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'''Shua''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|ə}}, or ''Shwakhwe'', is a [[Khoe languages|Khoe language]] of [[Botswana]]. It is spoken in central Botswana (in [[Nata, Botswana|Nata]] and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004). The term ''Shwakhwe'' means people (''khwe'') from the salty area (''shwa'').
'''Shua''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|ə}}, or ''Shwakhwe'', is a [[Khoe languages|Khoe language]] [[Khoe languages|(Central Khoisan)]] of [[Botswana]]. It is spoken in central Botswana (in [[Nata, Botswana|Nata]] and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004) and approximately 2,000 out of those 6,000 speakers are native speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shua |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shg |url-status=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shg |access-date=11/3/2022 |website=Ethnologue.com}}</ref> The linguistic variety spoken in the township of [[Nata, Botswana|Nata]] in [[Botswana|northeast Botswana]] is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregor |first=William B |title=Unusual manner constructions in Shua
(Khoe-Kwadi, Botswana) |publisher=The School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2,
Office 1485-617, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark, |year=2017 |isbn=55(4): 857–897 |pages=859 |language=English}}</ref> The term ''Shwakhwe'' means people (''khwe'') from the salty area (''shwa'').
[[File:Shua.png|thumb|The Khoisan Languages and dialects. http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Paises/botswana/idiomas.htm]]


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 250: Line 253:
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Shua has the five vowels {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}, and three nasal vowels {{IPA|/ĩ ã ũ/}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vossen |first=Rainer |title=Shua |publisher=London & New York: Routledge |year=2013 |location=The Khoesan languages |pages=190–194}}</ref>
Shua has the five vowels {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}, and three nasal vowels {{IPA|/ĩ ã ũ/}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vossen |first=Rainer |title=Shua |publisher=London & New York: Routledge |year=2013 |location=The Khoesan languages |pages=190–194}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Nasal Vowel Chart
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|close
|
|
|
|-
|open
|
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|-
|nasal
|
|
|
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Tsʼixa]] (200 speakers) is evidently a distinct language.
[[Tsʼixa]] (200 speakers) is evidently a distinct language.


==References==
=== References ===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Revision as of 01:19, 4 November 2022

Not to be confused with Shuar language.
Shua
Native toBotswana
Native speakers
2,000 (2013)[1]
Khoisan (Umbrella term)
  • Khoe
    • Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)
      • East
        • Shua
Language codes
ISO 639-3shg
Glottologshua1254
ELPShua

Shua /ˈʃuːə/, or Shwakhwe, is a Khoe language (Central Khoisan) of Botswana. It is spoken in central Botswana (in Nata and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004) and approximately 2,000 out of those 6,000 speakers are native speakers.[2] The linguistic variety spoken in the township of Nata in northeast Botswana is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age.[3] The term Shwakhwe means people (khwe) from the salty area (shwa).

File:Shua.png
The Khoisan Languages and dialects. http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Paises/botswana/idiomas.htm

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
Click nasal ᵑǀ ᵑǃ ᵑǁ
voiceless ᵏǀ ᵏǃ ᵏǁ ᵏǂ
voiced ᶢǀ ᶢǃ ᶢǁ
prenasal ᵑǀᶢ ᵑǁᶢ
aspirated ǀʰ ǃʰ ǁʰ
uvular ǀq ǁq ǂq
ejective ǀʼ ǃʼ ǁʼ ǂʼ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
aspirated tʰ kʰ
ejective tʼ kʼ
voiced b d ɡ
prenasal ᵑɡ
Affricate voiceless ts (kxʼ)
aspirated tsʰ
ejective tsʼ
voiced dz
Fricative s x h
Approximant j
Cluster
+Velar fricative ǀˣ ǃˣ ǁˣ
+Vd +Velar fricative ᶢǁˣ
+Nasal +Velar fricative ᵑǀᶢˣ ᵑǁᶢˣ
+Velar ejective ǀˣʼ ǁˣʼ
  • /kxʼ/ is only phonemic in the Ts'ixa and Danisi dialects only.

Vowels

Shua has the five vowels /a e i o u/, and three nasal vowels /ĩ ã ũ/.[4]

Nasal Vowel Chart
Front Central Back
close
open
mid
nasal

Syntax

Unlike most Khoisan languages, but like Nama, the most neutral word order is SOV, though word order is relatively free. As with most Khoisan languages, there are postpositions. There is a tense-aspect marker ke which often appears in second position in affirmative sentences in the present tense, giving X Aux S O V order (e.g. S Aux O V).

ex:

Kʼarokwa

boys

ke

ASP

ǀʼuizi

rock-PL

ʼa

OBL

gam

throw

Kʼarokwa ke ǀʼuizi ʼa gam

boys ASP rock-PL OBL throw

"The boys are throwing rocks"

ex:

ǀʼui-zi

rock-PL

ʼa

OBL

ke

ASP

kʼarokwa

boys

gam

throw

ǀʼui-zi ʼa ke kʼarokwa gam

rock-PL OBL ASP boys throw

"The boys are throwing rocks"

This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position).

Dialects

Shua is a dialect cluster.

  • Deti (10 or fewer speakers)[5]
  • Ganádi
  • Shwa-khwe
  • Nǀoo-khwe
  • Kǀoree-khoe or ǀOree-khwe
  • ǁʼAiye or ǀAaye
  • ǀXaise or ǀTaise
  • Tshidi-khwe or Tcaiti or Sili or Shete Tsere
  • Danisi or Demisa or Madenasse or Madinnisane
  • Cara
  • ǁGoro or ǀXaio

The term Hietshware (Hietʃware, Hietʃo) is used for varieties of both Shua and its sister-language Tshwa.

Tsʼixa (200 speakers) is evidently a distinct language.

References

  1. ^ "Shua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  2. ^ "Shua". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 11/3/2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); External link in |url-status= (help); Invalid |url-status=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shg (help)
  3. ^ Gregor, William B (2017). Unusual manner constructions in Shua (Khoe-Kwadi, Botswana). The School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2, Office 1485-617, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark,. p. 859. ISBN 55(4): 857–897. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); line feed character in |publisher= at position 83 (help); line feed character in |title= at position 37 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  4. ^ Vossen, Rainer (2013). Shua. The Khoesan languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 190–194.
  5. ^ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195139778.


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