Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks

Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks
Part of the Freedom Rides within the civil rights movement
A Greyhound bus burns after being firebombed by a mob outside of Anniston, Alabama. It had been carrying Freedom Riders, who all survived. The photograph was taken by Joe Postiglione and became a defining image of the civil rights movement.
Anniston Birmingham Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama (the United States)
Location	Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama
Coordinates	33.658124°N 85.83114°W / 33.658124; -85.83114
Date	May 14, 1961; 63 years ago ~1:00 p.m. (UTC-5)
Target	Freedom Riders
Attack type	Arson Mob violence Attempted lynching
Injured	~20
Victims	Greyhound Bus: Joseph Perkins Genevieve Hughes Albert Bigelow Hank Thomas Jimmy McDonald Mae Frances Moultrie Ed Blankenheim Charlotte Devree Moses Newson Trailways Bus: James Peck Charles Persons Frances Bergman Walter Bergman Herman Harris Ike Reynold Ivor Moore Simeon Booker Theodore Gaffney
Perpetrators	BPD conspirators: Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor Police Chief Jamie Moore Police Sergeant Tom Cook Ku Klux Klan: Bobby Shelton Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. (FBI informant) Kenneth Adams William Chappell Roger Couch Jerome Couch Cecil "Goober" Lewallyn Hubert Page J. B. Stoner
No. of participants	50–200
Defenders	Alabama Highway Patrol: Ell Cowling Harry Sims
Motive	Racism and support for racial segregation

The Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks, which occurred on May 14, 1961, in Anniston and Birmingham, both Alabama, were acts of mob violence targeted against civil rights activists protesting against racial segregation in the Southern United States. They were carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan in cooperation with the Birmingham Police Department. The FBI did nothing to prevent the attacks despite having foreknowledge of the plans.

Although the United States Supreme Court had ruled in 1946 and 1960 that segregation on interstate public transport was unconstitutional, southern Jim Crow states continued to enforce it. To challenge this, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized for an interracial group of volunteers – whom they dubbed Freedom Riders – to travel together through the Deep South, hoping to provoke a violent reaction from segregationists that would force the federal government to step in. On May 4, 1961, thirteen Freedom Riders departed from Washington, D.C. for New Orleans, Louisiana, set to travel in two groups on Greyhound and Trailways bus lines. Their route would take them through the segregationist stronghold of Alabama, where Birmingham Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor conspired with local chapters of the Klan to attack the Riders.

On May 14, the Greyhound group was swarmed by a mob in Anniston. While the police turned a blind eye, their bus was firebombed and the passengers physically assaulted. Only the presence of armed Alabama Highway Patrol agents prevented the Freedom Riders from being lynched. The attackers eventually dispersed, leaving the passengers to seek medical attention. The Trailways group reached Anniston approximately one hour later, where Klansmen assaulted the Riders and forced the black passengers to move to the back of the bus. The bus then continued to Birmingham, where a mob of additional Klan members, armed with blunt weapons, attacked the Freedom Riders in a fifteen minute frenzy of violence, during which the police deliberately vacated the area. Although there were no fatalities, several of the Riders – as well as a number of news reporters, multiple black bystanders, and a Klansman who was accidentally beaten by his own accomplices – required hospital treatment. After regrouping with the aid of Fred Shuttlesworth, most of the Freedom Riders opted to continue to New Orleans via plane, although some stayed in Birmingham in order to organize a new Freedom Ride with fresh recruits.

The attacks caused shock throughout the country and brought the issue of segregation under an international spotlight, embarrassing the United States during the height of the Cold War. By orchestrating them, Connors and the Klan had intended to deter future Rides, but they had the opposite effect and inspired hundreds of volunteers to spend the summer of 1961 travelling across the South facing arrest and mob violence. This galvanized public support and put immense pressure on President John Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy to act. In late September, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations which effectively ended segregation in public transportation.

The Freedom Rides and the May 14 attacks brought CORE from a position of relative obscurity to the forefront of the national movement against white supremacy. They are considered a key event of the civil rights movement.

Background

The Congress of Racial Equality (1942)

James Farmer, one of the lead figures in CORE and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride.

In 1942, James Farmer and other members of the pacifist organization Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence movement, they aimed to apply nonviolent principles to the struggle against racial discrimination in the United States. They utilized tactics such as sit-ins and boycotts.

Morgan v. Virginia (1946)

In Morgan v. Virginia (1946), the United States Supreme Court ruled that Virginia's state laws enforcing segregation on interstate public buses were unconstitutional. Despite this, bus companies and public officials in the former slave states ignored the ruling and de facto segregation largely continued, particularly in the Deep South.

The Journey of Reconciliation (1947)

Participants in the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, a prerunner to the Freedom Rides.

Intending to test how the 1946 Supreme Court ruling was being enforced in the Upper South, FOR member Bayard Rustin organized what he called a "Journey of Reconciliation" – now sometimes referred to as the "First Freedom Ride". In 1947 he organized for a group of sixteen FOR and CORE members (eight black and eight white) to travel through Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky on interstate buses. They split into two interracial groups so they would be able to test two major bus companies, Greyhound and Trailways.

The participants only faced one incidence of violence when James Peck – the only victim of the later Anniston/Birmingham attacks to take part in the Journey of Reconciliation – was punched in the head by a taxi driver. However, twelve were arrested for violating segregation and four – Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Joe Felmet, and Andrew Johnson – were sentenced to serve in chain gangs for periods ranging from 30–90 days.

Although it brought moderate publicity to the issue of segregation, the Journey effected no change of the status quo.

Boynton v. Virginia (1960)

In 1960, a second Supreme Court ruling, Boynton v. Virginia, extended the ban on segregation on interstate public buses to include the associated terminals and facilities, such as waiting rooms, lunch counters, and restrooms. Once again, states in the Deep South refused to comply and segregation continued.

The Freedom Ride

Main article: Freedom Riders

Motivation

In early 1961, following the inauguration of John F. Kennedy, the southern civil rights movement was starting to lose the government's attention. Compared to the looming Bay of Pigs Invasion and other Cold War tensions, Kennedy's administration saw it as a minor annoyance rather than a pressing issue. After Martin Luther King Jr. was refused an invitation to a meeting between Kennedy and other civil rights leaders, he and James Farmer agreed that action needed to be taken in order to force the federal government to act.

Simultaneously, Farmer was receiving reports that segregation in interstate transport was continuing in the South, despite the recent Boynton v. Virginia ruling. He raised the issue at a CORE meeting, where Tom Gaither and Gordon Carey – who had been reading The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer and was inspired by the Salt March – announced that they had been considering a revival of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation.

Gandhi during the 1930 Salt March to abolish the British Salt Laws, which had a strong influence on CORE members.

Rebranded as a "Freedom Ride", it would be extended to cover states in the Deep South, where Farmer predicted it would be likely to provoke a violent response which President Kennedy would be unable to ignore. Despite its potential danger and high cost, the plan was received positively by CORE's National Action Committee, particularly by members who remembered the original 1947 Journey. They swiftly endorsed it.

Presenting the idea at an April 12 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) meeting – also attended by members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the National Student Association (NSA), the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF), and the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) – Gaither received a positive response. The SNCC approved a "Summer Action Program", which would involve encouraging black college students to exercise the rights given to them in Morgan and Boynton as they travelled home across the country at the end of the school term.

In mid-April, sixteen interracial members of CORE chapters in Missouri attempted to test Boynton by boarding a southbound bus in St. Louis. They only made it 150 miles before being arrested for entering a whites-only waiting room in Sikeston, failing to even make it out of the state. Later dubbed the "Little Freedom Ride", it was a sobering experience for CORE. In a letter to group leaders, Carey wrote "If bus protests end in arrest in Missouri, what can be expected when the Freedom Ride gets to Georgia and points South?"

Planning

Route

CORE decided on a route that would start on May 4 in Washington, D.C. and finish on May 17 (the seventh anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling) in New Orleans, Louisiana. It would pass through the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. As in 1947, the Riders would split into two groups in order to test both Greyhound and Trailways along each leg of the journey.

CORE expected the Freedom Ride to encounter increasing resistance as it ventured further into the South. In order to probe possible reactions, Gaither scouted the entire journey beforehand. He surveyed each stop's facilities and met with local black community leaders to arrange accommodation for the Riders. News of the plan elicited a mixed reaction but Gaither still successfully convinced dozens of organizations (ranging from Baptist congregations to private black colleges) to host the Riders and provide speaking engagements.

Seating arrangements

Segregation stipulated that black passengers sit in the back of the bus while white passengers sit in the front, with a firm divide in the middle. In order to intentionally violate this, at least one black Rider would sit in the front, and at least one interracial pair of Riders would sit on the same row. The rest of the Riders would spread out across the bus, giving them a chance to inform regular passages about the purpose of the Freedom Ride and the wider civil rights movement.

For each leg of the journey, one Rider would be assigned to strictly comply with segregation. If the rest of the group faced problems with the law, this designated "observer" was to avoid arrest and remain in contact with CORE, who could arrange for help if necessary.

Volunteers

Freedom Rider John Lewis, who would go on to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was not present for the May 14 attacks.

CORE planned to recruit an interracial group of twelve to fourteen seasoned activists. All applicants were made aware of the serious risks involved and those under twenty-one had to receive parental permission. All had to demonstrated prior commitment to nonviolence and provide a recommendation from a teacher, pastor, or coworker.

Before departure, they would all undergo a week of intensive training. They would receive a crash course on Constitutional Law from a lawyer (mainly on what to say and do if arrested) and another on the culture of the white South from a sociologist. They would also spend three days carrying out intense role-play exercises intended to simulate the harassment that they could potentially face in the South. This involved the volunteers hurling verbal racial abuse at each other, as well as pouring drinks and spitting on each other.

Each Rider would be required to follow a strict dress code: coats and ties for men, dresses and high heels for women. They would all be urged to bring a toothbrush, toothpaste, and a few books, in case of arrest. Recommended reading including Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau.

To begin with, Farmer selected himself and James Peck as the first two Riders. Despite his inexperience with frontline activism, Farmer hoped to catapult himself to the front of the civil rights movement. Peck, born into a wealthy family that owned the Peck & Peck clothing retailer, was an obvious choice. He had taken part in the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation and spent three years in prison for being a conscientious objector during World War II. For the rest of the Riders, CORE attempted to find a balance between black and white, young and old, religious and secular, and Northern and Southern. However, in order to minimize the possibility of women being exposed to violence, the number of men was deliberately kept higher than women. It was also based on concerns that too many interracial, intersex couples would dangerously taunt segregationists with the suggestion of interracial sex and miscegenation. This decision was controversial.

CORE selected fourteen volunteers in addition to Farmer and Peck. Four of these (J. Metz Rollins, Julia Aaron, Jerome Smith, and John Moody) were all unable to attend for various reasons, and Hank Thomas was found as a last minute replacement for Moody. Four more Riders (Herman Harris, Ivor Moore, Mae Frances Moultrie, and Ike Reynolds) would join the group in Sumter, South Carolina, while three of the Riders (Farmer, John Lewis, and Benjamin Elton Cox) would leave the group before reaching Alabama. A total of fourteen Riders would be present during the May 14 attacks.

Below is a full list of those who took part in the May 4 to May 14 Freedom Ride:

Freedom Rider	Age	Skin Colour	Departed From Washington D.C.	Joined in Sumter, S.C.	On Greyhound bus during attack	On Trailways bus during attack	Notes
Bergman, Frances	57	White	Yes	No	No	Yes	With her husband Walter, Frances was a committed socialist who took part in Detroit activism.
Bergman, Walter	61	White	Yes	No	No	Yes	Former elementary school teacher from Michigan who spent time in post-war post-war Germany.
Bigelow, Albert	55	White	Yes	No	Yes	No	A former Navy captain and WWII veteran, Bigelow was a founding member of the Committee for Non-Violent Action who gained notoriety for captaining the Golden Rule protest ship.
Blankenheim, Ed	27	White	Yes	No	Yes	No	A student at the University of Arizona, Blankenheim had volunteered for the Marines at the age of 16 and served in the Korean War. He became involved with CORE after joining Tucson's NAACP Youth Council.
Cox, Benjamin Elton	29	Black	Yes	No	No	No	A Reverend who spent time in various parts of the Eastern Seaboard, he became active in the NAACP in High Point, North Carolina. He wore a full clerical collar for the ride, inferred as symbolising divine guidance.
Farmer, James	41	Black	Yes	No	No	No	Co-founder of CORE and leader of the Freedom Riders. Farmer would leave the group before reaching Alabama.
Harris, Herman	21	Black	No	Yes	No	Yes	Joining the riders in Sumter, North Carolina, Harris was a student at Morris College, where he was president of the local CORE chapter.
Hughes, Genevieve	28	White	Yes	No	Yes	No	From the affluent suburb of Chevy Chase, Washington, D.C., Hughes became increasingly active in CORE during the 1950s after becoming disillusioned with her Wall Street job.
Lewis, John	21	Black	Yes	No	No	No	Born on a farm in Pike County, Alabama, Lewis was already a veteran of the nonviolent movement by the time of the Freedom Ride. He would go on to become a United States House Representative.
McDonald, Jimmy	29	Black	Yes	No	Yes	No	A singer from New York City known for labor and freedom songs. Although considered somewhat of a loose cannon, he provided entertainment and comic relief for the Riders.
Moore, Ivor "Jerry"	19	Black	No	Yes	No	Yes	Joining the riders in Sumter, North Carolina, Moore, originally from the Bronx, was a student at Morris College.
Moultrie, Mae Frances	24	Black	No	Yes	Yes	No	Joining the riders in Sumter, North Carolina, Moultrie was a senior at Morris College and a veteran of sit-ins and marches.
Peck, James	46	White	Yes	No	No	Yes	A rider on the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation and activism veteran, Peck was the Riders' secondary leader after Farmer.
Perkins, Joseph	27	Black	Yes	No	Yes	No	From Owensboro, Kentucky, Perkins spent time in the army before becoming involved in activism at the University of Michigan. He was eventually recruited to organise direct action campaigns for CORE.
Person, Charles	18	Black	Yes	No	No	Yes	Although mathematically gifted, Person was denied admission to the all-white Georgia Institute of technology. He served sixteen days in jail for his part in a sit-in, drawing him to CORE's attention.
Reynolds, Ike	27	Black	No	Yes	No	Yes	Joining the riders in Sumter, North Carolina, Reynolds was a CORE activist studying at Wayne State University.
Thomas, Hank	19	Black	Yes	No	Yes	No	An attendee of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's founding conference, Thomas grew up in an abusive and impoverished home in rural Florida and was well acquainted with the Jim Crow south.

The Freedom Ride begins

On May 4, thirteen Riders set out from the Greyhound and Trailways bus stations in Washington, D.C. to modest fanfare.

The only press covering the departure were three reporters from the Associated Press, The Washington Post, and the Washington Evening Star. However, accompanying the Riders on the journey to New Orleans were black journalists Simeon Booker (writer for Jet and Ebony), Charlotte Devree (freelance writer), and Theodore Gaffney (freelance photographer). Moses Newson (for the Baltimore Afro-American) would also join the group in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Booker, at Farmer's request, arranged to have a meeting with United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, during which he informed him of the imminent Freedom Rider. However, Booker stated that Kennedy seemed distracted throughout the meeting and did not appear to grasp the gravity of the situation. This was confirmed after the attacks when Kennedy claimed to have been blindsided by the Freedom Ride.

From Washington to Georgia

The buses left the capital without interference and only suffered minor problems in the Upper South. Joseph Perkins became the first member of the group to be arrested after he requested a shoeshine from a whites-only shoeshine chair in Charlotte, North Carolina. He rejoined the group after two days in jail and the incident was jokingly referred to as the first "shoe-in".

In Rock Hill, South Carolina, John Lewis and Albert Bigelow were attacked by two men when they tried to enter a whites-only waiting room. Genevieve Hughes was also pushed to the floor during the altercation.

That night, while staying at Rock Hill's Friendship Junior College, Lewis received a telegram from the AFSC informing him that he was a finalist for a coveted foreign service internship. To make the final interview in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he decided to temporarily leave the Freedom Ride. His plan was to rejoin the others in Alabama on the May 15. As a result, he was not present for the attacks on May 14.

In Winnsboro, South Carolina, Peck and Thomas were arrested when trying to use a segregated food counter. Following his release, Thomas narrowly avoided a lynch mob, being saved at the last moment by a local black minister who provided a lift in his car.

Shortly after arriving in Sumter, South Carolina, Rev Cox took a leave of absence, having made a prior commitment to deliver a sermon in High Point, North Carolina. With the group down by two black members, Farmer accepted an offer to have the group joined by four students, three from Morris College and one visiting from Wayne State University. The new Freedom Riders were Herman Harris, Ivor Moore, Mae Frances Moultrie, and Ike Reynolds.

As the Riders reached Atlanta, Georgia, they were greeted by cheering students. That evening, they dined with King, who heaped praise upon them. However, he privately warned Farmer that there was hints of a plot that would be carried out against them in Alabama.

Later that night, while staying at Atlanta University, Farmer was informed that his ill father had passed away. After overcoming a "confusion of emotions", Farmer made a reluctant choice to return to Washington, D.C. for the funeral. Planning to rejoin the Ride a few days later, he left Perkins to take over his duties as team leader. Farmer left the group on the morning of May 14, which meant he was not present when the buses were attacked later that day in Alabama.

Preparations for the Freedom Ride in Alabama

On 14 May, that year's Mother's Day, the buses were set travel from Atlanta into Alabama, a Ku Klux Klan stronghold with a reputation for its hardcore segregationist attitude. A veteran of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation had recently attempted to test the state's adherence to the Boynton ruling; they were arrested twice and threaten with violence multiple times. The state's governor, John M. Patterson, had won his 1958 election on a segregationist platform.

During Gaither's preliminary scout of the route, he had worried that the Riders would be lucky to escape the state with their lives. He identified the two Alabama cities of Anniston and Birmingham as potential sites of violence.

Anniston

Anniston was a small military city serving nearby Fort McClellan. It was rife with racial tension, and had already been the site of violence on January 2, when Talladega College student Art Bacon was viciously beaten by a group of men after he sat in a whites-only waiting room at the city's railway station. Although it had a strong NAACP branch, it was also home to some of the most belligerent Klansmen in the country.

Gaither had called it "a very explosive trouble spot without a doubt."

Birmingham

The much larger hub of Birmingham was equally daunting for the Riders. King would later go on to describe it as "the most segregated city in America". It temporarily earned the sobriquet Bombingham due to over forty dynamite attacks that were carried out against African-Americans and civil rights activists between 1947 and 1965. In March, local activist Fred Shuttlesworth had warned that the city was "a racial powder keg that would explode if local white supremacists were unduly provoked, especially by outsiders".

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Eugene "Bull" Connor, the white supremacist Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham, Alabama, who conspired with the Ku Klux Klan to attack the Freedom Riders.

In charge of the Birmingham Police Department (BPD) was the white supremacist Commissioner of Public Safety Eugene "Bull" Connor. By 1961, he had already earned a reputation as a zealous supporter of segregation. In 1938, Eleanor Roosevelt drew his ire when she defied his orders to sit with other whites at a public meeting. During the 1948 Democratic National Convention, he helped lead the Alabama delegation in a walkout when the party included a civil rights plank in its platform.

Police and Ku Klux Klan planning

Although press reports alerted the wider Klan to the approaching Freedom Ride, the Alabama Knights (a breakaway faction of the larger U.S. Klans) had been aware of it since mid-April. This was thanks to Police Sergeant Tom Cook, a fervent Klan supporter who passed on information that had been forwarded to the BPD by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This included details of the entire route, city-by-city.

Throughout late April and early May, members of the Klan and the BPD held meetings where they conspired to attack the Freedom Ride and effectively bring it to a halt. During this time, details of the Klan's plan were passed on to the FBI by informant Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., a member of Eastview Klavern #13.

Robert Shelton, Imperial Wizard of the Alabama Knights faction of the Ku Klux Klan, a main organizer of the attacks.

At a clandestine meeting arranged by Klan member Hubert Page, Connor assured Robert "Bobby" Shelton, the Imperial Wizard of the Alabama Knights, that the Klan would be given a fifteen minute window in which the police would turn a blind eye to attacks on the Freedom Riders. Likewise, Cook told Rowe:

We're gonna allow you fifteen minutes....You can beat 'em, bomb 'em, maim 'em, kill 'em. I don't give a shit. There will be absolutely no arrests. You can assure every Klansman in the country that no one will be arrested in Alabama for that fifteen minutes.

In the final days leading up to May 14, the Klan finalized their plan. To begin with, Anniston Klaverns, led by Kenneth Adams and William Chappell, would engage the Riders as they reached Anniston. They would be responsible for ensuring that the Riders did not enter the local bus stations. Following this initial assault, a second "mop-up action" would be carried out in Birmingham. One half of sixty handpicked Klansmen, encouraged to bring blunt weapons such as bats and clubs, would be assigned to the bus stations, while the other half would wait as a reserve force at a nearby hotel. Connor advised the Klan that they should find an excuse to start an altercation, for example, by having a Klansman pour coffee on himself and blame a Freedom Rider. Another suggestion was that if black Riders entered a white restroom, Klansmen should beat them and steal their clothes. This would force the Rider to leave the restroom undressed, allowing police to arrest them for public indecency.

FBI foreknowledge of the attacks

Due to information passed by Rowe to the FBI, director J. Edgar Hoover was aware of the plan to attack the Freedom Ride from at least May 5. Despite this, he forwarded limited information to United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and others at the United States Department of Justice. The FBI did inform Birmingham Police Chief Jamie Moore, although they suspected that he was already aware and sympathetic to the Klan's plan. At no point was anyone within the civil rights movement, including the Riders themselves, informed about the impending attack.

Afterward, Hoover would blame Kennedy for the backlash against the attacks, stating that the Justice Department should have issued specific instructions if they wished for the Riders to be protected. However, Kennedy and others in Washington, D.C. merely saw this as a cover for the FBI's hostility to civil rights.

Attack on the Greyhound bus

Riders leave Georgia for Alabama

On May 14, the Freedom Riders left Atlanta on westbound buses heading to Birmingham. Before leaving, Peck held a phone conversation with Shuttlesworth, who had heard rumours of a mob. Peck calmly informed his fellow Riders and stressed that he did not expect any problems before reaching Birmingham. This would give them four hours to plan a nonviolent response to the mob, assuming it existed.

The Greyhound bus left first at 11 a.m. In addition to seven Riders – Bigelow, Blankenheim, Hughes, McDonald, Moultrie, Perkins (team leader), and Thomas – and two journalists – Devree and Newson – the bus was also carrying five regular passengers. Unknownst to the Riders, among them were Roy Robinson, manager of the Atlanta Greyhound station, and two plainclothes agents of the Alabama Highway Patrol, Ell Cowling and Harry Sims. The latter two were there to eavesdrop on behalf of Governor Patterson.

The mood was tense as the bus crossed from Georgia into Alabama. After passing the small town of Heflin, the bus driver, O. T. Jones, was informed by the driver of an eastbound bus that a mob was waiting in Anniston. Perkins urged the driver to continue, hoping the story was exaggerated.

Mob in Anniston

The former Greyhound bus terminal in Anniston. The bus was attacked as it stopped in the adjacent alleyway.

The bus arrived at Anniston and had just pulled up next to the Greyhound station when it was abruptly swarmed by a mob of about fifty Ku Klux Klansmen. Led by Chappell, many were armed with pipes, clubs, chains, and other weapons. Hughes claimed to have witnessed one man brandishing a gun. The Klansmen were wearing regular clothing – rather than the infamous Klan hoods and robes – and many were dressed in their Sunday best, having come straight from church. As Klansman Roger Couch spread himself in front of the bus to prevent it from leaving, others started smashing the windows, denting the sides, and slashing the tires. Cowling and Sims were forced out of cover as they rushed to the front of the bus to lock the doors and prevent the attackers from entering. The other passengers were trapped in a state of terror as the mob hurled verbal abuse at them.

After about twenty minutes, Anniston police turned up. Appearing to be friendly with members of the mob and making no effort to arrest anyone, officers made a pretense of clearing the crowd and directing the bus to leave the station. Eager to get the it out of their jurisdiction, police escorted the bus west to the city limits, where they abandoned it to a pursuing convoy of Klan-filled vehicles.

Bus burned outside of Anniston

The Greyhound bus burns after being firebombed by a Ku Klux Klan mob outside of Anniston, Alabama. The woman in the light dress in the bottom photograph is Mae Frances Moultrie.

The slashed tires forced the bus to stop several miles west of Anniston (where Alabama State Route 202 meets the end of the Old Birmingham Highway), at which point Jones opened the door and ran out of the bus. Sources differ on whether he left in an attempt to find replacement tires from a nearby store or if he simply abandoned the Riders in order to save his own life. Cowling had just enough time to retrieve his revolver from the luggage compartment and reboard the bus before it was once again surrounded by a furious mob. In addition to the Klansmen, the commotion had attracted a number of local residents and journalists; somewhere between thirty and fifty vehicles (possibly carrying up to two hundred people) were in pursuit of the bus when it stopped.

2017 photograph of the roadside location where the Greyhound bus was burned.

Chappell and the mob resumed the attack, smashing the remaining windows and rocking the bus in an attempt to tip it on its side. Other Klansmen attempted to board it, but were prevented from doing so by Cowling. At some point, two more Alabama Highway Patrol agents appeared on the scene, but they made no attempt to halt the violence.

Growing impatient, Couch and fellow Klansman Cecil Lewallyn retrieved a bundle of incendiary materials from Lewallyn's car, which they set alight and tossed into the back of the bus. Black smoke soon filled the inside as it started to go up in flames. While some passengers started climbing out of broken windows, others attempted to get out the front entrance, but Klansmen – screaming taunts such as "Burn them alive" and "Fry the goddamn niggers" – held it shut. Eventually, the mob was forced back (sources differ on whether this was due to an exploding fuel tank or the threat of Cowling's gun) and the remaining Riders were able to exit the bus.

The mob retreats

The passengers, many suffering from smoke inhalation, stumbled out of the bus. Moultrie was later unable to recall if she had walked off the bus, crawled off it, or been carried out by another passenger. The mob continued their harassment, and one man feigned concern toward Thomas before hitting him in the head with a baseball bat. Thomas remained semi-conscious for the rest of the attack.

The Klansmen were permanently forced back to a firm perimeter after Cowling and the other Highway Patrol agents fired a number of warning shots, signalling that a mass lynching was out of the question. The agents stood guard around the bleeding and coughing passengers as members of the mob gradually lost interest and dispersed.

Although many of the local bystanders encouraged the mob, not all were hostile to the Riders. Twelve-year-old Janie Miller supplied the Riders with water from a bucket she refilled multiple times. Her act of compassion caused the family to be ostracized and they eventually left Anniston. Another local couple drove Genevieve Hughes (who had been at the back of the bus when it was firebombed) to Anniston Memorial Hospital. The other Riders were taken to the hospital by ambulance, although only after their racial solidarity (and persuasive efforts from Cowling) convinced the paramedics to also accept the black members of the group.

Rescue from Anniston Hospital

As the afternoon wore on, a crowd of Klansmen grew around the hospital, threatening to burn it to the ground if it continued to harbor the Freedom Riders. Having already struggled to receive care from Anniston's prejudiced and inadequate facilities, Perkins was informed by the hospital that he and the Riders would not be allowed to spend the night. Perkins placed frantic calls to CORE contacts in D.C. and was put in touch with Shuttlesworth, who organized for several cars of local black activists to launch a rescue mission. Led by Colonel Stone Johnson and openly armed with shotguns, the activists held back the mob of Klansmen as the Riders were shuffled from the hospital into the rescue cars. During the ride to Birmingham, the Riders pressed their rescuers for an update on the other Riders, but there was little information other than that the Trailways group had also been attacked upon reached Anniston.

Attack on the Trailways bus

When the Trailways bus arrived in Birmingham, Alabama, it was attacked by a mob of Ku Klux Klan members aided and abetted by police under the orders of Commissioner Bull Connor. As the riders exited the bus, they were beaten by the mob with baseball bats, iron pipes and bicycle chains. Among the attacking Klansmen was Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informant. White Freedom Riders were singled out for especially frenzied beatings; James Peck required more than 50 stitches to the wounds in his head.  Peck was taken to Carraway Methodist Medical Center, which refused to treat him; he was later treated at Jefferson Hillman Hospital.

When reports of the bus burning and beatings reached US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, he urged restraint on the part of Freedom Riders and sent an assistant, John Seigenthaler, to Alabama to try to calm the situation.^{[citation needed]}

Black bystander George Webb is beaten by members of the Ku Klux Klan in Birmingham, Alabama. The man on the right with his back to the camera is FBI informant Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. The photograph was taken by Tommy Langston of the Birmingham Post-Herald, who was chased and beaten by the mob moments after.

Despite the violence suffered and the threat of more to come, the Freedom Riders intended to continue their journey. Kennedy had arranged an escort for the Riders in order to get them to Montgomery, Alabama, safely. However, radio reports told of a mob awaiting the riders at the bus terminal, as well as on the route to Montgomery. The Greyhound clerks told the Riders that their drivers were refusing to drive any Freedom Riders anywhere.

Commemorations

Main article: Freedom Riders National Monument

In January 2017 President Barack Obama established the Freedom Riders National Monument to preserve and commemorate the Freedom Rides. It is administered by the National Park Service.

Anniston murals

Murals and signs in Anniston commemorating the Greyhound bus (top) and the Trailways bus (bottom).

In downtown Anniston two murals have been created to depict the Greyhound and Trailways buses as they would have appeared at the time of the Freedom Rides. They are accompanied by signage which informs readers about the attacks.

Greyhound mural

The Greyhound mural, created by local artist Joseph Giri, is located at 1031 Gurnee Avenue in the alleyway alongside the former Greyhound bus depot where the bus was swarmed by a mob as it arrived in Anniston. The depot itself now functions as an information center dedicated to the Freedom Rides.

Trailways mural

The Trailways mural is located at 900 Noble Street, by the former Trailways station where Klan members forced the Trailways Riders to segregate. An excerpt from the signage states:

When a desegregated bus carrying black and white 'Freedom Riders' arrived at the Trailways Bus Station in Anniston on this date, a group of young white men came aboard to enforce segregated seating: whites in front, blacks in back. The men beat the Riders, forcing them to segregate. After police intervened, the bus continued to Birmingham with the badly injured Freedom Riders kept separated by their attackers.

Bus burning site

State historic marker at the location of the Greyhound bus burning.

Informative signs are also located at the site where the Greyhound bus was set alight after being stopped by the mob. It is located along Old Birmingham Highway/State Route 202.

State Historic Marker

In 2007, an Alabama Historical Marker was erected at the site by the Theta Tau chapter of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.