowels, /ɹ̩/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /ə/, /ɔ/ and /u/, that are romanised as ii, i, ê, a, e, o and u, respectively.
Out | Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | /ɹ̩/ ⟨ii⟩ | /i/ ⟨i⟩ | /u/ ⟨u⟩ | |
Mid | /e̞/ ⟨ê⟩ | /ə/ (/ɘ/) ⟨e⟩ | /ɔ/ ⟨o⟩ | |
Open | /a/ ⟨a⟩ |
Finals
[edit]Moreover, Hakka finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ, p, t, k] which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.
nucleus | medial | coda | ||||||||
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-∅ | -i | -u | -m | -n | -ŋ | -p | -t | -k | ||
-a- | ∅- | a | ai | au | am | an | aŋ | ap | at | ak |
j- | ja | jai | jau | jam | jan | jaŋ | jap | jat | jak | |
w- | wa | wai | wan | waŋ | wat | wak | ||||
-e- | ∅- | e̞ | e̞u | e̞m | e̞n | e̞p | e̞t | |||
j- | je̞ | je̞n | je̞t | |||||||
w- | we̞ | we̞n | we̞t | |||||||
-i- | ∅- | i | wi | im | in | ip | it | |||
-o- | ∅- | o | oi | on | oŋ | ot | ok | |||
j- | jo | joi | jon | joŋ | jok | |||||
w- | wo | won | woŋ | wok | ||||||
-u- | ∅- | u | un | uŋ | ut | uk | ||||
j- | jui | ju | jun | juŋ | jut | juk | ||||
-ə- | ∅- | əm | ən | əp | ət | |||||
Syllabics | ɹ̩ | m̩ | n̩ | ŋ̩ |
Tone
[edit]Moiyan Hakka has six tones. The Middle Chinese fully voiced initial syllables became aspirated voiceless initial syllable in Hakka. Before that happened, the four Middle Chinese 'tones', ping, shang, qu, ru, underwent a voicing split in the case of ping and ru, giving the dialect six tones in traditional accounts.
Tone number | Tone name | Hanzi | Tone letters | number | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | yin ping | 陰平 | ˦ | 44 | high level |
2 | yang ping | 陽平 | ˩ | 11 | low level |
3 | shang | 上 | ˧˩ | 31 | low falling |
4 | qu | 去 | ˥˧ | 53 | high falling |
5 | yin ru | 陰入 | ˩ | 2 | low checked |
6 | yang ru | 陽入 | ˥ | 5 | high checked |
These so-called yin-yang tonal splittings developed mainly as a consequence of the type of initial a Chinese syllable had during the Middle Chinese stage in the development of Chinese, with voiceless initial syllables [p- t- k-] tending to become of the yin type, and the voiced initial syllables [b- d- ɡ-] developing into the yang type. In modern Moiyan Hakka however, part of the Yin Ping tone characters have sonorant initials [m n ŋ l] originally from the Middle Chinese Shang tone syllables and fully voiced Middle Chinese Qu tone characters, so the voiced/voiceless distinction should be taken only as a rule of thumb.
Hakka tone contours differs more as one moves away from Moiyen. For example, the Yin Ping contour is ˧ (33) in Changting (長汀) and ˨˦ (24) in Sixian (四縣), Taiwan.
- Entering tone
Hakka preserves all of the entering tones of Middle Chinese and it is split into two registers. Meixian has the following:
- 陰入 [ ˩ ] a low pitched checked tone
- 陽入 [ ˥ ] a high pitched checked tone
Middle Chinese entering tone syllables ending in [k] whose vowel clusters have become front high vowels like [i] and [e] shifts to syllables with [t] finals in modern Hakka[7] as seen in the following table.
Character | Guangyun Fanqie | Middle Chinese reconstruction[8] |
Hakka | Main meaning in English |
---|---|---|---|---|
職 | 之翼切 | tɕĭək | tsit˩ | vocation, profession |
力 | 林直切 | lĭək | lit˥ | strength, power |
食 | 乗力切 | dʑʰĭək | sit˥ | eat, consume |
色 | 所力切 | ʃĭək | set˩ | colour, hue |
德 | 多則切 | tək | tet˩ | virtue |
刻 | 苦得切 | kʰək | kʰet˩ | carve, engrave, a moment |
北 | 博墨切 | pək | pet˩ | north |
國 | 古或切 | kuək | kuet˩ | country, state |
Tone sandhi
[edit]For Moiyan Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character has a lower pitch. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from ˦ (44) to ˧˥ (35) when sandhi occurs. Similarly, the qu tone changes from ˥˧ (53) to ˦ (55) under sandhi. These are shown in red in the following table.
+ ˦ Yin Ping | + ˩ Yang Ping | + ˧˩ Shang | + ˥˧ Qu | + ˩ʔ Yin Ru | + ˥ʔ YangRu | + Neutral | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
˦ Yin Ping + | ˦.˦ | ˧˥.˩ | ˧˥.˧˩ | ˧˥.˥˧ | ˧˥.˩ʔ | ˦.˥ʔ | ˧˥.˧ |
˥˧ Qu + | ˥˧.˦ | ˥.˩ | ˥.˧˩ | ˥.˥˧ | ˥.˩ʔ | ˥˧.˥ʔ | ˥.˧ |
The neutral tone occurs in some postfixes. It has a mid pitch.
Internal variation
[edit]The Meixian dialect can be divided into four accents, which are:
Meicheng accent: Most of the townships in the central part of Meixian County (including present-day Meijiang District)
Songkou accent: Songkou, Longwen, Taoyao.
Meixi accent: Meixi.
Shejiang River accent: Shejiang River in the southwest of Meixian County.
References
[edit]- ^ Maciver, D. A Chinese-English Dictionary: Hakka-Dialect as Spoken in Kwang-Tung Province.
- ^ 黃, 雪貞. "梅縣客家話的語言特點". 方言 (1992(4)): 275–289.
- ^ 黃, 曉煜 (2018). 客家方言嘉應小片語音研究. 暨南大學.
- ^ 嚴, 修鴻; 黄, 良喜. "結構所引起的輔音音變——論三個客家話軟齶音齦顎化演變的不平衡". 語言科學 (2008(36)): 449–458.
- ^ Zee, Eric; Lee, Wai-sum (2008). "The Articulatory Characteristics of the Palatals, Palatalized Velars and Velars in Hakka Chinese" (PDF). In Sock, Rudolph; Fuchs, Susanne; Laprie, Yves (eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP2008). INRIA. pp. 113–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ^ Cheung, Yuk Man (2011). Vowels and Tones in Mei Xian Hakka: An Acoustic and Perceptual Study (PhD thesis). City University of Hong Kong.
- ^ Sung, Dylan W. H. (2000). "Chinese Numerals: A Comparison of Readings from China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam". dylansung.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "廣韻入聲卷第五". kanji-database.sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Further reading
[edit]- Lee, Wai-Sum & Zee, Eric (2009). "Hakka Chinese". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (1): 107–111. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.