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{{Short description|Bosnian politician}}
{{Short description|Bosnian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Željko Komšić
| name = Željko Komšić
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| office = 12th [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| office = 12th [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| term_start = 16 July 2023
| term_start = 16 July 2023
| term_end =
| term_end = 16 March 2024
| predecessor = [[Željka Cvijanović]]
| predecessor = [[Željka Cvijanović]]
| successor =
| successor = [[Denis Bećirović]]
| term_start1 = 20 July 2021
| term_start1 = 20 July 2021
| term_end1 = 20 March 2022
| term_end1 = 20 March 2022
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| term_start7 = 20 November 2018
| term_start7 = 20 November 2018
| term_end7 =
| term_end7 =
| primeminister7 = [[Zoran Tegeltija]] <br> [[Borjana Krišto]]
| primeminister7 = [[Denis Zvizdić]] <br> [[Zoran Tegeltija]] <br> [[Borjana Krišto]]
| predecessor7 = [[Dragan Čović]]
| predecessor7 = [[Dragan Čović]]
| successor7 =
| successor7 =
| term_start8 = 6 November 2006
| term_start8 = 6 November 2006
| term_end8 = 17 November 2014
| term_end8 = 17 November 2014
| primeminister8 = [[Nikola Špirić]] <br> [[Vjekoslav Bevanda]]
| primeminister8 = [[Adnan Terzić]] <br> [[Nikola Špirić]] <br> [[Vjekoslav Bevanda]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ivo Miro Jović]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ivo Miro Jović]]
| successor8 = Dragan Čović
| successor8 = Dragan Čović
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| birth_place = [[Sarajevo]], [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|SR Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]]
| birth_place = [[Sarajevo]], [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|SR Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]]
| nationality = Bosnian
| nationality = Bosnian
| party = [[Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Democratic Front]] {{small|(2013–present}})
| party = [[Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Democratic Front]] (2013–present)
| otherparty = [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]] {{small|(1997–2012}})
| otherparty = [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]] (1997–2012)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sabina Komšić|1996}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sabina Komšić|1996}}
| children = 1
| children = 1
| residence = Sarajevo, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| education = Sarajevo III Gymnasium
| alma_mater = [[University of Sarajevo]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])
| alma_mater = [[University of Sarajevo]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Jurist]]
<!--Military service-->
<!--Military service-->
| allegiance = {{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| allegiance = {{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| commands =
| commands =
| battles = [[Bosnian War]]
| battles = [[Bosnian War]]
| awards = [[File:BIH Order of the Golden Lilly 1st Class.png|20px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Orders|Order of the Golden Lily 1st Class]]
| awards = [[File:BIH Order of the Golden Lilly 1st Class.png|20px]] [[Order of the Golden Lily]]
}}
}}
'''Željko Komšić''' ({{IPA|hr|ˈʒɛːʎkɔ ˈkɔmʃitɕ}}; born 20 January 1964) is a Bosnian [[politician]] serving as the [[List of Croat members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|6th]] and current Croat member of the [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] since 2018. He has also been serving as its [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|chairman]] since July 2023. Previously, he was a member of the national [[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]] from 2014 to 2018.
'''Željko Komšić''' ({{IPA|hr|ˈʒɛːʎkɔ ˈkɔmʃitɕ}}; born 20 January 1964) is a Bosnian politician serving as the [[List of Croat members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|6th]] and current Croat member of the [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] since 2018. Previously, he was a member of the national [[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]] from 2014 to 2018.


Komšić already served as a member of the Presidency from 2006 to 2014 and was elected to the same office for a third term in the [[2018 Bosnian general election|2018 general election]], thus becoming the second Presidency member overall, after Bosniak [[Alija Izetbegović]], and the first, and so far only Croat member to serve more than two terms. He was sworn in on 20 November 2018. He was re-elected for a fourth term in the [[2022 Bosnian general election|2022 general election]].
Komšić already served as a member of the Presidency from 2006 to 2014 and was elected to the same office for a third term in the [[2018 Bosnian general election|2018 general election]], thus becoming the second Presidency member overall, after Bosniak [[Alija Izetbegović]], and the first, and so far only Croat member to serve more than two terms. He was re-elected for a fourth term in the [[2022 Bosnian general election|2022 general election]].


Komšić was a prominent figure of the [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]], until he left it in 2012 to establish the [[Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Democratic Front]] a year later.
Komšić was a prominent figure of the [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]], until he left it in 2012 to establish the [[Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Democratic Front]] a year later.
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==Personal life and education==
==Personal life and education==
Komšić was born in [[Sarajevo]] to [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croat]] father Marko Komšić and [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] mother Danica Stanić (1941 – 1 August 1992). His mother was killed by a sniper of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] as she sipped coffee in her apartment during the [[siege of Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/in-little-bosnia-a-gift-from-immigrants/article_e9f1f910-41f6-5335-ae9d-59181f8db4be.html|title=In Little Bosnia, a gift from immigrants|publisher=St. Louis Today|date=30 September 2013|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> According to many, this event was his breaking point,{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} as at the time, he was enlisted in the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Komšić would go on to earn the Order of the Golden Lily, which was at the time the highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina|state order]] awarded for military merits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historija.ba/d/294-roden-zeljko-komsic/|title = Rođen Željko Komšić}}</ref> His maternal grandfather Marijan Stanić, who was a [[Chetniks|Chetnik]] during [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], died two years before Komšić was born.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simić|first=S.|title=Verovali ili ne: Četnički koreni zlatnog ljiljana?|url=http://www.pressonline.rs/info/politika/87151/verovali-ili-ne-cetnicki-koreni-zlatnog-ljiljana.html|newspaper=Press Online|date=15 November 2009|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2017}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2017}} The Stanić family hailed from the village of [[Kostajnica, Doboj|Kostajnica]], near [[Doboj]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/808501-hrvat-zeljko-komsic-potomak-cetnickog-vojvode|title=Hrvat Željko Komšić potomak četničkog vojvode|publisher=Telegraf|date=20 August 2013|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> Komšić's paternal family hails from [[Kiseljak]]. His paternal uncle was an [[Ustaše|Ustasha]] who disappeared during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pušić|first=Mario|date=2018-10-15|title=JUTARNJI U RODNOM MJESTU ŽELJKA KOMŠIĆA: 'MA NIJE ŽELJKO DOBAR ZA NAS, NIJE NIKAKO...' U Kiseljaku ga preziru, a čak je i njegova rodbina rezervirana|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/jutarnji-u-rodnom-mjestu-zeljka-komsica-ma-nije-zeljko-dobar-za-nas-nije-nikako-u-kiseljaku-ga-preziru-a-cak-je-i-njegova-rodbina-rezervirana-7940926|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Jutarnji list|language=hr-hr}}</ref> Komšić was baptised a [[Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Catholic]], like his father. However, being a [[Religious skepticism|religious-skeptic]], he left the Catholic Church. He is a self-described [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=bs&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.oslobodjenje.ba%2Fvijesti%2Fregion%2Fko-je-komsic-pitaju-se-mediji-u-hrvatskoj-otac-marko-je-hrvat-majka-danica-bila-je-srpkinja-i-poginula-je-tokom-rata-u-sarajevu-zeljko-je-krsten-ali-se-izjasnjava-kao-agnostik-399597|title = Google Translate}}</ref>
Komšić was born in [[Sarajevo]] to [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croat]] father Marko Komšić and [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] mother Danica Stanić (1941 – 1 August 1992). His mother was killed by a sniper of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] as she sipped coffee in her apartment during the [[siege of Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/in-little-bosnia-a-gift-from-immigrants/article_e9f1f910-41f6-5335-ae9d-59181f8db4be.html|title=In Little Bosnia, a gift from immigrants|publisher=St. Louis Today|date=30 September 2013|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> According to many, this event was his breaking point,{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} as at the time, he was enlisted in the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Komšić would go on to earn the [[Order of the Golden Lily]], which was at the time the highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina|state order]] awarded for military merits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historija.ba/d/294-roden-zeljko-komsic/|title = Rođen Željko Komšić}}</ref> His maternal grandfather Marijan Stanić, who was a [[Chetniks|Chetnik]] during [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], died two years before Komšić was born.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simić|first=S.|title=Verovali ili ne: Četnički koreni zlatnog ljiljana?|url=http://www.pressonline.rs/info/politika/87151/verovali-ili-ne-cetnicki-koreni-zlatnog-ljiljana.html|newspaper=Press Online|date=15 November 2009|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2017}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2017}} The Stanić family hailed from the village of [[Kostajnica, Doboj|Kostajnica]], near [[Doboj]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/808501-hrvat-zeljko-komsic-potomak-cetnickog-vojvode|title=Hrvat Željko Komšić potomak četničkog vojvode|publisher=Telegraf|date=20 August 2013|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> Komšić's paternal family hails from [[Kiseljak]]. His paternal uncle was an [[Ustaše|Ustasha]] who disappeared during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pušić|first=Mario|date=2018-10-15|title=JUTARNJI U RODNOM MJESTU ŽELJKA KOMŠIĆA: 'MA NIJE ŽELJKO DOBAR ZA NAS, NIJE NIKAKO...' U Kiseljaku ga preziru, a čak je i njegova rodbina rezervirana|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/jutarnji-u-rodnom-mjestu-zeljka-komsica-ma-nije-zeljko-dobar-za-nas-nije-nikako-u-kiseljaku-ga-preziru-a-cak-je-i-njegova-rodbina-rezervirana-7940926|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Jutarnji list|language=hr-hr}}</ref> Komšić was baptised a [[Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Catholic]], like his father. However, being a [[Religious skepticism|religious-skeptic]], he left the Catholic Church. He is a self-described [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=bs&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.oslobodjenje.ba%2Fvijesti%2Fregion%2Fko-je-komsic-pitaju-se-mediji-u-hrvatskoj-otac-marko-je-hrvat-majka-danica-bila-je-srpkinja-i-poginula-je-tokom-rata-u-sarajevu-zeljko-je-krsten-ali-se-izjasnjava-kao-agnostik-399597|title = Google Translate}}</ref>


Komšić has a Bachelor of Laws' degree from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo|Faculty of Law]] at the [[University of Sarajevo]]. He was chosen to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in selective annual Georgetown Leadership Seminar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://isd.georgetown.edu/georgetown-leadership-seminar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314004453/http://isd.georgetown.edu/georgetown-leadership-seminar |archive-date=14 March 2015 |title=Georgetown Leadership Seminar {{!}} Institute for the Study of Diplomacy}}</ref> in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gls.georgetown.edu/alumni/gls2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609044044/http://gls.georgetown.edu/alumni/gls2003/ |archive-date=9 June 2010 |title=GLS 2003 - Georgetown Leadership Seminar (SFS) - Georgetown University}}</ref> His wife, Sabina, is an ethnic [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]]. The couple has a daughter named Lana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabina Komsic|url=http://hercegbosna.org/forum/topic3385.html}}</ref>
Komšić has a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo|Faculty of Law]] of the [[University of Sarajevo]]. He was chosen to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in selective annual Georgetown Leadership Seminar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://isd.georgetown.edu/georgetown-leadership-seminar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314004453/http://isd.georgetown.edu/georgetown-leadership-seminar |archive-date=14 March 2015 |title=Georgetown Leadership Seminar {{!}} Institute for the Study of Diplomacy}}</ref> in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gls.georgetown.edu/alumni/gls2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609044044/http://gls.georgetown.edu/alumni/gls2003/ |archive-date=9 June 2010 |title=GLS 2003 - Georgetown Leadership Seminar (SFS) - Georgetown University}}</ref> His wife, Sabina, is an ethnic [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]]. The couple has a daughter named Lana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabina Komsic|url=http://hercegbosna.org/forum/topic3385.html}}</ref>


He was one of the signatories of the [[Declaration on the Common Language]] for [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], Bosniaks and [[Montenegrins]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|newspaper=[[Večernji list]]|pages=6–7|location=Zagreb|issn=0350-5006|date=28 March 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
Komšić was one of the signatories of the [[Declaration on the Common Language]] for [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], Bosniaks and [[Montenegrins]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|newspaper=[[Večernji list]]|pages=6–7|location=Zagreb|issn=0350-5006|date=28 March 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> He is an avid supporter of Sarajevo-based [[Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina|football]] club [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/clan-predsjednistva-bih-zeljko-komsic-obnovio-clanstvo-u-fk-zeljeznicar/190716155|title=Član Predsjedništva BiH Željko Komšić obnovio članstvo u FK Željezničar|date=16 July 2019|access-date=16 July 2019|language=Bosnian|author=K.H.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>

Komšić is an avid supporter of Sarajevo-based [[Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina|football]] club [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]], even having a membership card of the club, renewing it in July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/clan-predsjednistva-bih-zeljko-komsic-obnovio-clanstvo-u-fk-zeljeznicar/190716155|title=Član Predsjedništva BiH Željko Komšić obnovio članstvo u FK Željezničar|date=16 July 2019|access-date=16 July 2019|language=Bosnian|author=K.H.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


==Bosnian war==
==Bosnian war==
During the [[Bosnian War]], Komšić served in the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and received the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Orders|Golden Lily]] &mdash; the highest military decoration awarded by the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian government]].<ref>[http://www.zeljkokomsic.ba/index.php?lang=ba&sel=2 Željko Komšić - član predsjedništva BIH iz reda hrvatskog naroda - Biografija:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127012403/http://www.zeljkokomsic.ba/index.php?lang=ba&sel=2 |date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoCountryPage/setimes/resource_centre/bios/komsic_zeljko?country=BiH Southeast European Times - ZeljkoKomsic - Member of the Presidency, Bosnia and Herzegovina]</ref>
During the [[Bosnian War]], Komšić served in the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and received the [[Order of the Golden Lily|Golden Lily]] &mdash; the highest military decoration awarded by the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian government]].<ref>[http://www.zeljkokomsic.ba/index.php?lang=ba&sel=2 Željko Komšić - član predsjedništva BIH iz reda hrvatskog naroda - Biografija:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127012403/http://www.zeljkokomsic.ba/index.php?lang=ba&sel=2 |date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoCountryPage/setimes/resource_centre/bios/komsic_zeljko?country=BiH Southeast European Times - ZeljkoKomsic - Member of the Presidency, Bosnia and Herzegovina]</ref>


==Early political career==
==Early political career==
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===2010 general election===
===2010 general election===
{{Main|2010 Bosnian general election}}
{{Main|2010 Bosnian general election}}
⚫
[[File:Zeljko Komsic with Obamas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Komšić alongside U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] in [[New York City]], 23 September 2009]]


⚫
In the [[2010 Bosnian general election|2010 general election]], Komšić won 337,065 votes, 60.6% of total. He was followed by [[Borjana Krišto]] (HDZ BiH; 19.7%), [[Martin Raguž]] ([[Croatian Coalition (2010)|HK]]; 10.8%), [[Jerko Ivanković Lijanović]] (NSRzB; 8.1%), Pero Galić (0.3%), Mile Kutle (0.2%) and Ferdo Galić (0.2%).<ref name=Election10>{{cite web |url=http://www.izbori.ba/Finalni2010/Finalni/PredsjednistvoBiH/Default.aspx |title=Potvrđeni rezultati Općih izbora 2010. godine: Predsjedništvo BiH - Hrvatski član|publisher=Central Election Committee of BiH|language=Croatian|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Zeljko Komsic with Obamas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Komšić alongside U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]], 23 September 2009]]

⚫
At the [[2010 Bosnian general election|2010 general election]], Komšić won 337,065 votes, 60.6% of total. He was followed by [[Borjana Krišto]] (HDZ BiH; 19.7%), [[Martin Raguž]] ([[Croatian Coalition (2010)|HK]]; 10.8%), [[Jerko Ivanković Lijanović]] (NSRzB; 8.1%), Pero Galić (0.3%), Mile Kutle (0.2%) and Ferdo Galić (0.2%).<ref name=Election10>{{cite web |url=http://www.izbori.ba/Finalni2010/Finalni/PredsjednistvoBiH/Default.aspx |title=Potvrđeni rezultati Općih izbora 2010. godine: Predsjedništvo BiH - Hrvatski član|publisher=Central Election Committee of BiH|language=Croatian|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>


Komšić's electoral win in 2010 was highly contested by Croat political representatives and generally seen as electoral fraud. Namely, every citizen in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation]] can decide whether to vote for a Bosniak or a Croat representative. However, since Bosniaks make up 70% of Federation's population and Croats only 22%, a candidate running to represent Croats in the Presidency can be effectively elected even without a majority among the Croat community - if enough Bosniak voters decide to vote on a Croat ballot. This happened in [[2006 Bosnian general election|2006]] and in [[2010 Bosnian general election|2010]], when Komšić, an ethnic Croat, backed by the multiethnic [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]], won the elections with very few Croat votes.<ref name="fpmac">Andrew MacDowall: [https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/12/dayton-aint-going-nowhere-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ "Dayton Ain’t Going Nowhere"], ''Foreign Policy'', 12 December 2015.</ref><ref name=Xin>{{cite news|title=News Analysis: Few surprises expected in Bosnian general elections|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/03/c_13540447.htm|newspaper=Xinhua|date=3 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055339/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/03/c_13540447.htm|archive-date=6 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Komšić's electoral win in 2010 was highly contested by Croat political representatives and generally seen as electoral fraud. Namely, every citizen in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation]] can decide whether to vote for a Bosniak or a Croat representative. However, since Bosniaks make up 70% of Federation's population and Croats only 22%, a candidate running to represent Croats in the Presidency can be effectively elected even without a majority among the Croat community - if enough Bosniak voters decide to vote on a Croat ballot. This happened in [[2006 Bosnian general election|2006]] and in [[2010 Bosnian general election|2010]], when Komšić, an ethnic Croat, backed by the multiethnic [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]], won the elections with very few Croat votes.<ref name="fpmac">Andrew MacDowall: [https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/12/dayton-aint-going-nowhere-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ "Dayton Ain’t Going Nowhere"], ''Foreign Policy'', 12 December 2015.</ref><ref name=Xin>{{cite news|title=News Analysis: Few surprises expected in Bosnian general elections|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/03/c_13540447.htm|newspaper=Xinhua|date=3 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055339/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/03/c_13540447.htm|archive-date=6 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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Komšić announced his candidacy in the [[2018 Bosnian general election|Bosnian general election]] on 11 January 2018, running once again for Bosnia's three-person [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Presidency]] member, representing the Croats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slobodna-bosna.ba/vijest/69355/politichka_bomba_komsic_najavio_kandidaturu_za_hrvatskog_chlana_predsjednistva_bih_video.html|title=POLITIČKI POTRES: Komšić najavio kandidaturu za hrvatskog člana Predsjedništva BiH!|date=11 January 2018|access-date=11 January 2018|language=bs|author=A.M.|publisher=slobodna-bosna.ba}}</ref>
Komšić announced his candidacy in the [[2018 Bosnian general election|Bosnian general election]] on 11 January 2018, running once again for Bosnia's three-person [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Presidency]] member, representing the Croats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slobodna-bosna.ba/vijest/69355/politichka_bomba_komsic_najavio_kandidaturu_za_hrvatskog_chlana_predsjednistva_bih_video.html|title=POLITIČKI POTRES: Komšić najavio kandidaturu za hrvatskog člana Predsjedništva BiH!|date=11 January 2018|access-date=11 January 2018|language=bs|author=A.M.|publisher=slobodna-bosna.ba}}</ref>


At the general election, held on 7 October 2018, he was again elected to the Presidency, having obtained 52.64% of the vote. The incumbent Bosnian Croat presidency member [[Dragan Čović]], was second with 36.14%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/cik-ponovo-potvrdio-dzaferovic-dodik-i-komsic-novi-clanovi-predsjednistva-bih/181008088|title=CIK ponovo potvrdio: Džaferović, Dodik i Komšić novi članovi Predsjedništva BiH|date=8 October 2018|access-date=8 October 2018|language=bs|author=Er. M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
In the general election, held on 7 October 2018, he was again elected to the Presidency, having obtained 52.64% of the vote. The incumbent Bosnian Croat presidency member, [[Dragan Čović]], was second with 36.14%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/cik-ponovo-potvrdio-dzaferovic-dodik-i-komsic-novi-clanovi-predsjednistva-bih/181008088|title=CIK ponovo potvrdio: Džaferović, Dodik i Komšić novi članovi Predsjedništva BiH|date=8 October 2018|access-date=8 October 2018|language=bs|author=Er. M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


===Domestic policy===
===Domestic policy===
[[File:Blejski strateški forum 2021 (51854789712).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Komšić at the [[Bled Strategic Forum]], 1 September 2021]]
[[File:Blejski strateški forum 2021 (51854789712).jpg|thumb|200px|Komšić at the [[Bled Strategic Forum]], 1 September 2021]]


In March 2019, Komšić appointed Serbian politician and businessman [[Čedomir Jovanović]] as his advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/cedomir-jovanovic-postao-savjetnik-zeljka-komsica-u-predsjednistvu-bih/190327114|title=Čedomir Jovanović postao savjetnik Željka Komšića u Predsjedništvu BiH|date=27 March 2019|access-date=27 March 2019|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
In March 2019, Komšić appointed Serbian politician and businessman [[Čedomir Jovanović]] as his advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/cedomir-jovanovic-postao-savjetnik-zeljka-komsica-u-predsjednistvu-bih/190327114|title=Čedomir Jovanović postao savjetnik Željka Komšića u Predsjedništvu BiH|date=27 March 2019|access-date=27 March 2019|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> In September 2019, Komšić publicly supported the first [[BIH Pride March]], the [[LGBT]] [[pride parade]] in the capital [[Sarajevo]], stating "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country where everybody can live their life as they wish."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://n1info.ba/vijesti/a375799-komsic-parada-ponosa-je-prvorazredan-politicki-dogadjaj/|title=Komšić: Parada ponosa je prvorazredan politički događaj|date=2 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019|language=bs|publisher=n1info.com}}</ref>


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On 22 May 2021, Komšić and [[Šefik Džaferović]], the Bosniak member of the Presidency, attended a [[military exercise]] between the [[United States Army]] and the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] on mount [[Manjača]], south of the city [[Banja Luka]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while [[Milorad Dodik]], the Presidency's Serb member, refused to attend it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/komsic-i-dzaferovic-danas-na-manjaci-da-li-ce-dodik-i-tegeltija-izignorisati-pozive-za-vojnu-vjezbu/210522003|title=Komšić i Džaferović danas na Manjači: Da li će Dodik i Tegeltija izignorisati pozive za vojnu vježbu?|date=22 May 2021|access-date=22 May 2021|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
On 20 July 2019, Komšić, for a record fifth time, became the new Presidency Chairman for the following eight months, succeeding Serb member [[Milorad Dodik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiosarajevo.ba/vijesti/bosna-i-hercegovina/dodiku-odzvonilo-zeljko-komsic-novi-predsjedavajuci-predsjednistva-bih/344777|title=Dodiku "odzvonilo": Željko Komšić novi predsjedavajući Predsjedništva BiH|date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|language=Bosnian|publisher=radiosarajevo.ba}}</ref> After eight months, on 20 March 2020, Bosniak member [[Šefik Džaferović]] succeeded Komšić as Chairman for, as well, the next eight months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ba.n1info.com/Vijesti/a417843/Sefik-Dzaferovic-od-danas-predsjedavajuci-Predsjednistva-BiH.html|title=Šefik Džaferović od danas predsjedavajući Predsjedništva BiH|date=20 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020|language=Bosnian|publisher=n1info.com}}</ref>

⚫
On 22 May 2021, Komšić and Džaferović attended a [[military exercise]] between the [[United States Army]] and the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] on mount [[Manjača]], south of the city [[Banja Luka]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Dodik refused to attend it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/komsic-i-dzaferovic-danas-na-manjaci-da-li-ce-dodik-i-tegeltija-izignorisati-pozive-za-vojnu-vjezbu/210522003|title=Komšić i Džaferović danas na Manjači: Da li će Dodik i Tegeltija izignorisati pozive za vojnu vježbu?|date=22 May 2021|access-date=22 May 2021|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


In November 2021, upon protests of [[miner]]s over plans for job and wage cuts in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], Komšić commented on the events, stating "The director of the [[Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine|Public Enterprise Electric Utility]] should resign, as soon as minister Džindić and prime minister [[Fadil Novalić|Novalić]] [Fadil Novalić] resign."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://akter.ba/komsic-neka-direktor-ep-podnese-ostavku-ali-i-ministar-dzindic-i-premijer-novalic/|title=Komšić: Neka direktor EP podnese ostavku, ali i ministar Džindić i premijer Novalić|date=26 November 2021|access-date=26 November 2021|language=bs|website=akter.ba}}</ref>
In November 2021, upon protests of [[miner]]s over plans for job and wage cuts in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], Komšić commented on the events, stating "The director of the [[Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine|Public Enterprise Electric Utility]] should resign, as soon as minister Džindić and prime minister [[Fadil Novalić|Novalić]] [Fadil Novalić] resign."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://akter.ba/komsic-neka-direktor-ep-podnese-ostavku-ali-i-ministar-dzindic-i-premijer-novalic/|title=Komšić: Neka direktor EP podnese ostavku, ali i ministar Džindić i premijer Novalić|date=26 November 2021|access-date=26 November 2021|language=bs|website=akter.ba}}</ref>


At the [[2022 Bosnian general election|2022 general election]], Komšić was re-elected to the Presidency for a record fourth term, obtaining 55.80% of the vote. The [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ BiH) candidate [[Borjana Krišto]], was second with 44.20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/becirovic-dobio-116-hiljada-glasova-vise-od-izetbegovica-a-cvijanovic-sama-vise-od-svojih-protukandidata-skupa/221023007|title=Bećirović dobio 116 hiljada glasova više od Izetbegovića, a Cvijanović sama više od svojih protukandidata skupa|date=23 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> He was sworn in as Presidency member for a fourth time on 16 November 2022, alongside newly elected members [[Denis Bećirović]] and [[Željka Cvijanović]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/clanovi-predsjednistva-bih-preuzeli-duznost/32133324.html|title=Komšić, Cvijanović i Bećirović preuzeli dužnost u Predsjedništvu BiH|date=16 November 2022|access-date=16 November 2022|language=bs|newspaper=Radio Slobodna Evropa}}</ref>
In the [[2022 Bosnian general election|2022 general election]], Komšić was re-elected to the Presidency for a record fourth term, obtaining 55.80% of the vote. The [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ BiH) candidate [[Borjana Krišto]], was second with 44.20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/becirovic-dobio-116-hiljada-glasova-vise-od-izetbegovica-a-cvijanovic-sama-vise-od-svojih-protukandidata-skupa/221023007|title=Bećirović dobio 116 hiljada glasova više od Izetbegovića, a Cvijanović sama više od svojih protukandidata skupa|date=23 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> He was sworn in as Presidency member for a fourth time on 16 November 2022, alongside newly elected members [[Denis Bećirović]] and [[Željka Cvijanović]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/clanovi-predsjednistva-bih-preuzeli-duznost/32133324.html|title=Komšić, Cvijanović i Bećirović preuzeli dužnost u Predsjedništvu BiH|date=16 November 2022|access-date=16 November 2022|language=bs|newspaper=Radio Slobodna Evropa}}</ref>


Following the 2022 general election, a coalition led by the [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]] (SNSD), the HDZ BiH and the [[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP BiH) reached an agreement on the formation of a new [[Cabinet of Borjana Krišto|government]], designating Borjana Krišto as the new [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2022/12/15/osmorka-hdz-bih-i-snsd-potpisali-historijski-sporazum|title='Osmorka', HDZ BiH i SNSD potpisali 'historijski' sporazum|date=15 December 2022|access-date=15 December 2022|language=bs|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Balkans]]}}</ref> The Presidency officially nominated her as chairwoman-designate on 22 December; Denis Bećirović (SDP BiH) and Željka Cvijanović (SNSD) voted for, Komšić voted against.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/predsjednistvo-bih-imenovalo-borjanu-kristo-za-mandatarku-vijeca-ministara/221222126|title=Predsjedništvo BiH imenovalo Borjanu Krišto za mandatarku Vijeća ministara|date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Komšić said his reason for voting against was that "Krišto did not outline her programme as designate."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/bosnia-presidency-nominates-first-female-croat-pm-designate-2022-12-22/|title=Bosnia presidency nominates first female Croat PM-designate|date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|author=Daria Sito-Sucic|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
Following the 2022 general election, a coalition led by the [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]] (SNSD), the HDZ BiH and the liberal alliance [[Troika (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Troika]] reached an agreement on the formation of a new [[Cabinet of Borjana Krišto|government]], designating Borjana Krišto as the new [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2022/12/15/osmorka-hdz-bih-i-snsd-potpisali-historijski-sporazum|title='Osmorka', HDZ BiH i SNSD potpisali 'historijski' sporazum|date=15 December 2022|access-date=15 December 2022|language=bs|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Balkans]]}}</ref> The Presidency officially nominated her as chairwoman-designate on 22 December; Denis Bećirović ([[Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|SDP BiH]]) and Željka Cvijanović (SNSD) voted for, while Komšić voted against.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/predsjednistvo-bih-imenovalo-borjanu-kristo-za-mandatarku-vijeca-ministara/221222126|title=Predsjedništvo BiH imenovalo Borjanu Krišto za mandatarku Vijeća ministara|date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|language=bs|author=D.Be.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Komšić said his reason for voting against was that "Krišto did not outline her programme as designate."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/bosnia-presidency-nominates-first-female-croat-pm-designate-2022-12-22/|title=Bosnia presidency nominates first female Croat PM-designate|date=22 December 2022|access-date=22 December 2022|author=Daria Sito-Sucic|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>


====COVID-19 pandemic====
====COVID-19 pandemic====
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As the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] started in March 2020, the Presidency announced Armed Forces' placement of quarantine tents at the country's borders intended for Bosnian citizens returning home. Every Bosnian citizen arriving to the country was obligated to self-quarantine for 14 days starting from the day of arrival. Tents were set up on the northern border with [[Croatia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://faktor.ba/vijest/dodik-od-ponedjeljka-vojska-izlazi-na-granicu-i-postavlja-satore-za-karantin/74164 |title=Dodik: Od ponedeljka vojska izlazi na granicu i postavlja satore za karantin |website=faktor.ba |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
As the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] started in March 2020, the Presidency announced Armed Forces' placement of quarantine tents at the country's borders intended for Bosnian citizens returning home. Every Bosnian citizen arriving to the country was obligated to self-quarantine for 14 days starting from the day of arrival. Tents were set up on the northern border with [[Croatia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://faktor.ba/vijest/dodik-od-ponedjeljka-vojska-izlazi-na-granicu-i-postavlja-satore-za-karantin/74164 |title=Dodik: Od ponedeljka vojska izlazi na granicu i postavlja satore za karantin |website=faktor.ba |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>


On 2 March 2021, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]] came to [[Sarajevo]] and met with Komšić and other presidency members, Džaferović and Dodik, and donated 10,000 dozes of [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines]] for the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/predsjednik-srbije-aleksandar-vucic-sletio-u-sarajevo-s-donacijom-vakcina/210302021|title=Predsjednik Srbije Aleksandar Vučić sletio u Sarajevo s donacijom vakcina|date=2 March 2021|access-date=2 March 2021|language=bs|author=R.D.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Three days later, on 5 March, Slovenian president [[Borut Pahor]] also came to Sarajevo and met with Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik, and stated that Slovenia will also donate 4,800 AstraZeneca [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s for the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/borut-pahor-u-predsjednistvu-bih-slovenija-donira-4-800-vakcina-nasoj-zemlji/210305084|title=Borut Pahor u Predsjedništvu BiH, Slovenija donira 4.800 vakcina našoj zemlji|date=5 March 2021|access-date=5 March 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
On 2 March 2021, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]] came to Sarajevo and met with Komšić and other presidency members, Džaferović and Dodik, and donated 10,000 dozes of [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines]] for the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/predsjednik-srbije-aleksandar-vucic-sletio-u-sarajevo-s-donacijom-vakcina/210302021|title=Predsjednik Srbije Aleksandar Vučić sletio u Sarajevo s donacijom vakcina|date=2 March 2021|access-date=2 March 2021|language=bs|author=R.D.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Three days later, on 5 March, Slovenian president [[Borut Pahor]] also came to Sarajevo and met with Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik, and stated that Slovenia will also donate 4,800 AstraZeneca [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s for the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/borut-pahor-u-predsjednistvu-bih-slovenija-donira-4-800-vakcina-nasoj-zemlji/210305084|title=Borut Pahor u Predsjedništvu BiH, Slovenija donira 4.800 vakcina našoj zemlji|date=5 March 2021|access-date=5 March 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


====Military helicopters controversy====
====Military helicopters controversy====
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===Foreign policy===
===Foreign policy===
[[File:Pedro Sánchez y Željko Komšić en Palacio de La Moncloa 20220209 (2).jpg|thumb|left|Komšić with Spanish Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez]], 9 February 2022]]
[[File:Vrh EU-ZAHODNI BALKAN - 51560835311.jpg|thumb|left|Komšić with Slovenian Prime Minister [[Janez Janša]] at an [[European Union|EU]]–[[Balkans#Western Balkans|Western Balkans]] Summit, 6 October 2021]]


Following the 2018 general election and Komšić's election, largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas, [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Croatian Prime Minister]] [[Andrej Plenković]], who endorsed the incumbent Čović, criticized Komšić's victory: "We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people ... are electing a representative of another, the Croat people".<ref>{{cite web|author=Mladen Lakic |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnian-croats-stage-protest-against-new-presidency-member-10-12-2018 |title=Bosnian Croats Protest Against Komsic's Election Victory |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=12 October 2018 |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Komšić responded that the [[Government of Croatia|Croatian Government]] is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/32963-undermining-bosnia|title=Komšić Accuses Croatia of Undermining Bosnia and Its Sovereignty|publisher=Total Croatia News|date=11 December 2018}}</ref> Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the [[Pelješac Bridge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/croatian-politicians-fears-for-the-future-of-croats-in-bosnia-after-elections-10-09-2018|title=Komsic Victory in Bosnia Draws Criticism in Croatia|publisher=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=10 October 2018}}</ref> The construction of the bridge, paid largely with [[European Union|EU]] funding, began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatia's territory and was supported by Komšić's main election opponent Dragan Čović.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hr.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a321495/Covic-congratulates-Plenkovic-on-Peljesac-Bridge-project.html|title=Covic congratulates Plenkovic on Peljesac Bridge project|publisher=[[N1 (television)|N1]]|date=2 August 2018}}</ref>
Following the 2018 general election and Komšić's election, largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas, [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Croatian Prime Minister]] [[Andrej Plenković]], who endorsed the incumbent Čović, criticized Komšić's victory: "We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people ... are electing a representative of another, the Croat people".<ref>{{cite web|author=Mladen Lakic |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnian-croats-stage-protest-against-new-presidency-member-10-12-2018 |title=Bosnian Croats Protest Against Komsic's Election Victory |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=12 October 2018 |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> Komšić responded that the [[Government of Croatia|Croatian Government]] is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/32963-undermining-bosnia|title=Komšić Accuses Croatia of Undermining Bosnia and Its Sovereignty|publisher=Total Croatia News|date=11 December 2018}}</ref> Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the [[Pelješac Bridge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/croatian-politicians-fears-for-the-future-of-croats-in-bosnia-after-elections-10-09-2018|title=Komsic Victory in Bosnia Draws Criticism in Croatia|publisher=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=10 October 2018}}</ref> The construction of the bridge, paid largely with [[European Union|EU]] funding, began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatia's territory and was supported by Komšić's main election opponent Dragan Čović.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hr.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a321495/Covic-congratulates-Plenkovic-on-Peljesac-Bridge-project.html|title=Covic congratulates Plenkovic on Peljesac Bridge project|publisher=[[N1 (television)|N1]]|date=2 August 2018}}</ref>
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In September 2021, Komšić went to [[New York City]] to address the [[United Nations General Assembly]] at its [[Headquarters of the United Nations|headquarters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bosnae.info/index.php/zeljko-komsic-stigao-u-njujork-uoci-sjednice-generalne-skupstine-un|title=Željko Komšić stigao u New York uoči sjednice Generalne skupštine UN|date=20 September 2021|access-date=20 September 2021|language=bs|website=bosnae.info}}</ref> There he held bilateral meetings with United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] and Austrian president [[Alexander Van der Bellen]] on 21 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/komsic-se-sastao-s-guterresom-informirao-ga-o-stanju-u-bih-i-blokadama-iz-rs-a/210921003|title=Željko Komšić se sastao s Antoniom Guterresom, informirao ga o stanju u BiH i blokadama iz RS-a|date=21 September 2021|access-date=21 September 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-poziv-komsica-predsjednik-austrije-dolazi-u-bih-u-decembru/210921106|title=Na poziv Komšića predsjednik Austrije dolazi u BiH u decembru|date=21 September 2021|access-date=21 September 2021|language=bs|author=S.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> On 22 September, Komšić addressed the General Assembly, speaking about the political challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ba.n1info.com/vijesti/komsic-pred-un-om-u-bih-diskriminacija-i-nejednakost-gradjana/|title=Komšić pred UN-om: U BiH diskriminacija i nejednakost građana|date=22 September 2021|access-date=22 September 2021|language=bs|publisher=ba.n1info.com}}</ref> On 23 September, he met with Montenegrin and Kosovar presidents [[Milo Đukanović]] and [[Vjosa Osmani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/zeljko-komsic-se-u-new-yorku-sastao-sa-milom-djukanovicem-i-vjosom-osmani/210923160|title=Željko Komšić se u New Yorku sastao sa Milom Đukanovićem i Vjosom Osmani|date=23 September 2021|access-date=23 September 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
In September 2021, Komšić went to [[New York City]] to address the [[United Nations General Assembly]] at its [[Headquarters of the United Nations|headquarters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bosnae.info/index.php/zeljko-komsic-stigao-u-njujork-uoci-sjednice-generalne-skupstine-un|title=Željko Komšić stigao u New York uoči sjednice Generalne skupštine UN|date=20 September 2021|access-date=20 September 2021|language=bs|website=bosnae.info}}</ref> There he held bilateral meetings with United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] and Austrian president [[Alexander Van der Bellen]] on 21 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/komsic-se-sastao-s-guterresom-informirao-ga-o-stanju-u-bih-i-blokadama-iz-rs-a/210921003|title=Željko Komšić se sastao s Antoniom Guterresom, informirao ga o stanju u BiH i blokadama iz RS-a|date=21 September 2021|access-date=21 September 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-poziv-komsica-predsjednik-austrije-dolazi-u-bih-u-decembru/210921106|title=Na poziv Komšića predsjednik Austrije dolazi u BiH u decembru|date=21 September 2021|access-date=21 September 2021|language=bs|author=S.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> On 22 September, Komšić addressed the General Assembly, speaking about the political challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ba.n1info.com/vijesti/komsic-pred-un-om-u-bih-diskriminacija-i-nejednakost-gradjana/|title=Komšić pred UN-om: U BiH diskriminacija i nejednakost građana|date=22 September 2021|access-date=22 September 2021|language=bs|publisher=ba.n1info.com}}</ref> On 23 September, he met with Montenegrin and Kosovar presidents [[Milo Đukanović]] and [[Vjosa Osmani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/zeljko-komsic-se-u-new-yorku-sastao-sa-milom-djukanovicem-i-vjosom-osmani/210923160|title=Željko Komšić se u New Yorku sastao sa Milom Đukanovićem i Vjosom Osmani|date=23 September 2021|access-date=23 September 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>

[[File:Pedro Sánchez y Željko Komšić en Palacio de La Moncloa 20220209 (2).jpg|thumb|Komšić with Spanish Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez]], 9 February 2022]]


In November 2021, Komšić attended the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|26th United Nations Climate Change Conference]], where he was welcomed by British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and UN Secretary-General António Guterres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/komsic-stigao-na-un-ovu-klimatsku-konferenciju-docekali-ga-johnson-i-guterres/211101084|title=Komšić stigao na UN-ovu klimatsku konferenciju, dočekali ga Johnson i Guterres|date=1 November 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
In November 2021, Komšić attended the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|26th United Nations Climate Change Conference]], where he was welcomed by British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and UN Secretary-General António Guterres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/komsic-stigao-na-un-ovu-klimatsku-konferenciju-docekali-ga-johnson-i-guterres/211101084|title=Komšić stigao na UN-ovu klimatsku konferenciju, dočekali ga Johnson i Guterres|date=1 November 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|language=bs|author=G.M.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
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Following Russia recognizing the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] as independent states on 21 February, which are disputed territories in the Ukrainian region of [[Donbas]], Komšić strongly condemned "Russia’s attack on the territory of Ukraine."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sarajevotimes.com/presidency-of-bih-without-the-unified-attitude-on-ukraine-crisis |title=Presidency of BiH without the Unified Attitude on Ukraine Crisis |date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Sarajevo Times |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222154444/https://sarajevotimes.com/presidency-of-bih-without-the-unified-attitude-on-ukraine-crisis/ |url-status=live }}/</ref> On 24 February, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered a large-scale [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], marking a dramatic escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] that began in 2014. Regarding the invasion, Komšić said Bosnia and Herzegovina would support Ukraine within its capacity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |title=Kosovo Leaders Condemn Russian Attack, Affirm Solidarity With Ukraine |agency=Prishtina Insight |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123432/https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following Russia recognizing the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] as independent states on 21 February, which are disputed territories in the Ukrainian region of [[Donbas]], Komšić strongly condemned "Russia’s attack on the territory of Ukraine."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sarajevotimes.com/presidency-of-bih-without-the-unified-attitude-on-ukraine-crisis |title=Presidency of BiH without the Unified Attitude on Ukraine Crisis |date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Sarajevo Times |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222154444/https://sarajevotimes.com/presidency-of-bih-without-the-unified-attitude-on-ukraine-crisis/ |url-status=live }}/</ref> On 24 February, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered a large-scale [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], marking a dramatic escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] that began in 2014. Regarding the invasion, Komšić said Bosnia and Herzegovina would support Ukraine within its capacity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |title=Kosovo Leaders Condemn Russian Attack, Affirm Solidarity With Ukraine |agency=Prishtina Insight |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123432/https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


After [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Hamas attacked Israel]] in October 2023, Komšić remarked that Hamas' actions are the actions of desperate people and that their actions should be observed within a wider context. He accused the [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Borjana Krišto]] for expressing her support for Israel, calling her statement "hasty and selfish".<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=9 October 2023 |title=Željko Komšić komentarisao Hamasov napad, kritikovao Borjanu Krišto |trans-title=Željko Komšić commented Hamas' attack, criticised Borjana Krišto |url=https://www.fokus.ba/vijesti/bih/zeljko-komsic-komentarisao-hamasov-napad-kritikovao-borjanu-kristo/2745035/ |language=bs |work=Fokus.ba |accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Galit Peleg]] criticised Komšić's statement and defended Krišto, to which Komšić responded by calling Israel's ambassador "a malicious lying fool or a manipulated but also malicious fool" and said "that pervert", refering to Israeli businessman [[Amir Gross Kabiri]], "who persuaded you to this lie and stupidity, because you obviously neither looked at nor listened to my statement and to whom money is more important than the fact that earning it with the followers of the same policy and ideology that participated in the holocaust of your people, is the problem of your country."<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=11 October 2023 |title=Bosnia's Komsic sends insulting response to Israeli Ambassador's statement |work=N1 |accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref>
After [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Hamas attacked Israel]] in October 2023, Komšić remarked that Hamas' actions are the actions of desperate people and that their actions should be observed within a wider context. He accused the Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers Borjana Krišto for expressing her support for Israel, calling her statement "hasty and selfish".<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=9 October 2023 |title=Željko Komšić komentarisao Hamasov napad, kritikovao Borjanu Krišto |trans-title=Željko Komšić commented Hamas' attack, criticised Borjana Krišto |url=https://www.fokus.ba/vijesti/bih/zeljko-komsic-komentarisao-hamasov-napad-kritikovao-borjanu-kristo/2745035/ |language=bs |work=Fokus.ba |accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref> Israeli ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina Galit Peleg criticised Komšić's statement and defended Krišto, to which Komšić responded by calling Israel's ambassador "a malicious lying fool or a manipulated but also malicious fool" and said "that pervert", referring to Israeli businessman [[Amir Gross Kabiri]], "who persuaded you to this lie and stupidity, because you obviously neither looked at nor listened to my statement and to whom money is more important than the fact that earning it with the followers of the same policy and ideology that participated in the holocaust of your people, is the problem of your country."<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=11 October 2023 |title=Bosnia's Komsic sends insulting response to Israeli Ambassador's statement |url=https://n1info.ba/english/news/bosnias-komsic-sends-insulting-response-to-israeli-ambassadors-statement/ |work=N1 |accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref>


====European Union====
====European Union====
{{See also|Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union}}
[[File:Josep Borrell and Željko Komšić.jpg|thumb|right|Komšić greeting European Commission Vice-President [[Josep Borrell]], 16 March 2022]]
[[File:Josep Borrell and Željko Komšić.jpg|thumb|right|Komšić greeting European Commission Vice-President [[Josep Borrell]], 16 March 2022]]


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On 1 December 2021, Komšić and Džaferović met with German Minister of State for Europe [[Michael Roth (politician)|Michael Roth]], with the main topics of discussion being the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reform processes and activities on the country's EU path.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/michael-roth-pozvao-na-sto-hitniju-deblokadu-rada-drzavnih-institucija-bih/211201153|title=Michael Roth pozvao na što hitniju deblokadu rada državnih institucija BiH|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
On 1 December 2021, Komšić and Džaferović met with German Minister of State for Europe [[Michael Roth (politician)|Michael Roth]], with the main topics of discussion being the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reform processes and activities on the country's EU path.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/michael-roth-pozvao-na-sto-hitniju-deblokadu-rada-drzavnih-institucija-bih/211201153|title=Michael Roth pozvao na što hitniju deblokadu rada državnih institucija BiH|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


In December 2022, Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognised by the European Union as a candidate country for accession following the decision of the [[European Council]], which Komšić strongly supported.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Huge, historic move': EU grants Bosnia and Herzegovina Candidate Status |url= https://sarajevotimes.com/huge-historic-move-eu-grants-bosnia-and-herzegovina-candidate-status/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |work=Sarajevo Times|date=15 December 2022 }}</ref> On 8 February 2024, the Presidency unanimously adopted the decision to start negotiations with [[Frontex]], one of the country’s key conditions for opening negotiations with the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/predsjednistvo-bih-usvojilo-odluku-o-zapocinjanju-pregovora-sa-frontexom/240208161|title=Predsjedništvo BiH usvojilo odluku o započinjanju pregovora sa Frontexom|date=8 February 2024|access-date=8 February 2024|language=bs|author=M.G.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> On 21 March 2024, at a summit in [[Brussels]], all 27 EU leaders, representing the European Council, unanimously agreed to open EU accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina after the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Council of Ministers]] adopted two more European laws.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/eu-enlargement-bosnia-bid-candidate-western-balkans-e2862599316dea5973a4fd7b1a2781ee|title=EU leaders agree on opening membership talks with Bosnia, but with many strings attached|first=Samuel|last=Petrequin|publisher=Associated Press|date=2024-03-21|accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref><ref name=alleuleadersapprove>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/03/21/european-union-leaders-approve-opening-accession-talks-with-bosnia-and-herzegovina|title=European Union leaders approve opening accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina|first=Mared Gwyn|last=Jones|publisher=EuroNews|date=2024-03-21|accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> Talks are set to begin following the impeding of more reforms.<ref name=alleuleadersapprove /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/bosnia-close-eu-green-light-membership-talks-2024-03-21/|title=EU leaders invite Bosnia to membership talks in historic step|first1=Nette|last1=Noestlinger|first2=Daria|last2=Sito-sucic|first3=Andrew|last3=Gray|publisher=Reuters|date=2024-03-21|accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref>
In December 2022, Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognised by the European Union as a candidate country for accession following the decision of the [[European Council]], which Komšić strongly supported.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Huge, historic move': EU grants Bosnia and Herzegovina Candidate Status |url= https://sarajevotimes.com/huge-historic-move-eu-grants-bosnia-and-herzegovina-candidate-status/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |work=Sarajevo Times|date=15 December 2022 }}</ref>


====Relations with Turkey====
====Relations with Turkey====
{{See also|Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations}}
{{See also|Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations}}


On 16 March 2021, Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik went on a state visit to Turkey to meet with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-docekao-clanove-predsjednistva-bih-dodik-gardu-pozdravio-sa-merhaba-asker/210316092|title=Erdogan dočekao članove Predsjedništva BiH, Dodik gardu pozdravio sa "Merhaba asker"|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=V.K.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> While there, Erdoğan promised to donate Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,000 [[COVID-19]] vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-bih-obecao-donirati-30-hiljada-vakcina-protiv-koronavirusa/210316116|title=Erdogan BiH obećao donirati 30 hiljada vakcina protiv koronavirusa|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=R.D.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Also on the meeting, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey agreed on mutual recognition and exchange of [[Driver's license|driving licenses]], as well as signing an agreement on cooperation in infrastructure and construction projects, which also refers to the construction of a highway from Bosnia's capital Sarajevo to Serbia's capital [[Belgrade]]; the agreement being signed by Minister of Communication and Traffic [[Vojin Mitrović]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/bosna-i-hercegovina-i-turska-dogovorile-uzajamno-priznanje-i-zamjenu-vozackih-dozvola/210316127|title=Bosna i Hercegovina i Turska dogovorile uzajamno priznanje i zamjenu vozačkih dozvola|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=B.R.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>
On 16 March 2021, Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik went on a state visit to Turkey to meet with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-docekao-clanove-predsjednistva-bih-dodik-gardu-pozdravio-sa-merhaba-asker/210316092|title=Erdogan dočekao članove Predsjedništva BiH, Dodik gardu pozdravio sa "Merhaba asker"|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=V.K.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> While there, Erdoğan promised to donate Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,000 [[COVID-19]] vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-bih-obecao-donirati-30-hiljada-vakcina-protiv-koronavirusa/210316116|title=Erdogan BiH obećao donirati 30 hiljada vakcina protiv koronavirusa|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=R.D.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Also on the meeting, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey agreed on mutual recognition and exchange of [[Driver's license|driving licenses]], as well as signing an agreement on cooperation in infrastructure and construction projects, which also refers to the construction of a highway from Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital Sarajevo to Serbia's capital [[Belgrade]]; the agreement being signed by Minister of Communication and Traffic [[Vojin Mitrović]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/bosna-i-hercegovina-i-turska-dogovorile-uzajamno-priznanje-i-zamjenu-vozackih-dozvola/210316127|title=Bosna i Hercegovina i Turska dogovorile uzajamno priznanje i zamjenu vozačkih dozvola|date=16 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|language=bs|author=B.R.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref>


On 27 August 2021, Erdoğan came to Sarajevo on a [[state visit]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina and met with all three Presidency members, having talks about more economic and infrastructural cooperation, as well as looking into the construction of the highway from Sarajevo to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-na-sastanku-sa-svim-clanovima-predsjednistva-bih/210827128|title=Erdogan na sastanku sa svim članovima Predsjedništva BiH|date=27 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Also, a trilateral meeting between Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed on and should happen in the near future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2021/8/27/predsjednik-turske-danas-u-posjeti|title=Erdogan u Sarajevu: Obim trgovine između Turske i BiH podići na milijardu eura|date=27 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|language=bs|publisher=balkans.aljazeera.net}}</ref>
On 27 August 2021, Erdoğan came to Sarajevo on a [[state visit]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina and met with all three Presidency members, having talks about more economic and infrastructural cooperation, as well as looking into the construction of the highway from Sarajevo to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/erdogan-na-sastanku-sa-svim-clanovima-predsjednistva-bih/210827128|title=Erdogan na sastanku sa svim članovima Predsjedništva BiH|date=27 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> Also, a trilateral meeting between Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed on and should happen in the near future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2021/8/27/predsjednik-turske-danas-u-posjeti|title=Erdogan u Sarajevu: Obim trgovine između Turske i BiH podići na milijardu eura|date=27 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|language=bs|publisher=balkans.aljazeera.net}}</ref>
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! colspan=2 | Award or decoration !! Country !! Awarded by !! Year !! Place
! colspan=2 | Award or decoration !! Country !! Awarded by !! Year !! Place
|-
|-
| [[File:BIH Order of the Golden Lilly 1st Class.png|60px]] || [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Orders|Order of the Golden Lily 1st Class]] || {{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|1993}} || [[Alija Izetbegović]] || 1995 || [[Sarajevo]]
| [[File:BIH Order of the Golden Lilly 1st Class.png|60px]] || [[Order of the Golden Lily]] || {{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|1993}} || [[Alija Izetbegović]] || 1995 || [[Sarajevo]]
|}
|}


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{{s-bef|before=[[Željka Cvijanović]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Željka Cvijanović]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|years=2023–2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Denis Bećirović]]}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
}}
}}
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[[Category:Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Lily]]

Latest revision as of 17:20, 26 August 2024

Željko Komšić
Komšić in 2023
12th Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
In office
16 July 2023 – 16 March 2024
Preceded byŽeljka Cvijanović
Succeeded byDenis Bećirović
In office
20 July 2021 – 20 March 2022
Preceded byMilorad Dodik
Succeeded byŠefik Džaferović
In office
20 July 2019 – 20 March 2020
Preceded byMilorad Dodik
Succeeded byŠefik Džaferović
In office
10 July 2013 – 10 March 2014
Preceded byNebojša Radmanović
Succeeded byBakir Izetbegović
In office
10 July 2011 – 10 March 2012
Preceded byNebojša Radmanović
Succeeded byBakir Izetbegović
In office
6 July 2009 – 6 March 2010
Preceded byNebojša Radmanović
Succeeded byHaris Silajdžić
In office
6 July 2007 – 6 March 2008
Preceded byNebojša Radmanović
Succeeded byHaris Silajdžić
6th Croat Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Incumbent
Assumed office
20 November 2018
Prime MinisterDenis Zvizdić
Zoran Tegeltija
Borjana Krišto
Preceded byDragan Čović
In office
6 November 2006 – 17 November 2014
Prime MinisterAdnan Terzić
Nikola Špirić
Vjekoslav Bevanda
Preceded byIvo Miro Jović
Succeeded byDragan Čović
President of the Democratic Front
Incumbent
Assumed office
7 April 2013
Preceded byOffice established
Parliamentary offices
Member of the House of Representatives
In office
9 December 2014 – 20 November 2018
Personal details
Born (1964-01-20) 20 January 1964 (age 60)
Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia
NationalityBosnian
Political partyDemocratic Front (2013–present)
Other political
affiliations		Social Democratic Party (1997–2012)
Spouse
Sabina Komšić
​
(m. 1996)​
Children1
Alma materUniversity of Sarajevo (LL.B.)
OccupationPolitician
Awards Order of the Golden Lily
Military service
Allegiance Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Branch/serviceArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Years of service1992–1996
RankPlatoon leader
Unit
Battles/warsBosnian War

Željko Komšić (Croatian pronunciation: [ˈʒɛːʎkɔ ˈkɔmʃitɕ]; born 20 January 1964) is a Bosnian politician serving as the 6th and current Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2018. Previously, he was a member of the national House of Representatives from 2014 to 2018.

Komšić already served as a member of the Presidency from 2006 to 2014 and was elected to the same office for a third term in the 2018 general election, thus becoming the second Presidency member overall, after Bosniak Alija Izetbegović, and the first, and so far only Croat member to serve more than two terms. He was re-elected for a fourth term in the 2022 general election.

Komšić was a prominent figure of the Social Democratic Party, until he left it in 2012 to establish the Democratic Front a year later.

Although elected to the post of Croat member of the tri-partitive Presidency, many Bosnian Croats consider Komšić to be an illegitimate representative of their interests as he was elected mainly by Bosniak voters in the Federation,[1] a Bosniak-Croat political entity which forms a majority of the country's territory and whose residents are eligible to cast ballots for both the Bosniak and Croat members of the Presidency (while the Serb member is elected by residents of the Republika Srpska entity).

Personal life and education

[edit]

Komšić was born in Sarajevo to Bosnian Croat father Marko Komšić and Bosnian Serb mother Danica Stanić (1941 – 1 August 1992). His mother was killed by a sniper of the Army of Republika Srpska as she sipped coffee in her apartment during the siege of Sarajevo.[2] According to many, this event was his breaking point,[citation needed] as at the time, he was enlisted in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Komšić would go on to earn the Order of the Golden Lily, which was at the time the highest state order awarded for military merits.[3] His maternal grandfather Marijan Stanić, who was a Chetnik during World War II, died two years before Komšić was born.[4][unreliable source?][failed verification] The Stanić family hailed from the village of Kostajnica, near Doboj.[5] Komšić's paternal family hails from Kiseljak. His paternal uncle was an Ustasha who disappeared during World War II.[6] Komšić was baptised a Catholic, like his father. However, being a religious-skeptic, he left the Catholic Church. He is a self-described agnostic.[7]

Komšić has a Bachelor of Laws degree from the Faculty of Law of the University of Sarajevo. He was chosen to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in selective annual Georgetown Leadership Seminar[8] in 2003.[9] His wife, Sabina, is an ethnic Bosniak. The couple has a daughter named Lana.[10]

Komšić was one of the signatories of the Declaration on the Common Language for Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins.[11] He is an avid supporter of Sarajevo-based football club Željezničar.[12]

Bosnian war

[edit]

During the Bosnian War, Komšić served in the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and received the Golden Lily — the highest military decoration awarded by the Bosnian government.[13][14]

Early political career

[edit]

After the war, Komšić embarked on a political career as a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH). He was a councilman of the municipality of Novo Sarajevo and in the city council of Sarajevo, before being elected the head of the municipal government of Novo Sarajevo in 2000. He then also served as the deputy mayor of Sarajevo for two years. When the "Alliance for Democratic Change" coalition came to power in 1998, Komšić was named the ambassador to the now defunct FR Yugoslavia in Belgrade. He resigned this commission after the election in 2002 when SDP went back into opposition.

First presidency (2006–2014)

[edit]

2006 general election

[edit]
Main article: 2006 Bosnian general election

Komšić was SDP BiH's candidate for the Croat seat in the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 2006 Bosnian general election. He received 116,062 votes, or 39.6%[15] ahead of Ivo Miro Jović (HDZ BiH; 26.1%), Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990; 18.2%), Mladen Ivanković-Lijanović (NSRzB; 8.5%), Zvonko Jurišić (HSP; 6.9%) and Irena Javor-Korjenić (0.7%).[15] He was sworn into office on 6 November 2006.

Komšić's victory was widely attributed[by whom?][dubious – discuss] to a split in the HDZ BiH party, enabling the SDP to win a majority of the Bosniaks votes. Croats saw Komšić as an illegitimate representative of the Bosnian Croats because he was elected mostly by Bosniak voters.[1]

2010 general election

[edit]
Main article: 2010 Bosnian general election
Komšić alongside U.S. President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in New York City, 23 September 2009

In the 2010 general election, Komšić won 337,065 votes, 60.6% of total. He was followed by Borjana Krišto (HDZ BiH; 19.7%), Martin Raguž (HK; 10.8%), Jerko Ivanković Lijanović (NSRzB; 8.1%), Pero Galić (0.3%), Mile Kutle (0.2%) and Ferdo Galić (0.2%).[16]

Komšić's electoral win in 2010 was highly contested by Croat political representatives and generally seen as electoral fraud. Namely, every citizen in the Federation can decide whether to vote for a Bosniak or a Croat representative. However, since Bosniaks make up 70% of Federation's population and Croats only 22%, a candidate running to represent Croats in the Presidency can be effectively elected even without a majority among the Croat community - if enough Bosniak voters decide to vote on a Croat ballot. This happened in 2006 and in 2010, when Komšić, an ethnic Croat, backed by the multiethnic Social Democratic Party, won the elections with very few Croat votes.[17][18]

In 2010, he didn't win in a single municipality that had Croat-majority or plurality; nearly all of these went to Borjana Krišto. Bulk of the votes Komšić received came from predominantly Bosniak areas and he fared quite poorly in Croat municipalities, supported by less than 2,5% of the electorate in a number of municipalities in Western Herzegovina, such as Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, Čitluk, Posušje and Tomislavgrad, while not being able to gain not even 10% in a number of others.[19] Komšić received over seven thousand votes from the Bosniak-majority municipality Kalesija, where a total of 20 Croats live. Furthermore, total Croat population in whole of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was then estimated around 495,000;[20]

Komšić received 336,961 votes alone, while all other Croat candidates won 230,000 votes altogether. Croats consider him to be an illegitimate representative and generally treat him as a second Bosniak member of the presidency.[21][22][23][24] This raised frustration among Croats, undermined their trust in federal institutions and empowered claims for their own entity or a federal unit.[25]

Domestic policy

[edit]
Komšić meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Washington, 13 December 2011

In May 2008, the Bosniak Member of the Presidency at the time, Haris Silajdžić, stated during his visit to Washington, D.C. that there is only one language in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that it goes by three names. His statement created negative reactions from Croat political parties and, at the time, Prime Minister of Republika Srpska, Milorad Dodik. Komšić replied to Silajdžić that he is not the one who will decide how many languages are being spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[26]

According to a study conducted by the National Democratic Institute in 2010, Komšić was the most popular politician among the Bosniaks.[27]

After leaving the Social Democratic Party in July 2012, he and other dissidents founded the Democratic Front (DF) on 7 April 2013.[28] The DF operates predominantly among Bosniak and pro-Bosnian voters in the Federation, and is characterized as a unitary, social democratic, and civic-nationalist center-left party.

Second presidency (2018–present)

[edit]

2018 general election

[edit]

Komšić announced his candidacy in the Bosnian general election on 11 January 2018, running once again for Bosnia's three-person Presidency member, representing the Croats.[29]

In the general election, held on 7 October 2018, he was again elected to the Presidency, having obtained 52.64% of the vote. The incumbent Bosnian Croat presidency member, Dragan Čović, was second with 36.14%.[30]

Domestic policy

[edit]
Komšić at the Bled Strategic Forum, 1 September 2021

In March 2019, Komšić appointed Serbian politician and businessman Čedomir Jovanović as his advisor.[31] In September 2019, Komšić publicly supported the first BIH Pride March, the LGBT pride parade in the capital Sarajevo, stating "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country where everybody can live their life as they wish."[32]

On 22 May 2021, Komšić and Šefik Džaferović, the Bosniak member of the Presidency, attended a military exercise between the United States Army and the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina on mount Manjača, south of the city Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Milorad Dodik, the Presidency's Serb member, refused to attend it.[33]

In November 2021, upon protests of miners over plans for job and wage cuts in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Komšić commented on the events, stating "The director of the Public Enterprise Electric Utility should resign, as soon as minister Džindić and prime minister Novalić [Fadil Novalić] resign."[34]

In the 2022 general election, Komšić was re-elected to the Presidency for a record fourth term, obtaining 55.80% of the vote. The Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH) candidate Borjana Krišto, was second with 44.20%.[35] He was sworn in as Presidency member for a fourth time on 16 November 2022, alongside newly elected members Denis Bećirović and Željka Cvijanović.[36]

Following the 2022 general election, a coalition led by the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), the HDZ BiH and the liberal alliance Troika reached an agreement on the formation of a new government, designating Borjana Krišto as the new Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers.[37] The Presidency officially nominated her as chairwoman-designate on 22 December; Denis Bećirović (SDP BiH) and Željka Cvijanović (SNSD) voted for, while Komšić voted against.[38] Komšić said his reason for voting against was that "Krišto did not outline her programme as designate."[39]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]
Main articles: COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina and COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina

As the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina started in March 2020, the Presidency announced Armed Forces' placement of quarantine tents at the country's borders intended for Bosnian citizens returning home. Every Bosnian citizen arriving to the country was obligated to self-quarantine for 14 days starting from the day of arrival. Tents were set up on the northern border with Croatia.[40]

On 2 March 2021, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić came to Sarajevo and met with Komšić and other presidency members, Džaferović and Dodik, and donated 10,000 dozes of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.[41] Three days later, on 5 March, Slovenian president Borut Pahor also came to Sarajevo and met with Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik, and stated that Slovenia will also donate 4,800 AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for the pandemic.[42]

Military helicopters controversy

[edit]

In August 2021, Komšić and Džaferović, without including Dodik, instructed the Ministry of Security to be available for putting out the wildfires in Herzegovina which had formed a few days before.[43] This came after Dodik, as the third member of the Presidency, refused to give consent on the Bosnian Armed Forces to use its military helicopters to help in putting out the fires, because the consent of all three members of the Presidency is required for the military force's helicopters to be used.[44]

Foreign policy

[edit]
Komšić with Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša at an EU–Western Balkans Summit, 6 October 2021

Following the 2018 general election and Komšić's election, largely due to votes in majority Bosniak areas, Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković, who endorsed the incumbent Čović, criticized Komšić's victory: "We are again in a situation where members of one constituent people ... are electing a representative of another, the Croat people".[45] Komšić responded that the Croatian Government is undermining Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sovereignty.[46] Komšić also announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might sue Croatia over the construction of the Pelješac Bridge.[47] The construction of the bridge, paid largely with EU funding, began on 30 July 2018 to connect Croatia's territory and was supported by Komšić's main election opponent Dragan Čović.[48]

In December 2020, right before a state visit of Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, Komšić refused to attend the visit because of Lavrov's disrespect to Bosnia and Herzegovina and decision to firstly visit only Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik and later on the presidency consisting of Šefik Džaferović, Dodik and Komšić.[49] Shortly later, Džaferović too refused to attend Lavrov's visit because of the same reasons as Komšić.[50]

In September 2021, Komšić went to New York City to address the United Nations General Assembly at its headquarters.[51] There he held bilateral meetings with United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and Austrian president Alexander Van der Bellen on 21 September.[52][53] On 22 September, Komšić addressed the General Assembly, speaking about the political challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change.[54] On 23 September, he met with Montenegrin and Kosovar presidents Milo Đukanović and Vjosa Osmani.[55]

Komšić with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, 9 February 2022

In November 2021, Komšić attended the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, where he was welcomed by British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and UN Secretary-General António Guterres.[56]

On 17 January 2022, he met with Pope Francis in Vatican City.[57] Following their meeting, Francis praised Komšić, saying that "he is a good person."[58] On 9 February 2022, Komšić went to Madrid, where he held a bilateral meeting with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and also spoke with King Felipe VI.[59][60]

Following Russia recognizing the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states on 21 February, which are disputed territories in the Ukrainian region of Donbas, Komšić strongly condemned "Russia’s attack on the territory of Ukraine."[61] On 24 February, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, marking a dramatic escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. Regarding the invasion, Komšić said Bosnia and Herzegovina would support Ukraine within its capacity.[62]

After Hamas attacked Israel in October 2023, Komšić remarked that Hamas' actions are the actions of desperate people and that their actions should be observed within a wider context. He accused the Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers Borjana Krišto for expressing her support for Israel, calling her statement "hasty and selfish".[63] Israeli ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina Galit Peleg criticised Komšić's statement and defended Krišto, to which Komšić responded by calling Israel's ambassador "a malicious lying fool or a manipulated but also malicious fool" and said "that pervert", referring to Israeli businessman Amir Gross Kabiri, "who persuaded you to this lie and stupidity, because you obviously neither looked at nor listened to my statement and to whom money is more important than the fact that earning it with the followers of the same policy and ideology that participated in the holocaust of your people, is the problem of your country."[64]

European Union

[edit]
See also: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Komšić greeting European Commission Vice-President Josep Borrell, 16 March 2022

In September 2020, Komšić and his fellow Presidency members said that an EU candidate status for Bosnia and Herzegovina was possible in the year 2021 if the country "implements successful reforms."[65]

On 30 September 2021, Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik met with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen at the Presidency Building in Sarajevo.[66] This was part of von der Leyen's visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina, since she some hours before opened the Svilaj border checkpoint and a bridge over the nearby Sava river, which bears the internationally important freeway Pan-European Corridor Vc.[67]

On 1 December 2021, Komšić and Džaferović met with German Minister of State for Europe Michael Roth, with the main topics of discussion being the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reform processes and activities on the country's EU path.[68]

In December 2022, Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognised by the European Union as a candidate country for accession following the decision of the European Council, which Komšić strongly supported.[69] On 8 February 2024, the Presidency unanimously adopted the decision to start negotiations with Frontex, one of the country’s key conditions for opening negotiations with the EU.[70] On 21 March 2024, at a summit in Brussels, all 27 EU leaders, representing the European Council, unanimously agreed to open EU accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Council of Ministers adopted two more European laws.[71][72] Talks are set to begin following the impeding of more reforms.[72][73]

Relations with Turkey

[edit]
See also: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations

On 16 March 2021, Komšić, Džaferović and Dodik went on a state visit to Turkey to meet with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[74] While there, Erdoğan promised to donate Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,000 COVID-19 vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.[75] Also on the meeting, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey agreed on mutual recognition and exchange of driving licenses, as well as signing an agreement on cooperation in infrastructure and construction projects, which also refers to the construction of a highway from Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital Sarajevo to Serbia's capital Belgrade; the agreement being signed by Minister of Communication and Traffic Vojin Mitrović.[76]

On 27 August 2021, Erdoğan came to Sarajevo on a state visit in Bosnia and Herzegovina and met with all three Presidency members, having talks about more economic and infrastructural cooperation, as well as looking into the construction of the highway from Sarajevo to Belgrade.[77] Also, a trilateral meeting between Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed on and should happen in the near future.[78]

Balkan non-papers

[edit]
Main article: 2021 Balkan non-papers

In April 2021, Komšić sent a non-paper to EU foreign ministers, fiercely criticizing EU Delegations for their too good attitude towards the nationalistic Bosnian parties SNSD and the HDZ BiH. His paper focuses on Russian influence, interference of Croatia and Serbia in the internal affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the combination of relations between HDZ BiH and SNSD, but also criticism of the poor behavior of the EU in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[79] The same month, Komšić reacted to a supposed non-paper sent by Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša, regarding possible border changes in the Western Balkans, saying that it was "all already orchestrated and only God knows what the outcome will be."[80]

Orders

[edit]
Award or decoration Country Awarded by Year Place
Order of the Golden Lily  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović 1995 Sarajevo

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ a b Berglund 2013, p. 501.
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Bibliography
  • Berglund, Sten (2013). The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781782545880.
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