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The Central Asian Union (CAU), later called the Central Asian Economic Union (CAEU),^[1] was an intergovernmental organization for economic integration between the Central Asian post-Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan between 1994^[2] and 2004.^[1] Tajikistan joined the Union in 1996 as an observer.^[2] Several proposals to restore the Union have been put forward since its dissolution.

History

The old union

The concept of a Central Asian union emerged soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Although all states acceded to the newly formed Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), it was felt that more regional cooperation was needed.^[2] In early 1992, Tajikistan plunged into the Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) between government forces and various Islamist rebel factions supported by the Taliban; thus they could not participate in the integration process. Turkmenistan preferred to maintain neutrality, and decided not to partake in CIS or Central Asian integration.

The remaining three republics Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan signed a treaty on 23 September 1993 to create an economic union, which was followed by a proclamation of a "single economic space" on 10 February 1994, and the establishment of an Interstate Council with an Executive Committee on 8 July 1994. In theory, any CIS member state could join the Central Asian Union.^[3]

The Union was also given a military dimension. Still in civil war, Tajikistan joined the CAU as an observer in 1996.^[2] A Council of Defence Ministers was formed, and, under the aegis of the United Nations, a peacekeeping force was formed, which held its first training exercises on the territory of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in September 1997.^[3]

A new union

A new Central Asian Union was proposed by Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev on April 26, 2007, in order to create an economic and political union similar to that of the EU encompassing the five former Soviet Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

So far the presidents of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have signed an agreement to create an "International Supreme Council" between the two states. In addition, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have signed a Treaty of Eternal Friendship. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have also decided to set up a free trade zone.^[4]

Although the proposed new union had the support of the presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan by 2008, it was outright rejected by former Uzbek president Islam Karimov.^[5] After Karimov died in 2016, however, the idea of integration was brought back on the table.

On 15 March 2018, a new Central Asian Summit was held in Astana between Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbaev (host), Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev (initiator), Kyrgyz President Sooronbai Jeenbekov, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon, and Turkmen parliament speaker Akja Nurberdiýewa. The Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev hosted the summit at the Aqorda Presidential Palace. It was the first summit of Central Asian leaders in nearly a decade.^[6] They resolved to henceforth convene every year in March before the Nowruz (New Year) holiday.^[7]

A second summit was held on 29 November 2019 in Astana.

Prospective members

Country	Population	Area (km²)	GDP (nominal)	GDP per capita (nominal)	GDP (PPP)	GDP per capita (PPP)
Kazakhstan	20,000,000 (62nd)	2,724,900 (9th)	$259.292 billion (53rd)	$12,968 (69th)	$654.050 billion (41st)	$32,712 (57th)
Kyrgyzstan	7,037,590 (112th)	199,951 (85th)	$12.681 billion (151st)	$1,829 (166th)	$44.623 billion (134th)	$6,438 (148th)
Uzbekistan	36,024,000 (40th)	448,978 (56th)	$90.392 billion (75th)	$2,509 (147th)	$371.646 billion (58th)	$10,316 (124th)
Tajikistan	9,750,065 (94th)	142,326 (94th)	$11.816 billion (151st)	$1,180 (167th)	$53.679 billion (119th)	$5,360 (148th)
Turkmenistan	7,057,841	491,210 (52nd)	$81.822 billion	$12,934	$126.132 billion (93nd)	$19,938 (80th)
Total	79,869,496 ^(20th)	4,007,275 ^(7th)	$456.003 billion ^(33rd)	$5,709.4 ^(106th)	$1,250.13 (30th)	$15,652 (100th)

List of Central Asian leader summits

Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia:

Issues

The proposed Union would primarily deal with interstate border issues, trade, visa regimes, tourism and security. If realized, the CAU would represent a counterbalance to the existing Russian-dominated Collective Security Organization and the Chinese-Russian-led Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.^[11] In his proposal, the Kazakh President said:

"In the region, we share economic interest, cultural heritage, language, religion, and environmental challenges, and face common external threats. The founding fathers of the European Union could only wish they had so much in common. We should direct our efforts towards closer economic integration, a common market and a single currency."^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bruce Pannier (14 March 2018). "Why This Central Asian Summit Could Be Different". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rumer, Boris; Zhukov, Stanislav (1998). Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 104. ISBN 9780765632982. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b Rumer & Zhukov (1998), p. 50.
^ [1] Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Features - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
^ "Astana hosts little-publicised Central Asia summit". www.euractiv.com. 16 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Rare Central Asian Summit Signals Regional Thaw". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ "SRSG NATALIA GHERMAN ADDRESSES THE CONSULTATIVE MEETING OF THE HEADS OF STATE OF CENTRAL ASIA". UNRCCA. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
^ Admin (2022-07-22). "Fourth Consultative Summit of the Leaders of Central Asian States in Kyrgyzstan laid out a joint vision and multiple initiatives on better regional aligning against external shocks". News Central Asia (nCa). Retrieved 2023-12-05.
^ "CPC | Central Asia Consultative Meeting: Strengthening Regional Ties and Expanding Horizons". Caspian Policy Center. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
^ Socor, Vladimir. "Eurasia Daily Monitor | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
^ [2] Archived November 12, 2005, at the Wayback Machine

External links

Tengri on Mars

[Pannier-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bruce Pannier (14 March 2018). "Why This Central Asian Summit Could Be Different". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

[Rumer-2] Rumer, Boris; Zhukov, Stanislav (1998). Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 104. ISBN 9780765632982. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

[Rumer50-3] Rumer & Zhukov (1998), p. 50.

[4] [1] Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine

[5] "Features - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

[6] "Astana hosts little-publicised Central Asia summit". www.euractiv.com. 16 March 2018.

[Thaw-7] "Rare Central Asian Summit Signals Regional Thaw". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

[8] "SRSG NATALIA GHERMAN ADDRESSES THE CONSULTATIVE MEETING OF THE HEADS OF STATE OF CENTRAL ASIA". UNRCCA. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2023-12-05.

[9] Admin (2022-07-22). "Fourth Consultative Summit of the Leaders of Central Asian States in Kyrgyzstan laid out a joint vision and multiple initiatives on better regional aligning against external shocks". News Central Asia (nCa). Retrieved 2023-12-05.

[10] "CPC | Central Asia Consultative Meeting: Strengthening Regional Ties and Expanding Horizons". Caspian Policy Center. Retrieved 2023-12-05.

[11] Socor, Vladimir. "Eurasia Daily Monitor | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

[12] [2] Archived November 12, 2005, at the Wayback Machine

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Intergovernmental organisation for economic integration}}
-[[File:Central Asian Union.gif|thumb|400px|The proposed Central Asian Union, covering the five [[Central Asia]]n states.]]
+[[File:Central Asian Union (orthographic projection).png|thumb|The proposed Central Asian Union, covering the five [[Central Asia]]n states.]]
-The '''Central Asian Union''' (CAU), later called the '''Central Asian Economic Union''',<ref name="Pannier"/> was an intergovernmental organisation for [[economic integration]] between the [[Central Asia]]n [[post-Soviet]] republics of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] between 1994<ref name="Rumer">{{Cite book |last1=Rumer |first1=Boris |last2=Zhukov |first2=Stanislav |date=1998 |title=Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrikOkegWZIC&pg=104 |location=New York |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=104 |isbn=9780765632982 |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> and 2004.<ref name="Pannier"/> [[Tajikistan]] joined the Union in 1996 as an [[Observer status|observer]].<ref name="Rumer"/> Several proposals to restore the Union have been put forward since its dissolution.
+The '''Central Asian Union''' ('''CAU'''), later called the '''Central Asian Economic Union''' ('''CAEU'''),<ref name="Pannier"/> was an intergovernmental organization for [[economic integration]] between the [[Central Asia]]n [[post-Soviet]] republics of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] between 1994<ref name="Rumer">{{Cite book |last1=Rumer |first1=Boris |last2=Zhukov |first2=Stanislav |date=1998 |title=Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrikOkegWZIC&pg=104 |location=New York |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=104 |isbn=9780765632982 |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> and 2004.<ref name="Pannier"/> [[Tajikistan]] joined the Union in 1996 as an [[Observer status|observer]].<ref name="Rumer"/> Several proposals to restore the Union have been put forward since its dissolution.
 == History ==
 === The old union ===
-The concept of a Central Asian union emerged soon after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. Although all states acceded to the newly formed [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), it was felt that more regional cooperation was needed.<ref name="Rumer"/> In early 1992, [[Tajikistan]] plunged into the [[Tajikistani Civil War]] (1992–7) between government forces and various Islamist rebel factions supported by the [[Taliban]]; thus they could not participate in the integration process. Turkmenistan preferred to maintain neutrality, and decided not to partake in CIS or Central Asian integration.
+The concept of a Central Asian union emerged soon after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. Although all states acceded to the newly formed [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), it was felt that more regional cooperation was needed.<ref name="Rumer"/> In early 1992, [[Tajikistan]] plunged into the [[Tajikistani Civil War]] (1992–1997) between government forces and various Islamist rebel factions supported by the [[Taliban]]; thus they could not participate in the integration process. Turkmenistan preferred to maintain neutrality, and decided not to partake in CIS or Central Asian integration.
 The remaining three republics Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan signed a treaty on 23 September 1993 to create an economic union, which was followed by a proclamation of a "single economic space" on 10 February 1994, and the establishment of an Interstate Council with an Executive Committee on 8 July 1994. In theory, any CIS member state could join the Central Asian Union.<ref name="Rumer50">Rumer & Zhukov (1998), p. 50.</ref>
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 A new Central Asian Union was proposed by [[Kazakhstan]] President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on April 26, 2007, in order to create an economic and political union similar to that of the [[European Union|EU]] encompassing the five former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].
-So far the presidents of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have signed an agreement to create an "International Supreme Council" between the two states. In addition, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have signed a '''Treaty of Eternal Friendship'''. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have also decided to set up a [[free trade zone]].<ref>[http://business.uzreport.com/aziya.cgi?lan=e&id=45229] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012060628/http://business.uzreport.com/aziya.cgi?lan=e |date=2012-10-12 }}</ref>
+So far the presidents of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have signed an agreement to create an "International Supreme Council" between the two states. In addition, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have signed a '''Treaty of Eternal Friendship'''. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have also decided to set up a [[free trade zone]].<ref>[http://business.uzreport.com/aziya.cgi?lan=e&id=45229] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012060628/http://business.uzreport.com/aziya.cgi?lan=e|date=2012-10-12}}</ref>
 Although the proposed new union had the support of the presidents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan by 2008, it was outright rejected by former Uzbek president [[Islam Karimov]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/5/3442f45a-7517-425d-956c-78d0c6af7ac2.html |title=Features - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |publisher=Rferl.org |accessdate=2014-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528014300/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/5/3442f45a-7517-425d-956c-78d0c6af7ac2.html |archivedate=2008-05-28 }}</ref> After Karimov died in 2016, however, the idea of integration was brought back on the table.
-On 15 March 2018, a new Central Asian Summit was held in [[Astana]] between Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbaev (host), Uzbek President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (initiator), Kyrgyz President [[Sooronbai Jeenbekov]], Tajik President [[Emomali Rahmon]], and [[Assembly of Turkmenistan|Turkmen parliament]] [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] [[Akja Nurberdiýewa]]. The Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev hosted the summit at the [[Aqorda Presidential Palace]]. It was the first summit of Central Asian leaders in nearly a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana hosts little-publicised Central Asia summit|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/fri-astana-hosts-little-publicised-central-asia-summit/|website=www.euractiv.com}}</ref> They resolved to henceforth convene every year in March before the [[Nowruz]] (New Year) holiday.<ref name="Thaw">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/central-asian-summit-astana-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-tajikistan-kyrgyzstan-turkmenistan/29101686.html |title=Rare Central Asian Summit Signals Regional Thaw |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=15 March 2018 |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
+On 15 March 2018, a new Central Asian Summit was held in [[Astana]] between Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbaev (host), Uzbek President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (initiator), Kyrgyz President [[Sooronbai Jeenbekov]], Tajik President [[Emomali Rahmon]], and [[Assembly of Turkmenistan|Turkmen parliament]] [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] [[Akja Nurberdiýewa]]. The Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev hosted the summit at the [[Aqorda Presidential Palace]]. It was the first summit of Central Asian leaders in nearly a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana hosts little-publicised Central Asia summit|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/fri-astana-hosts-little-publicised-central-asia-summit/|website=www.euractiv.com|date=16 March 2018 }}</ref> They resolved to henceforth convene every year in March before the [[Nowruz]] (New Year) holiday.<ref name="Thaw">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/central-asian-summit-astana-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-tajikistan-kyrgyzstan-turkmenistan/29101686.html |title=Rare Central Asian Summit Signals Regional Thaw |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=15 March 2018 |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
-A second summit was held on 29 November 2019 in [[Nur-Sultan]].
+A second summit was held on 29 November 2019 in [[Astana]].
 == Prospective members ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 27: @@
 ! Country
 ! Population
-! Area (km²)
+! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
 ! GDP (nominal)
 ! GDP per capita (nominal)
+!GDP (PPP)
+!GDP per capita (PPP)
 |-
-| {{KAZ}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 18,050,488 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,724,900 || style="text-align:right;"| $196.4 billion || style="text-align:right;"| $11,772
+| {{KAZ}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 20,000,000 ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|<small>62nd</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | 2,724,900 ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|<small>9th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $259.292 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|<small>53rd</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $12,968 ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|<small>69th</small>]])
+|$654.050 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>41st</small>]])
+|$32,712 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|<small>57th</small>]])
 |-
-| {{KGZ}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 6,000,000 || style="text-align:right;"| 199,900 || style="text-align:right;"| $6.4 billion || style="text-align:right;"| $1,152
+| {{KGZ}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 7,037,590 ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|<small>112th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | 199,951 ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|<small>85th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $12.681 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|<small>151st</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $1,829 ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|<small>166th</small>]])
+|$44.623 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>134th</small>]])
+|$6,438 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|<small>148th</small>]])
 |-
-| {{UZB}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 32,121,000 || style="text-align:right;"| 447,400 || style="text-align:right;"| $52.0 billion  || style="text-align:right;"| $1,780
+| {{UZB}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 36,024,000 ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|<small>40th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | 448,978 ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|<small>56th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $90.392 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|<small>75th</small>]])  || style="text-align:right;" | $2,509 ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|<small>147th</small>]])
+|$371.646 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>58th</small>]])
+|$10,316 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|<small>124th</small>]])
 |-
-| {{TJK}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 8,610,000 || style="text-align:right;"| 143,100 || style="text-align:right;"| $7.2 billion || style="text-align:right;"| $903
+| {{TJK}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 9,750,065 ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|<small>94th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | 142,326 ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|<small>94th</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $11.816 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|<small>151st</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $1,180 ([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|<small>167th</small>]])
+|$53.679 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>119th</small>]])
+|$5,360 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|<small>148th</small>]])
 |-
-| {{TKM}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 5,171,943 || style="text-align:right;"| 488,100 || style="text-align:right;"| $29.9 billion   || style="text-align:right;"| $5,330
+| {{TKM}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 7,057,841 || style="text-align:right;" | 491,210 ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|<small>52nd</small>]]) || style="text-align:right;" | $81.822 billion   || style="text-align:right;" | $12,934
+|$126.132 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>93nd</small>]])
+|$19,938 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|<small>80th</small>]])
 |-
-| '''Total''' || style="text-align:right;"| 69,957,431<br><sup>([[List of countries by population|20th]])</sup> || style="text-align:right;"| 4,003,400<br><sup>([[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|7th]])</sup>|| style="text-align:right;"| $292 billion<br><sup>(36th)</sup> || style="text-align:right;"| $5,234<br><sup>([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|95th]])</sup>
+! '''Total''' !! style="text-align:right;" | '''79,869,496<br><sup>([[List of countries by population|20th]])</sup>''' !! style="text-align:right;" | '''4,007,275<br><sup>([[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|7th]])</sup>'''!! style="text-align:right;" | '''$456.003 billion<br><sup>([[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|33rd]])</sup>''' !! style="text-align:right;" | '''$5,709.4<br><sup>([[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|106th]])</sup>'''
+!'''$1,250.13 ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|<small>30th</small>]])'''
+!'''$15,652 (<small>[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|100th]]</small>)'''
 |}
 == List of Central Asian leader summits ==
-* [[Ashgabat]] (1991)<ref name="Pannier">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/amp/qishlow-ovozi-central-asian-summit-astana/29099148.html |title=Why This Central Asian Summit Could Be Different |author=
+* [[Ashgabat|Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]] (1991)<ref name="Pannier">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/amp/qishlow-ovozi-central-asian-summit-astana/29099148.html |title=Why This Central Asian Summit Could Be Different |author=
 Bruce Pannier |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=14 March 2018 |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>
-* [[Tashkent]] (1993)<ref name="Pannier"/>
+* [[Tashkent|Tashkent, Uzbekistan]](1993)<ref name="Pannier"/>
-* [[Dashoguz]] (1995)<ref name="Pannier"/>
+* [[Daşoguz|Daşoguz, Turkmenistan]] (1995)<ref name="Pannier"/>
-* [[Ashgabat]] (1998)<ref name="Pannier"/>
+* [[Ashgabat|Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]]  (1998)<ref name="Pannier"/>
-* [[Ashgabat]] (1999)<ref name="Pannier"/>
+* [[Ashgabat|Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]]  (1999)<ref name="Pannier"/>
-* [[Almaty]] (2009)<ref name="Thaw"/>
+* [[Almaty|Almaty, Kazakhstan]] (2009)<ref name="Thaw" />
+Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia:
-* [[Astana]] (2018)<ref name="Thaw"/>
-* [[Tashkent]] (2019)<ref name="Thaw"/>
+# [[Astana|Astana, Kazakhstan]] (2018)<ref name="Thaw" />
+# [[Tashkent|Tashkent, Uzbekistan]] (2019)<ref name="Thaw" />
+# [[Awaza|Awaza, Turkmenistan]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=SRSG NATALIA GHERMAN ADDRESSES THE CONSULTATIVE MEETING OF THE HEADS OF STATE OF CENTRAL ASIA |url=https://unrcca.unmissions.org/srsg-natalia-gherman-addresses-consultative-meeting-heads-state-central-asia |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=UNRCCA |language=en}}</ref>
+# [[Cholpon-Ata|Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-07-22 |title=Fourth Consultative Summit of the Leaders of Central Asian States in Kyrgyzstan laid out a joint vision and multiple initiatives on better regional aligning against external shocks |url=https://www.newscentralasia.net/2022/07/22/fourth-consultative-summit-of-the-leaders-of-central-asian-states-in-kyrgyzstan-laid-out-a-joint-vision-and-multiple-initiatives-on-better-regional-aligning-against-external-shocks/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News Central Asia (nCa) |language=en-US}}</ref>
+# [[Dushanbe|Dushanbe, Tajikistan]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPC {{!}} Central Asia Consultative Meeting: Strengthening Regional Ties and Expanding Horizons |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/central-asia-consultative-meeting-strengthening-regional-ties-and-expanding-horizons |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Caspian Policy Center |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Issues==
-The proposed Union would primarily deal with interstate border issues, trade, visa regimes, tourism and security. If realized, the CAU would represent a counterbalance to the existing Russian-dominated [[Collective Security Organization]] and the Chinese-Russian-led [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Socor |first=Vladimir |url=http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372141 |title=Eurasia Daily Monitor &#124; The Jamestown Foundation |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=2014-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113090901/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372141 |archivedate=2007-11-13 }}</ref> In his proposal, the Kazakh President said: <blockquote>"In the region, we share economic interest, cultural heritage, language, religion, and environmental challenges, and face common external threats. The founding fathers of the [[European Union]] could only wish they had so much in common. We should direct our efforts towards closer economic integration, a common market and a single currency."<ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=5255]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112183444/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=5255 |date=November 12, 2005 }}</ref>
+The proposed Union would primarily deal with interstate border issues, trade, visa regimes, tourism and security. If realized, the CAU would represent a counterbalance to the existing Russian-dominated [[Collective Security Organization]] and the Chinese-Russian-led [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Socor |first=Vladimir |url=http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372141 |title=Eurasia Daily Monitor &#124; The Jamestown Foundation |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=2014-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113090901/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372141 |archivedate=2007-11-13 }}</ref> In his proposal, the Kazakh President said: <blockquote>"In the region, we share economic interest, cultural heritage, language, religion, and environmental challenges, and face common external threats. The founding fathers of the [[European Union]] could only wish they had so much in common. We should direct our efforts towards closer economic integration, a common market and a single currency."<ref>[http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=5255]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112183444/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=5255|date=November 12, 2005}}</ref>
 </blockquote>
@@ Line 62: / Line 82: @@
 * [[Continental union]]
 * [[Eurasian Economic Union]]
+* [[Economic Cooperation Organization]]
 * [[African Union]]
 * [[Arab Union]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 99: @@
 {{CARO}}
+{{Eastern world}}
-[[Category:Post-Soviet alliances]]
 [[Category:Central Asia]]
 [[Category:Continental unions]]

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