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{{Short description|Phrase describing Jews in pre-war Germany}}
⚫
The assimilated [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish community in Germany]], prior to World War II, has been self-described as "'''more German than the Germans'''". Originally, the comment was a "common sneer aimed at people" who had "thrown off the faith of their forefathers and adopted the garb of their [[Fatherland]]".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0fa7bUP0wC&q=%22more+German+than+the+Germans%22#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Hitler Emigrés: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazism | author=Daniel Snowman | author-link=Daniel Snowman | year=2010 | publisher=[[Random House]] | isbn=1-4464-0591-5}}</ref> The German assimilation, following [[the Enlightenment]], was "unprecedented".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDOJ473PJ_MC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The German-Jewish Legacy in America, 1938–1988: From Bildung to the Bill of Rights | author=Abraham J. Peck | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | year=1988 | page=235 | isbn=0-8143-2263-8}}</ref>
[[File:Gott strafe England2.JPG|thumb|150px|A pin with the slogan ''[[Gott strafe England]]''<br/><small>(may God punish England)</small>, created by the Jew<br/>[[Ernst Lissauer]]]]


⚫
'''"More German than the Germans"''' was a satirical or pejorative phrase used to describe the extreme degree of [[cultural assimilation]] among [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jews]] prior to World War II and the ''[[Shoah]]''. Originally, the comment was a "common sneer aimed at people" who had "thrown off the faith of their forefathers and adopted the garb of their [[Fatherland]]".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0fa7bUP0wC&q=%22more+German+than+the+Germans%22 | title=The Hitler Emigrés: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazism | author=Daniel Snowman | author-link=Daniel Snowman | year=2010 | publisher=[[Random House]] | isbn=978-1-4464-0591-8}}</ref> The German assimilation, following [[the Enlightenment]], was "unprecedented".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDOJ473PJ_MC&pg=PA235 | title=The German-Jewish Legacy in America, 1938–1988: From Bildung to the Bill of Rights | author=Abraham J. Peck | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | year=1988 | page=235 | isbn=0-8143-2263-8}}</ref>
The quote is sometimes ascribed to [[Chaim Weizmann]].<ref name=myth>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yQmyXeNEMQC&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present | author1=Marvin Perry | author2=Frederick M. Schweitzer | publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year=2002 | page=90 | isbn=0-312-16561-7}}</ref>
The quote is sometimes ascribed to [[Chaim Weizmann]].<ref name=myth>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yQmyXeNEMQC&pg=PA90 | title=Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present | author1=Marvin Perry | author2=Frederick M. Schweitzer | publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year=2002 | page=90 | isbn=0-312-16561-7}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Following the Enlightenment, many [[European Jews]] regarded Germany as a particularly desirable place to live, "a place of refuge, in comparison to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Romania" where antisemitism was extremely virulent and violent, and even France, where the Enlightenment had begun.<ref name=myth /> German Jews began to immerse themselves in German culture and the arts, playing a full and even leading role in society. By the twentieth century, the German Jews had reached a state of ''Bildung und Besitz'' (i.e. cultivation and wealth).<ref name=myth />
Following the Enlightenment, many [[European Jews]] regarded Germany as a particularly desirable place to live, "a place of refuge, in comparison to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Romania" where antisemitism was extremely virulent and violent, and even France, where the Enlightenment had begun.<ref name=myth /> German Jews began to immerse themselves in German culture and the arts, playing a full and even leading role in society. By the twentieth century, the German Jews had reached a state of ''Bildung und Besitz'' (i.e., cultivation and wealth).<ref name=myth />
[[File:Uražení.jpg|thumb|230px|Czech caricature from 1904.<br/>Translation: <br/>{{center|'''Offended.'''}}<br/>Have you read? We, Germans, are not the pure-blooded race?!<br/>– Who says that? If that donkey saw us two, he would know the appearance of the <u>'''Kerndeutsch'''</u> <small>''(core German)''</small> race!<br/><small>In [[History of the Jews in the Czech lands|Bohemia]] too, Jews were perceived as trying to become more German than the Germans; they mainly spoke German.</small>]]

== Forming a German-Jewish identity ==
== Forming a German-Jewish identity ==
Jewish women played a major role in the process of forming German-Jewish identity. Since they understood that Jews can hold both Jewish and national identities, Jewish women raised loyal families to Germany in the [[German Empire|Imperial era]]. They served as mediators of ''Bildung'' within their homes and families, while simultaneously serving as agents of tradition.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 209. {{ISBN|0-5215-2601-9}}</ref> Many Jewish women continued to keep kosher homes, attend synagogue on the [[Sabbath]], and perform other Jewish rituals. In this light, Jews could be men and women on the streets and Jews in their homes, as suggested by Enlightenment advocator [[Judah Leib Gordon|Yehuda Leib Gordon]].<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 201.</ref>
Jewish women played a major role in the process of forming German-Jewish identity. Since they understood that Jews can hold both Jewish and national identities, Jewish women raised loyal families to Germany in the [[German Empire|Imperial era]]. They served as mediators of ''Bildung'' within their homes and families, while simultaneously serving as agents of tradition.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 209. {{ISBN|0-5215-2601-9}}</ref> Many Jewish women continued to keep kosher homes, attend synagogue on the [[Sabbath]], and perform other Jewish rituals. In this light, Jews could be regular men and women on the streets and Jews in their homes, as suggested by Enlightenment advocator [[Judah Leib Gordon|Yehuda Leib Gordon]].<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 201.</ref>


Furthermore, Jewish women were instrumental in forming the social positions of Jews and their sense of "Germanness."<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 219.</ref> They encouraged their children to acculturate through their dress, speech and education and appreciated German entertainment and literature. Jewish women sent their children to music lessons and advanced secular schools. Thus, by combining German bourgeois practice and Jewish heritage, they formed a German-Jewish identity that balanced integration and tradition. Jewish women helped their families look, act, and feel like other Germans while remaining Jewish.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 208.</ref> Their actions allowed Jews to ultimately receive the description of being "more German than the Germans."
Furthermore, Jewish women were instrumental in forming the social positions of Jews and their sense of "Germanness."<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 219.</ref> They encouraged their children to acculturate through their dress, speech and education and appreciated German entertainment and literature. Jewish women sent their children to music lessons and advanced secular schools. Thus, by combining German bourgeois practice and Jewish heritage, they formed a German-Jewish identity that balanced integration and tradition. Jewish women helped their families look, act, and feel like other Germans while remaining Jewish.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 208.</ref> Their actions allowed Jews to ultimately receive the description of being "more German than the Germans."


==Examples==
==Examples==
[[File:Julius Hirsch 1938.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Julius Hirsch]], player for the ''[[Germany national football team|Nationalmannschaft]]'', [[World War I]] veteran decorated with the [[Iron Cross]], deported to [[Auschwitz]] in 1943]]
[[File:CNX Chem 13 03 FritzHaber.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Fritz Haber]], whose work in the sphere of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|WW1 chemical warfare]] was later used to develop [[Zyklon B]]]]
[[Kurt Singer (musicologist)|Kurt Singer]] (born 1885, died 1944 in [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]]), was a conductor, musician, musicologist, and neurologist. He was described by his daughter as "more German than the Germans", as he earned an [[Iron Cross]] for his gallantry in World War I, was music editor for a Berlin newspaper, and published research on [[Music of Germany#Folk music|German folk]] Lieder, [[Richard Wagner]] and [[Anton Bruckner]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-and-propaganda/third-reich/the-berlin-jdischer/singer-kurt/ | title= Kurt Singer |publisher= [[World ORT]] |website=Music and the Holocaust | access-date=2011-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004164004/http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-and-propaganda/third-reich/the-berlin-jdischer/singer-kurt/ | archive-date=2011-10-04 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Kurt Singer (musicologist)|Kurt Singer]] (born 1885, died 1944 in [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]]), was a conductor, musician, musicologist, and neurologist. He was described by his daughter as "more German than the Germans", as he earned an [[Iron Cross]] for his gallantry in World War I, was music editor for a Berlin newspaper, and published research on [[Music of Germany#Folk music|German folk]] Lieder, [[Richard Wagner]] and [[Anton Bruckner]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-and-propaganda/third-reich/the-berlin-jdischer/singer-kurt/ | title= Kurt Singer |publisher= [[World ORT]] |website=Music and the Holocaust | access-date=2011-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004164004/http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-and-propaganda/third-reich/the-berlin-jdischer/singer-kurt/ | archive-date=2011-10-04 | url-status=dead }}</ref>


British scholar [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] was described as "more German than the Germans" for his support of [[Goebbels]]' drive for "pure non-decadent German art" and was reported as saying, of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] in 1933, "I want this movement to succeed. There is no alternative but chaos&nbsp;... there are things worse than [[Hitlerism]]".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7hOnJMqEAsC&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Pevsner: The Early Life: Germany and Art | author=Stephen Games | year=2010 | publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] | page=187 | isbn=1-4411-4386-6}}</ref>
British scholar [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] was described as "more German than the Germans" for his support of [[Goebbels]]' drive for "pure non-decadent German art" and was reported as saying, of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] in 1933, "I want this movement to succeed. There is no alternative but chaos&nbsp;... there are things worse than [[Hitlerism]]".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7hOnJMqEAsC&pg=PA187 | title=Pevsner: The Early Life: Germany and Art | author=Stephen Games | year=2010 | publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] | page=187 | isbn=978-1-4411-4386-0}}</ref>


German Jew Betty Lipton described German-Jewish identity after [[Jewish emancipation|emancipation]] in "At Home in Berlin." She wrote that her family kept a [[kosher]] home, attended synagogue, and was a part of Berlin's tight-knit Jewish community. Simultaneously, her family was loyal to Germany. In 1914, they displayed the largest [[Flag of Germany#North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)|black, white, and red flag]] on their whole street.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 199.</ref> This short account portrays why Jewish families were often described as "more German than the Germans."
German Jew Betty Lipton described German-Jewish identity after [[Jewish emancipation|emancipation]] in "At Home in Berlin." She wrote that her family kept a [[kosher]] home, attended synagogue, and was a part of Berlin's tight-knit Jewish community. Simultaneously, her family was loyal to Germany. In 1914, they displayed the largest [[Flag of Germany#North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)|black, white, and red flag]] on their whole street.<ref>Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". ''Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe'': 199.</ref> This short account portrays why Jewish families were often described as "more German than the Germans."

[[Julius Hirsch]], who was convinced the Nazis would not harm him as he had fought valiantly in the [[Imperial German Army]] for four years (for which he had been awarded the [[Iron Cross]]) and had played for the [[Germany national football team]]. He was ultimately proven wrong: the ultimate award for his services to the nation was his deportation to the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] on 1 March 1943. Although there is no record of his death date, in the absence of any signs of life hereafter, it is assumed he did not survive the war.<ref>[http://db.yadvashem.org/deportation/transportDetails.html?language=en&itemId=9439366?WT.mc_id=wiki Transports to Extinction], The International Institute for Holocaust Research, [[Yad Vashem]]. Retrieved 2 March 2014</ref> He had divorced his non-Jewish wife in the hope of saving her and his children from Nazi persecution, but his half-Jewish children were ultimately also deported to [[Theresienstadt]] in February 1945; unlike their father they survived the war, as they were liberated by the Allies in May 1945.

[[Fritz Haber]], a German-Jewish chemist who in 1918 received (together with [[Carl Bosch]]) the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] for the invention of the [[Haber-Bosch]] process, a key ingredient for the production of modern [[fertilizer]]s;<ref>{{cite book|first=Vaclav|last=Smil|date=2004|title=Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=9780262693134|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Claudia |last=Flavell-While|title=Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World |url=https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/cewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world/|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.thechemicalengineer.com}}</ref> It is estimated that one-third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this supports nearly half of the world's population.

However, Haber, a known German nationalist, is also known for his work weaponizing [[chlorine]], and he led the team developing gases used for [[Chemical weapons in World War I|chemical warfare in World War I]].
An upshot of his work however is the invention of [[Zyklon B]], the main gas used in [[extermination camp]] [[gas chambers]] during [[the Holocaust]].

But perhaps the literary epitome of this trope would be [[Ernst Lissauer]], a German-Jewish poet and dramatist who is most remembered for the anti-British slogan ''[[Gott strafe England]]'' (= may God punish England) during [[World War I]]. He also wrote the poem ''Hassgesang gegen England'' (lit. "Hate song against England", better known as "Hymn of Hate"). Lissauer was described as a passionate [[German nationalist]], with [[Stefan Zweig]] penning that "Germany was his world and the more Germanic anything was, the more it delighted him."<ref name="Zweig231">Zweig, Stefan (1964). ''[https://archive.org/details/worldofyesterday00zwei/page/231 The World of Yesterday]''. Translation first published 1943; original German: ''Die Welt von Gestern'' (1941). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 231.</ref> He was ultimately forced into [[self-exile]] in Austria with the Nazis coming into power in 1933, and in 1936 he wrote about himself: "To the Germans I am a Jew masked as a German; to the Jew a German faithless to Israel."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Posener |first1=Alan |title=Der Überdeutsche |url=https://www.welt.de/print/wams/wissen/article128377716/Der-Ueberdeutsche.html |publisher=[[Die Welt]] |access-date=20 December 2022 |date=25 May 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Jewish assimilation]]
* [[Jewish assimilation]]
* [[More Irish than the Irish themselves]]
* [[More Irish than the Irish themselves]]
* The [[Stab-in-the-back myth]], a contrasting German antisemitic trope


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
[[Category:German culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Germany]]
[[Category:Jewish German history]]
[[Category:Jewish German history]]
[[Category:Germanization]]
[[Category:Germanization]]
[[Category:German words and phrases]]

Latest revision as of 15:02, 21 August 2024

A pin with the slogan Gott strafe England
(may God punish England), created by the Jew
Ernst Lissauer

"More German than the Germans" was a satirical or pejorative phrase used to describe the extreme degree of cultural assimilation among German Jews prior to World War II and the Shoah. Originally, the comment was a "common sneer aimed at people" who had "thrown off the faith of their forefathers and adopted the garb of their Fatherland".[1] The German assimilation, following the Enlightenment, was "unprecedented".[2] The quote is sometimes ascribed to Chaim Weizmann.[3]

Background

[edit]

Following the Enlightenment, many European Jews regarded Germany as a particularly desirable place to live, "a place of refuge, in comparison to Russia and Romania" where antisemitism was extremely virulent and violent, and even France, where the Enlightenment had begun.[3] German Jews began to immerse themselves in German culture and the arts, playing a full and even leading role in society. By the twentieth century, the German Jews had reached a state of Bildung und Besitz (i.e., cultivation and wealth).[3]

Czech caricature from 1904.
Translation:
Offended.

Have you read? We, Germans, are not the pure-blooded race?!
– Who says that? If that donkey saw us two, he would know the appearance of the Kerndeutsch (core German) race!
In Bohemia too, Jews were perceived as trying to become more German than the Germans; they mainly spoke German.

Forming a German-Jewish identity

[edit]

Jewish women played a major role in the process of forming German-Jewish identity. Since they understood that Jews can hold both Jewish and national identities, Jewish women raised loyal families to Germany in the Imperial era. They served as mediators of Bildung within their homes and families, while simultaneously serving as agents of tradition.[4] Many Jewish women continued to keep kosher homes, attend synagogue on the Sabbath, and perform other Jewish rituals. In this light, Jews could be regular men and women on the streets and Jews in their homes, as suggested by Enlightenment advocator Yehuda Leib Gordon.[5]

Furthermore, Jewish women were instrumental in forming the social positions of Jews and their sense of "Germanness."[6] They encouraged their children to acculturate through their dress, speech and education and appreciated German entertainment and literature. Jewish women sent their children to music lessons and advanced secular schools. Thus, by combining German bourgeois practice and Jewish heritage, they formed a German-Jewish identity that balanced integration and tradition. Jewish women helped their families look, act, and feel like other Germans while remaining Jewish.[7] Their actions allowed Jews to ultimately receive the description of being "more German than the Germans."

Examples

[edit]
Julius Hirsch, player for the Nationalmannschaft, World War I veteran decorated with the Iron Cross, deported to Auschwitz in 1943
Fritz Haber, whose work in the sphere of WW1 chemical warfare was later used to develop Zyklon B

Kurt Singer (born 1885, died 1944 in Theresienstadt concentration camp), was a conductor, musician, musicologist, and neurologist. He was described by his daughter as "more German than the Germans", as he earned an Iron Cross for his gallantry in World War I, was music editor for a Berlin newspaper, and published research on German folk Lieder, Richard Wagner and Anton Bruckner.[8]

British scholar Nikolaus Pevsner was described as "more German than the Germans" for his support of Goebbels' drive for "pure non-decadent German art" and was reported as saying, of the Nazis in 1933, "I want this movement to succeed. There is no alternative but chaos ... there are things worse than Hitlerism".[9]

German Jew Betty Lipton described German-Jewish identity after emancipation in "At Home in Berlin." She wrote that her family kept a kosher home, attended synagogue, and was a part of Berlin's tight-knit Jewish community. Simultaneously, her family was loyal to Germany. In 1914, they displayed the largest black, white, and red flag on their whole street.[10] This short account portrays why Jewish families were often described as "more German than the Germans."

Julius Hirsch, who was convinced the Nazis would not harm him as he had fought valiantly in the Imperial German Army for four years (for which he had been awarded the Iron Cross) and had played for the Germany national football team. He was ultimately proven wrong: the ultimate award for his services to the nation was his deportation to the Auschwitz concentration camp on 1 March 1943. Although there is no record of his death date, in the absence of any signs of life hereafter, it is assumed he did not survive the war.[11] He had divorced his non-Jewish wife in the hope of saving her and his children from Nazi persecution, but his half-Jewish children were ultimately also deported to Theresienstadt in February 1945; unlike their father they survived the war, as they were liberated by the Allies in May 1945.

Fritz Haber, a German-Jewish chemist who in 1918 received (together with Carl Bosch) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the invention of the Haber-Bosch process, a key ingredient for the production of modern fertilizers;[12][13] It is estimated that one-third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this supports nearly half of the world's population.

However, Haber, a known German nationalist, is also known for his work weaponizing chlorine, and he led the team developing gases used for chemical warfare in World War I. An upshot of his work however is the invention of Zyklon B, the main gas used in extermination camp gas chambers during the Holocaust.

But perhaps the literary epitome of this trope would be Ernst Lissauer, a German-Jewish poet and dramatist who is most remembered for the anti-British slogan Gott strafe England (= may God punish England) during World War I. He also wrote the poem Hassgesang gegen England (lit. "Hate song against England", better known as "Hymn of Hate"). Lissauer was described as a passionate German nationalist, with Stefan Zweig penning that "Germany was his world and the more Germanic anything was, the more it delighted him."[14] He was ultimately forced into self-exile in Austria with the Nazis coming into power in 1933, and in 1936 he wrote about himself: "To the Germans I am a Jew masked as a German; to the Jew a German faithless to Israel."[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Daniel Snowman (2010). The Hitler Emigrés: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazism. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-0591-8.
  2. ^ Abraham J. Peck (1988). The German-Jewish Legacy in America, 1938–1988: From Bildung to the Bill of Rights. Wayne State University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-8143-2263-8.
  3. ^ a b c Marvin Perry; Frederick M. Schweitzer (2002). Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 90. ISBN 0-312-16561-7.
  4. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe: 209. ISBN 0-5215-2601-9
  5. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe: 201.
  6. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe: 219.
  7. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe: 208.
  8. ^ "Kurt Singer". Music and the Holocaust. World ORT. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
  9. ^ Stephen Games (2010). Pevsner: The Early Life: Germany and Art. Continuum. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4411-4386-0.
  10. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1992). "Gender and Jewish History in Imperial Germany". Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe: 199.
  11. ^ Transports to Extinction, The International Institute for Holocaust Research, Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2 March 2014
  12. ^ Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780262693134.
  13. ^ Flavell-While, Claudia. "Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World". www.thechemicalengineer.com. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  14. ^ Zweig, Stefan (1964). The World of Yesterday. Translation first published 1943; original German: Die Welt von Gestern (1941). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 231.
  15. ^ Posener, Alan (25 May 2014). "Der Überdeutsche". Die Welt. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
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