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| name = ICE Pact
| name = ICE Pact
| long_name = Icebreaker Collaboration Effort
| long_name = Icebreaker Collaboration Effort
| image = File:P20240710AS-1985 (53847935047).jpg
| image = File:President Joe Biden poses for a photo with Alexander Stubb and Justin Trudeau after a meeting of the North Atlantic Council (53847935047).jpg
| image_width =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| caption = Finnish President [[Alexander Stubb]], U.S President [[Joe Biden]] and Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] at the [[Walter E. Washington Convention Center]] in [[Washington, D.C]].
| caption = Finnish President [[Alexander Stubb]], U.S President [[Joe Biden]] and Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] at the [[Walter E. Washington Convention Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
| type = Tripartite treaty
| type = Tripartite treaty
| context =
| context =
Line 39: Line 39:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
The '''Icebreaker Collaboration Effort''', commonly referred to as the '''ICE Pact''', is a trilateral partnership between the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration |url=https://www.dailyfinland.fi/national/38535/Finland-US-Canada-to-intensify-icebreaker-collaboration |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=dailyfinland}}</ref> The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uusi-Hakala |first=Katja |date=2024-07-11 |title=Joint Statement on ICE Pact |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/en/joint-statement-on-ice-pact/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Presidentti |language=en-US}}</ref> The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of [[Icebreaker|icebreaker ship]] production capacity in Finland and Canada, and to counter the influence of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and [[China]] in the [[Arctic region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |date=2024-07-11 |title=US, Canada and Finland form ‘Ice Pact’ to project influence into Arctic region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/11/us-canada-finland-ice-pact-arctic |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-07-11 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership “ICE Pact” Alongside Finland and Canada |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/11/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-polar-partnership-ice-pact-alongside-finland-and-canada/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
The '''Icebreaker Collaboration Effort''', commonly referred to as the '''ICE Pact''', is a trilateral partnership between the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration |url=https://www.dailyfinland.fi/national/38535/Finland-US-Canada-to-intensify-icebreaker-collaboration |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=dailyfinland}}</ref> The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uusi-Hakala |first=Katja |date=2024-07-11 |title=Joint Statement on ICE Pact |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/en/joint-statement-on-ice-pact/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Presidentti |language=en-US}}</ref> The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of [[Icebreaker|icebreaker ship]] production capacity in Canada and Finland, and to counter the influence of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and [[China]] in the [[Arctic region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |date=2024-07-11 |title=US, Canada and Finland form ‘Ice Pact’ to project influence into Arctic region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/11/us-canada-finland-ice-pact-arctic |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2024-07-11 |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership “ICE Pact” Alongside Finland and Canada |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/11/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-polar-partnership-ice-pact-alongside-finland-and-canada/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Arctic circle.svg|thumb|Geopolitical map of the [[Arctic|Arctic region]] which includes the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic circle]].]]
[[File:Arctic circle.svg|thumb|Geopolitical map of the [[Arctic|Arctic region]] which includes the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic circle]].]]
The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the [[United States Coast Guard]] and to increase purchases of icebreaker ships by the United States from Finland and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/07/11/icebreaker-agreement-Finland-Canada-America/3501720711026/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410877/jaanmurtaja-aloite-on-suomelle-merkittava-teollisuuspoliittinen-mahdollisuus |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Valtioneuvosto |language=fi-FI}}</ref> Finland and Canada will serve as partners that will sell ships to the United States,<ref name=":0" /> Finland will be the main icebreaker ship builder, as Finland has "the know-how".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Suomi aloittaa jäänmurtajayhteistyön Yhdysvaltojen ja Kanadan kanssa – taustalla Kiinan toimet arktisella alueella |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20099242 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> This Icebreaker Collaboration Effort will especially increase the ship-building and maritime industry in Finland, as Finland will be the majority builder of ships within the ICE Pact,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/e76bd540-a34c-4a05-82fc-c0455e3b407c |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref> assumed to be building approximately 60-80 ships, as Canada is building eight ships,<ref name=":0" /> and approximately 70-90 total ships are to be built in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the [[United States Coast Guard]] and to accelerate icebreaker shipbuilding for itself and allies with assistance from Finland and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/07/11/icebreaker-agreement-Finland-Canada-America/3501720711026/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410877/jaanmurtaja-aloite-on-suomelle-merkittava-teollisuuspoliittinen-mahdollisuus |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Valtioneuvosto |language=fi-FI}}</ref> The country of manufacture is yet to be determined; US rules currently require navy ships to be manufactured in the United States, but not privately owned ships<ref name="iltalehti">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/e76bd540-a34c-4a05-82fc-c0455e3b407c |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref> (though there are [[Jones Act]] restrictions on transport services). Canada has contracted for one heavy icebreaker from [[Seaspan]] in British Columbia and plans to contract a second from [[Davie Shipbuilding]] in Quebec,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2024/07/12/canada-u-s-and-finland-form-pact-to-build-icebreakers-for-arctic/ |title=Canada, U.S. and Finland form pact to build icebreakers for Arctic |author=Murray Brewster |publisher=CBC News |date=July 12, 2024}}</ref>. Canada has contracted 16 icebreaking multipurpose vessels from Seaspan (currently in functional design as of August 2024 with detailed design starting in the first half of 2025) and 6 medium icebreakers from Davie (initial contract was awarded in March 2024).<ref>[https://www.seaspan.com/press-release/in-the-midst-of-designing-and-building-21-icebreaker-vessels-seaspan-shipyards-welcomes-the-formation-of-the-ice-pact/ In the midst of designing and building 21 icebreaker vessels, Seaspan Shipyards welcomes the formation of the "ICE Pact"]</ref> Finland has "know-how"; [[Helsinki Shipyard]] has built more than half of the world's icebreakers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Canada to work with Finland, U.S. on ‘Ice Pact’ to build icebreakers |url=https://www.nnsl.com/world-news/canada-to-work-with-finland-us-on-ice-pact-to-build-icebreakers-7448419 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=NNSL Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Suomi aloittaa jäänmurtajayhteistyön Yhdysvaltojen ja Kanadan kanssa – taustalla Kiinan toimet arktisella alueella |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20099242 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> The US has an overall goal of 70-90 Arctic-capable ships built within a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rizzi |first=Alberto |date=2024-07-15 |title=Cold rush: How a transatlantic ship pact can win the race for the Arctic |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/cold-rush-how-a-transatlantic-ship-pact-can-win-the-race-for-the-arctic/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> Canada is mainly to help with the ramping up and scaling of icebreaker ship building capacity.<ref name=":1" />


== Background ==
== Background ==
{{See also|Arctic cooperation and politics|Arctic resources race}}
{{See also|Arctic cooperation and politics|Arctic resources race}}
⚫
The United States started cutting off military cooperation with Russia after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/isab/262342.htm |date=September 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
⚫
Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the [[Arctic Council]] and in the [[Arctic|Arctic region]], however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and being a "[[Unfriendly countries list|unfriendly nation]]", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA) |url=https://um.fi/puolustusyhteistyosopimus-yhdysvaltain-kanssa-dca}}</ref>


⚫
Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the [[Arctic Council]] and in the [[Arctic|Arctic region]], however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and being a "[[Unfriendly countries list|unfriendly nation]]", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA) |url=https://um.fi/puolustusyhteistyosopimus-yhdysvaltain-kanssa-dca}}</ref> The other members of the Arctic Council started excluding Russia from Arctic coordination after the 2022 invasion.
⚫
The [[United States of America]] under [[Joe Biden]] has been more hostile towards the Russian Federation than other presidencies in recent history. The United States and Russia have been geopolitical enemies in the Arctic region since the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia]], and the United States is more weary of Russian influence in the Far North.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/isab/262342.htm |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>


By 2024, after-effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] put shipbuilding in the United States years behind schedule, with shortages of experienced labor, supply chain delays, and design problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-navy-ship-building-schedules-hit-by-supply-chain-woes-labor-shortages-2024-04-02/ |title=US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages |author=Mike Stone |date=April 2, 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref><!-- connected to icebreakers by https://www.reuters.com/world/us-canada-finland-launch-effort-build-ice-breaking-ships-china-russia-cooperate-2024-07-11/ -->
⚫
The Russian Federation has had interests in the Arctic, as with increasing temperatures due to [[global warming]], the Russian Federation seeks to exploit [[Natural resources of the Arctic|resources in the Arctic]] and to open trade routes in the Far North.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=U.S., Finland and Canada join ‘ICE Pact' to counter Russia in Arctic |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/newsletters/curated/threat-status/issue/168/}}</ref> China also has had interests in the Arctic for a while, especially since 2013 when China gained a permanent observer status in the [[Arctic Council]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buixadé Farré |first=Albert |last2=Stephenson |first2=Scott R. |last3=Chen |first3=Linling |last4=Czub |first4=Michael |last5=Dai |first5=Ying |last6=Demchev |first6=Denis |last7=Efimov |first7=Yaroslav |last8=Graczyk |first8=Piotr |last9=Grythe |first9=Henrik |last10=Keil |first10=Kathrin |last11=Kivekäs |first11=Niku |last12=Kumar |first12=Naresh |last13=Liu |first13=Nengye |last14=Matelenok |first14=Igor |last15=Myksvoll |first15=Mari |date=2014-10-02 |title=Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 |journal=Polar Geography |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=298–324 |doi=10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 |issn=1088-937X}}</ref> and China seeks to extend military capabilities, conduct research, and wishes to [[Arctic resources race|excavate resources in the Arctic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=How China uses Russia to cement its position as an Arctic superpower |url=https://qz.com/china-russia-arctic-antarctica-superpower-1850351933 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

⚫
With increasing temperatures due to [[global warming]] making navigation in more of the area more feasible more of the time, the Russian Federation seeks to exploit [[Natural resources of the Arctic|resources in the Arctic]] and to open trade routes in the Far North.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=U.S., Finland and Canada join ‘ICE Pact' to counter Russia in Arctic |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/newsletters/curated/threat-status/issue/168/}}</ref> China also has had interests in the Arctic for a while, especially since 2013 when China gained a permanent observer status in the [[Arctic Council]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buixadé Farré |first=Albert |last2=Stephenson |first2=Scott R. |last3=Chen |first3=Linling |last4=Czub |first4=Michael |last5=Dai |first5=Ying |last6=Demchev |first6=Denis |last7=Efimov |first7=Yaroslav |last8=Graczyk |first8=Piotr |last9=Grythe |first9=Henrik |last10=Keil |first10=Kathrin |last11=Kivekäs |first11=Niku |last12=Kumar |first12=Naresh |last13=Liu |first13=Nengye |last14=Matelenok |first14=Igor |last15=Myksvoll |first15=Mari |date=2014-10-02 |title=Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 |journal=Polar Geography |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=298–324 |doi=10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 |issn=1088-937X}}</ref> and China seeks to extend military capabilities, conduct research, and wishes to [[Arctic resources race|excavate resources in the Arctic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=How China uses Russia to cement its position as an Arctic superpower |url=https://qz.com/china-russia-arctic-antarctica-superpower-1850351933 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 55: Line 57:
*[[Arctic policy of Finland]]
*[[Arctic policy of Finland]]
*[[Arctic policy of the United States]]
*[[Arctic policy of the United States]]
*[[Helsinki Shipyard]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 15:18, 29 August 2024

ICE Pact
Icebreaker Collaboration Effort
Finnish President Alexander Stubb, U.S President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C.
TypeTripartite treaty
Signed11 July 2024 (2024-07-11)
LocationWashington, D.C. United States
Original
signatories
Signatories
Languages

The Icebreaker Collaboration Effort, commonly referred to as the ICE Pact, is a trilateral partnership between the United States, Canada and Finland.[1] The ICE Pact was formed on 11 July 2024 in Washington, D.C.[2] The ICE Pact is a partnership in efforts to bolster shipbuilding capacities and industries, especially the enhancing of icebreaker ship production capacity in Canada and Finland, and to counter the influence of the Russian Federation and China in the Arctic region.[3][4]

Geopolitical map of the Arctic region which includes the Arctic circle.

The United States formed the ICE Pact to strengthen the United States Coast Guard and to accelerate icebreaker shipbuilding for itself and allies with assistance from Finland and Canada.[5][6] The country of manufacture is yet to be determined; US rules currently require navy ships to be manufactured in the United States, but not privately owned ships[7] (though there are Jones Act restrictions on transport services). Canada has contracted for one heavy icebreaker from Seaspan in British Columbia and plans to contract a second from Davie Shipbuilding in Quebec,[8]. Canada has contracted 16 icebreaking multipurpose vessels from Seaspan (currently in functional design as of August 2024 with detailed design starting in the first half of 2025) and 6 medium icebreakers from Davie (initial contract was awarded in March 2024).[9] Finland has "know-how"; Helsinki Shipyard has built more than half of the world's icebreakers.[10][11] The US has an overall goal of 70-90 Arctic-capable ships built within a decade.[12][13] Canada is mainly to help with the ramping up and scaling of icebreaker ship building capacity.[13]

Background

[edit]
See also: Arctic cooperation and politics and Arctic resources race

The United States started cutting off military cooperation with Russia after the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia.[14]

Following the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, Finland and Sweden joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Both Finland and Sweden and are members of the Arctic Council and in the Arctic region, however only Finland has become a member of the Icebreaker Collaboration Effort. In response to Finland bordering the Russian Federation and being a "unfriendly nation", Finland has taken effort to increase its military collaboration with NATO allies, especially with members of the Arctic region, such as the United States.[15] The other members of the Arctic Council started excluding Russia from Arctic coordination after the 2022 invasion.

By 2024, after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic put shipbuilding in the United States years behind schedule, with shortages of experienced labor, supply chain delays, and design problems.[16]

With increasing temperatures due to global warming making navigation in more of the area more feasible more of the time, the Russian Federation seeks to exploit resources in the Arctic and to open trade routes in the Far North.[17] China also has had interests in the Arctic for a while, especially since 2013 when China gained a permanent observer status in the Arctic Council,[18] and China seeks to extend military capabilities, conduct research, and wishes to excavate resources in the Arctic.[19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Finland, US, Canada to intensify icebreaker collaboration". dailyfinland. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  2. ^ Uusi-Hakala, Katja (11 July 2024). "Joint Statement on ICE Pact". Presidentti. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  3. ^ Cecco, Leyland (11 July 2024). "US, Canada and Finland form 'Ice Pact' to project influence into Arctic region". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  4. ^ House, The White (11 July 2024). "Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Polar Partnership "ICE Pact" Alongside Finland and Canada". The White House. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  5. ^ "U.S., Canada and Finland announce joint Icebreaker Collaboration Effort - UPI.com". UPI. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Jäänmurtaja-aloite on Suomelle merkittävä teollisuuspoliittinen mahdollisuus". Valtioneuvosto (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Nato-jäsenyys tuo Suomelle himoitun yhteistyön". www.iltalehti.fi (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  8. ^ Murray Brewster (12 July 2024). "Canada, U.S. and Finland form pact to build icebreakers for Arctic". CBC News.
  9. ^ In the midst of designing and building 21 icebreaker vessels, Seaspan Shipyards welcomes the formation of the "ICE Pact"
  10. ^ "Canada to work with Finland, U.S. on 'Ice Pact' to build icebreakers". NNSL Media. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Suomi aloittaa jäänmurtajayhteistyön Yhdysvaltojen ja Kanadan kanssa – taustalla Kiinan toimet arktisella alueella". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 11 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  12. ^ "US, Canada, Finland launch effort to build ice-breaking ships as China and Russia cooperate in Arctic". 11 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  13. ^ a b Rizzi, Alberto (15 July 2024). "Cold rush: How a transatlantic ship pact can win the race for the Arctic". ECFR. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  14. ^ "International Security Advisory Board: Report on Arctic Policy". U.S. Department of State. 21 September 2016.
  15. ^ "Puolustusyhteistyösopimus Yhdysvaltain kanssa (DCA)". 5 July 2024.
  16. ^ Mike Stone (2 April 2024). "US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages". Reuters.
  17. ^ "U.S., Finland and Canada join 'ICE Pact' to counter Russia in Arctic". 12 July 2024.
  18. ^ Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari (2 October 2014). "Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure". Polar Geography. 37 (4): 298–324. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769. ISSN 1088-937X.
  19. ^ "How China uses Russia to cement its position as an Arctic superpower". Quartz. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
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