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Peter Muhlenberg Memorial: Difference between revisions

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In the late 19th century, the site of Muhlenberg Park was the intersection of Grant Road and Chappell Road in rural [[Washington County, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|first1=R. B.|last1=Marshall|first2=Frank|last2=Sutton|title=Washington and Vicinity, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia|edition=1917|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3851p.ct004827/|access-date=May 27, 2019}}</ref> In 1871, Washington County, Washington City, and [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871|were unified]] under one district government, establishing the modern boundaries of [[Washington, D.C.]] Over the following decades, [[Streetcars in Washington, D.C.|motorized streetcars]] made settlement in the far [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|Northwest]] of the city more feasible. In 1907, the completion of [[Taft Bridge|a bridge]] over the [[Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)|Rock Creek]] gorge allowed [[Connecticut Avenue]] to run uninterrupted from downtown to [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]].<ref name="foresthills">{{cite book|first1=Margery L.|last1=Elfin|first2=Paul K.|last2=Williams|title=Images of America: Forest Hills|pages=18–20|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|year=2006|isbn=9780738542997|oclc=76726903}}</ref> As the area was developed, Grant Road was gradually built over and replaced with a [[Grid plan|street grid]], leaving only a few disconnected segments, including the [[Grant Road Historic District]], remaining. Chappell Road was connected to 36th Street NW and renamed, leaving a small, triangular piece of land between it and Connecticut Avenue.<ref name="foresthills"/>
In the late 19th century, the site of Muhlenberg Park was the intersection of Grant Road and Chappell Road in rural [[Washington County, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|first1=R. B.|last1=Marshall|first2=Frank|last2=Sutton|title=Washington and Vicinity, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia|edition=1917|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3851p.ct004827/|access-date=May 27, 2019}}</ref> In 1871, Washington County, Washington City, and [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871|were unified]] under one district government, establishing the modern boundaries of [[Washington, D.C.]] Over the following decades, [[Streetcars in Washington, D.C.|motorized streetcars]] made settlement in the far [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|Northwest]] of the city more feasible. In 1907, the completion of [[Taft Bridge|a bridge]] over the [[Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)|Rock Creek]] gorge allowed [[Connecticut Avenue]] to run uninterrupted from downtown to [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]].<ref name="foresthills">{{cite book|first1=Margery L.|last1=Elfin|first2=Paul K.|last2=Williams|title=Images of America: Forest Hills|pages=18–20|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|year=2006|isbn=9780738542997|oclc=76726903}}</ref> As the area was developed, Grant Road was gradually built over and replaced with a [[Grid plan|street grid]], leaving only a few disconnected segments, including the [[Grant Road Historic District]], remaining. Chappell Road was connected to 36th Street NW and renamed, leaving a small, triangular piece of land between it and Connecticut Avenue.<ref name="foresthills"/>
[[File:Muhlenberg Park street map.jpg|thumb|left|1917 [[United States Geological Survey]] [[topographic map]], with modern streets overlaid. The location of Muhlenberg Park is highlighted in blue.]]
[[File:Muhlenberg Park street map.jpg|thumb|left|1917 [[United States Geological Survey]] [[topographic map]], with modern streets overlaid. The location of Muhlenberg Park is highlighted in blue.]]
In 1925, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Epiphany, located on 16th and [[U Street (Washington, D.C.)|U Street]]s NW, purchased 4900 Connecticut Avenue NW, at the intersection of Connecticut and Ellicott, from the [[Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)#History|Chevy Chase Land Company]], intending to relocate there.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Site is Chosen for Church Edifice|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=June 9, 1925|page=18|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1925-06-09/ed-1/seq-18/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Elfin|Williams|2006|pp=82}}<ref name="90th Anniversary">{{cite web|title=St. Paul's Church Is 90 Years Old|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-9|date=January 7, 1933|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-01-07/ed-1/seq-9/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> The following year, Epiphany agreed to merge with [[St. Paul's Lutheran Church (Washington, D.C.)|St. Paul's English Lutheran Church]], keeping the St. Paul's name and charter and using the Connecticut Avenue site for a new building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lutherans Unite Two D.C. Churches|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=April 29, 1926|page=23|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1926-04-29/ed-1/seq-23/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lutheran Churches Announce Merger|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 30, 1926|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Churches' Merger Now Completed|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=March 5, 1927|page=10|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1927-03-05/ed-1/seq-10/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ChurchPlans">{{cite web|title=$750,000 Lutheran Church is Planned|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=2|date=May 24, 1927|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1927-05-24/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> St. Paul's, founded in 1843 and based at the southwest corner of 11th and [[H Street (Washington, D.C.)|H Street]]s NW since 1845, had grown such that their historic edifice could no longer accommodate the size of the congregation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lutheran Church Has Old History|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=May 1, 1926|page=10|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1926-05-01/ed-1/seq-10/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Paul's Church Unit Dedicated|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-5|date=June 22, 1931|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1931-06-22/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="90th Anniversary"/> The Church set aside the front portion of the new property, cut off from the rest by 36th Street, for donation to the federal government, as a site for a memorial to [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister, [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]] hero, and early-American politician [[Peter Muhlenberg]].<ref name="ChurchPlans"/><ref>{{cite news|title=St. Paul's To Build National Church|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 14, 1930|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ground-Breaking Service Planned|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-9|date=June 19, 1930|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1930-06-14/ed-1/seq-9/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New St. Paul's English Lutheran Church To Be One of Washington's Show Places|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 6, 1930|page=9}}</ref><ref name="WaPo dedication">{{cite web|first=Marianne|last=Bernhard|title=Lutherans Dedicate Muhlenberg Memorial|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 31, 1980|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1980/10/31/lutherans-dedicate-muhlenberg-memorial/fe9db6fb-bb27-4120-b617-dc260db17848/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref>
In 1925, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Epiphany, located on 16th and [[U Street (Washington, D.C.)|U Street]]s NW, purchased 4900 Connecticut Avenue NW, at the intersection of Connecticut and Ellicott, from the [[Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)#History|Chevy Chase Land Company]], intending to relocate there.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Site is Chosen for Church Edifice|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=June 9, 1925|page=18|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1925-06-09/ed-1/seq-18/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Elfin|Williams|2006|pp=82}}<ref name="90th Anniversary">{{cite web|title=St. Paul's Church Is 90 Years Old|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-9|date=January 7, 1933|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-01-07/ed-1/seq-9/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> The following year, Epiphany agreed to merge with [[St. Paul's Lutheran Church (Washington, D.C.)|St. Paul's English Lutheran Church]], keeping the St. Paul's name and charter and using the Connecticut Avenue site for a new building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lutherans Unite Two D.C. Churches|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=April 29, 1926|page=23|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1926-04-29/ed-1/seq-23/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lutheran Churches Announce Merger|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 30, 1926|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Churches' Merger Now Completed|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=March 5, 1927|page=10|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1927-03-05/ed-1/seq-10/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ChurchPlans">{{cite web|title=$750,000 Lutheran Church is Planned|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=2|date=May 24, 1927|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1927-05-24/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> St. Paul's, founded in 1843 and based at the southwest corner of 11th and [[H Street (Washington, D.C.)|H Street]]s NW since 1845, had grown such that their historic edifice could no longer accommodate the size of the congregation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lutheran Church Has Old History|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|date=May 1, 1926|page=10|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1926-05-01/ed-1/seq-10/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Paul's Church Unit Dedicated|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-5|date=June 22, 1931|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1931-06-22/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="90th Anniversary"/> The Church set aside the front portion of the new property, cut off from the rest by 36th Street, for donation to the federal government, as a site for a memorial to [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister, [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]] hero, and early-American politician [[Peter Muhlenberg]].<ref name="ChurchPlans"/><ref>{{cite news|title=St. Paul's To Build National Church|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 14, 1930|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ground-Breaking Service Planned|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=A-9|date=June 19, 1930|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1930-06-14/ed-1/seq-9/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New St. Paul's English Lutheran Church To Be One of Washington's Show Places|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 6, 1930|page=9}}</ref><ref name="WaPo dedication">{{cite news|first=Marianne|last=Bernhard|title=Lutherans Dedicate Muhlenberg Memorial|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 31, 1980|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1980/10/31/lutherans-dedicate-muhlenberg-memorial/fe9db6fb-bb27-4120-b617-dc260db17848/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref>


===Planning===
===Planning===
On May 2, 1928, Congress passed Public Resolution No. 30, authorizing construction of the monument, with funds to be raised by the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association and the design to be approved by the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library]] and the [[United States Commission of Fine Arts|Commission of Fine Arts]].<ref>"Joint Resolution Authorizing the Erection in the District of Columbia of a Monument in Memory of Peter Muhlenberg" ({{USBill|70|HJ|239}}; {{USStat|45|483}}, enacted May 2, 1928).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Capital Sidelights|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=8|date=April 22, 1928|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1928-04-22/ed-1/seq-30/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Memorial City|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=8|date=December 28, 1928|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1928-12-28/ed-1/seq-8/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Congressmen [[Alfred L. Bulwinkle]] of [[North Carolina]], who [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] the resolution, and [[R. Walton Moore]] of [[Virginia]] both spoke in favor of its passage in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Muhlenberg Statue Is Proposed In Bill|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 16, 1928|page=10}}</ref><ref>1928 ''[[Congressional Record]]'', Vol. 69, Page [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt6-v69/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt6-v69-12-2 H6553] (April 16, 1928).</ref> Calling Muhlenberg "one of America's [[Great man theory|great men]]," Bulwinkle opined that "the appreciation of Congress should be given to the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association for the idea of erecting here, in the Capital of the Nation, a fitting monument to serve as a memorial to one of the men who helped to found this Republic."<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech of Hon. Alfred L. Bulwinkle of North Carolina in the House of Representatives, Monday, April 16, 1928|url=https://archive.org/details/fightingparsonof00bulw|date=1928|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|United States Government Printing Office]]|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Before further action could be taken, financial problems caused by the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] resulted in delayed construction of the new church building and a halt in fundraising for the memorial.{{sfn|Elfin|Williams|2006|pp=82}}<ref name="WaPo2018">{{cite web|first=John|last=Kelly|title=A park on Connecticut Avenue NW has a statue of John Muhlenberg. Why?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 7, 2018|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-park-on-connecticut-avenue-nw-has-a-statue-of-john-muhlenberg-why/2018/07/07/ad91b498-813f-11e8-b851-5319c08f7cee_story.html|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=D.C. Park Report Given to Hoover|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=B-11|date=December 3, 1931|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1931-12-03/ed-1/seq-27/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>
On May 2, 1928, Congress passed Public Resolution No. 30, authorizing construction of the monument, with funds to be raised by the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association and the design to be approved by the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library]] and the [[United States Commission of Fine Arts|Commission of Fine Arts]].<ref>"Joint Resolution Authorizing the Erection in the District of Columbia of a Monument in Memory of Peter Muhlenberg" ({{USBill|70|HJ|239}}; {{USStat|45|483}}, enacted May 2, 1928).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Capital Sidelights|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=8|date=April 22, 1928|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1928-04-22/ed-1/seq-30/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Memorial City|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=8|date=December 28, 1928|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1928-12-28/ed-1/seq-8/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Congressmen [[Alfred L. Bulwinkle]] of [[North Carolina]], who [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] the resolution, and [[R. Walton Moore]] of [[Virginia]] both spoke in favor of its passage in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Muhlenberg Statue Is Proposed In Bill|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 16, 1928|page=10}}</ref><ref>1928 ''[[Congressional Record]]'', Vol. 69, Page [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt6-v69/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt6-v69-12-2 H6553] (April 16, 1928).</ref> Calling Muhlenberg "one of America's [[Great man theory|great men]]," Bulwinkle opined that "the appreciation of Congress should be given to the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association for the idea of erecting here, in the Capital of the Nation, a fitting monument to serve as a memorial to one of the men who helped to found this Republic."<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech of Hon. Alfred L. Bulwinkle of North Carolina in the House of Representatives, Monday, April 16, 1928|url=https://archive.org/details/fightingparsonof00bulw|date=1928|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|United States Government Printing Office]]|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Before further action could be taken, financial problems caused by the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] resulted in delayed construction of the new church building and a halt in fundraising for the memorial.{{sfn|Elfin|Williams|2006|pp=82}}<ref name="WaPo2018">{{cite news|first=John|last=Kelly|title=A park on Connecticut Avenue NW has a statue of John Muhlenberg. Why?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 7, 2018|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-park-on-connecticut-avenue-nw-has-a-statue-of-john-muhlenberg-why/2018/07/07/ad91b498-813f-11e8-b851-5319c08f7cee_story.html|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=D.C. Park Report Given to Hoover|work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]]|page=B-11|date=December 3, 1931|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1931-12-03/ed-1/seq-27/|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:St. Paul's Lutheran Church DC.JPG|thumb|right|St. Paul's Lutheran Church from 36th Street NW in 2015]]
[[File:St. Paul's Lutheran Church DC.JPG|thumb|right|St. Paul's Lutheran Church from 36th Street NW in 2015]]
In 1959, the year after the church was completed, a committee was named to begin soliciting funds for the memorial's construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fund Group Is Named On Muhlenberg Statue|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 2, 1959|page=D17}}</ref> Washington attorney and St. Paul's congregant Henry F. Lerch III was instrumental in relaunching the project, serving as chairman of the Memorial Association, with the goal of completing it in time for the [[United States Bicentennial]].<ref name="WaPo dedication"/><ref name="CharlesTown">{{cite web|title=Charles Town Resident Sculptor of Statue Dedicated in Washington|work=[[Spirit of Jefferson and Farmer's Advocate]]|page=5|date=November 6, 1980|url=http://sjf.stparchive.com/page_image.php?paper=SJF&year=1980&month=11&day=6&page=5&mode=F&base=SJF11061980P05&title=Spirit%20of%20Jefferson%20Farmers%20Advocate|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> [[John Harbeson]] of the [[Philadelphia]] firm [[H2L2|Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson]], a former president of the [[National Academy of Design]], was chosen as the architect while [[Charles Town, West Virginia]]-based artist Caroline Muhlenberg Hufford was chosen to sculpt the bust at its center.<ref name="CharlesTown"/><ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web | url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=G1I98048Q3397.39158&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=DC000093&index=.NW&x=9&y=10#focus | title=John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, (sculpture) | publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum | access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Hufford, formerly of [[Reading, Pennsylvania]] and [[Arlington, Virginia]], was a daughter of noted architect and former [[Pennsylvania]] Congressman, [[Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg|Frederick A. Muhlenberg]], and a third great-granddaughter of Peter Muhlenberg.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sam|last=Procopio|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19770613&id=_9ohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bKAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5599,2085803| title=Sculpture Viewed at Heim Dedication| work=[[Reading Eagle]]| page=3|date=June 13, 1977|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> The E. A. Baker Company of Washington was hired as [[general contractor]].<ref name=smithsonian/> Following several changes to the site's preliminary design, including reducing the height of the proposed backing wall, the Commission of Fine Arts gave its approval in September 1975.<ref>{{cite web|first=J. Carter|last=Brown|author-link=J. Carter Brown|title=Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 20 March, 1974 – Exhibit 5|url=https://archive.org/details/cfaminutes20march1974/page/n33|date=March 25, 1974|publisher=[[United States Commission of Fine Arts]]|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=J. Carter|last=Brown|author-link=J. Carter Brown|title=Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 17 September, 1975 – Exhibit C|url=https://archive.org/details/cfaminutes17sept1975/page/n55|publisher=[[United States Commission of Fine Arts]]|date=September 26, 1975|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>1976 ''[[Congressional Record]]'', Vol. 122, Page [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1976-pt3/GPO-CRECB-1976-pt3-8-3 E3685] (February 18, 1976).</ref> The memorial cost $59,430 to build ({{Inflation|US|59430|1979|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="NPS">{{cite web|title= Monuments, Statues and Memorials – Rock Creek Park|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|url=https://www.nps.gov/rocr/learn/historyculture/monuments.htm|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref>
In 1959, the year after the church was completed, a committee was named to begin soliciting funds for the memorial's construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fund Group Is Named On Muhlenberg Statue|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 2, 1959|page=D17}}</ref> Washington attorney and St. Paul's congregant Henry F. Lerch III was instrumental in relaunching the project, serving as chairman of the Memorial Association, with the goal of completing it in time for the [[United States Bicentennial]].<ref name="WaPo dedication"/><ref name="CharlesTown">{{cite web|title=Charles Town Resident Sculptor of Statue Dedicated in Washington|work=[[Spirit of Jefferson and Farmer's Advocate]]|page=5|date=November 6, 1980|url=http://sjf.stparchive.com/page_image.php?paper=SJF&year=1980&month=11&day=6&page=5&mode=F&base=SJF11061980P05&title=Spirit%20of%20Jefferson%20Farmers%20Advocate|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> [[John Harbeson]] of the [[Philadelphia]] firm [[H2L2|Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson]], a former president of the [[National Academy of Design]], was chosen as the architect while [[Charles Town, West Virginia]]-based artist Caroline Muhlenberg Hufford was chosen to sculpt the bust at its center.<ref name="CharlesTown"/><ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web | url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=G1I98048Q3397.39158&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=DC000093&index=.NW&x=9&y=10#focus | title=John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, (sculpture) | publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum | access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Hufford, formerly of [[Reading, Pennsylvania]] and [[Arlington, Virginia]], was a daughter of noted architect and former [[Pennsylvania]] Congressman, [[Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg|Frederick A. Muhlenberg]], and a third great-granddaughter of Peter Muhlenberg.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sam|last=Procopio|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19770613&id=_9ohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bKAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5599,2085803| title=Sculpture Viewed at Heim Dedication| work=[[Reading Eagle]]| page=3|date=June 13, 1977|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> The E. A. Baker Company of Washington was hired as [[general contractor]].<ref name=smithsonian/> Following several changes to the site's preliminary design, including reducing the height of the proposed backing wall, the Commission of Fine Arts gave its approval in September 1975.<ref>{{cite web|first=J. Carter|last=Brown|author-link=J. Carter Brown|title=Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 20 March, 1974 – Exhibit 5|url=https://archive.org/details/cfaminutes20march1974/page/n33|date=March 25, 1974|publisher=[[United States Commission of Fine Arts]]|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=J. Carter|last=Brown|author-link=J. Carter Brown|title=Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 17 September, 1975 – Exhibit C|url=https://archive.org/details/cfaminutes17sept1975/page/n55|publisher=[[United States Commission of Fine Arts]]|date=September 26, 1975|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>1976 ''[[Congressional Record]]'', Vol. 122, Page [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1976-pt3/GPO-CRECB-1976-pt3-8-3 E3685] (February 18, 1976).</ref> The memorial cost $59,430 to build ({{Inflation|US|59430|1979|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="NPS">{{cite web|title= Monuments, Statues and Memorials – Rock Creek Park|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|url=https://www.nps.gov/rocr/learn/historyculture/monuments.htm|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref>


===Dedication===
===Dedication===
Line 38: Line 38:


===Later history===
===Later history===
The memorial and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the [[National Park Service]], a federal agency of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Interior Department]], as part of the [[Rock Creek Park]] administrative area.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="NPS"/> The park runs along the [[Fort Circle Parks]] [[Greenway (landscape)|greenway]], a proposal inspired by an unrealized portion of the [[McMillan Plan]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Sadler|author-link=Christine Sadler|title=One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 10, 1937|page=B5}}</ref> Under its 1968, 2004 and 2010 master plans, the Park Service and [[National Capital Planning Commission]] suggested the creation of a system of trails connecting the Fort Circle Parks, including nearby [[Fort Reno Park|Fort Reno]], to each other and other open spaces in the District.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ideas to Achieve the Full Potential of Washington's Parks and Open Space|pages=33–42|date=April 30, 2010|publisher=[[National Capital Planning Commission]]|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/CapitalSpace_Plan_full.pdf|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>
The memorial and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the [[National Park Service]], a federal agency of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Interior Department]], as part of the [[Rock Creek Park]] administrative area.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="NPS"/> The park runs along the [[Fort Circle Parks]] [[Greenway (landscape)|greenway]], a proposal inspired by an unrealized portion of the [[McMillan Plan]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Sadler|author-link=Christine Sadler|title=One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 10, 1937|page=B5}}</ref> Under its 1968, 2004 and 2010 master plans, the Park Service and [[National Capital Planning Commission]] suggested the creation of a system of trails connecting the Fort Circle Parks, including nearby [[Fort Reno Park|Fort Reno]], to each other and other open spaces in the District.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ideas to Achieve the Full Potential of Washington's Parks and Open Space|pages=33–42|date=April 30, 2010|publisher=[[National Capital Planning Commission]]|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/CapitalSpace_Plan_full.pdf|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>


==Design and location==
==Design and location==
[[File:Peter Muhlenberg Memorial bust detail.jpg|thumb|Detail of the bust by Hufford]]
[[File:Peter Muhlenberg Memorial bust detail.jpg|thumb|Detail of the bust by Hufford]]
The memorial sits in the center of Muhlenberg Park in the [[Quadrants of Washington, D.C.|northwest quadrant]] of Washington, D.C., alongside a segment of [[Wakefield (Washington, D.C.)|Wakefield]]'s eastern border with [[Forest Hills (Washington, D.C.)|Forest Hills]]. The one-acre [[pocket park]] is located on the plot of land bounded by [[Connecticut Avenue]], Ellicott Street, and 36th Street NW.<ref name=survey>{{cite book | title=Washington West Quadrangle, District of Columbia–Maryland–Virginia (Map) | publisher=United States Department of the Interior | author=United States Geological Survey | year=2011 | location=Reston, Virginia | pages=1 : 24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) | oclc=777027791 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Johanne|last=Ostrow|title=City-Shores|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 23, 1980|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/05/23/city-shores/272b4611-2b8e-49ed-8f9f-5c997296eec2/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> It is directly adjacent to St. Paul's Lutheran Church and [[Engine Company 31]], which are to the west and northwest, respectively. Also close by are [[Politics and Prose]] and [[Comet Ping Pong]], one [[City block|block]] up Connecticut Avenue.<ref name="WaPo2018"/>
The memorial sits in the center of Muhlenberg Park in the [[Quadrants of Washington, D.C.|northwest quadrant]] of Washington, D.C., alongside a segment of [[Wakefield (Washington, D.C.)|Wakefield]]'s eastern border with [[Forest Hills (Washington, D.C.)|Forest Hills]]. The one-acre [[pocket park]] is located on the plot of land bounded by [[Connecticut Avenue]], Ellicott Street, and 36th Street NW.<ref name=survey>{{cite book | title=Washington West Quadrangle, District of Columbia–Maryland–Virginia (Map) | publisher=United States Department of the Interior | author=United States Geological Survey | year=2011 | location=Reston, Virginia | pages=1 : 24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic) | oclc=777027791 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Johanne|last=Ostrow|title=City-Shores|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 23, 1980|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/05/23/city-shores/272b4611-2b8e-49ed-8f9f-5c997296eec2/|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> It is directly adjacent to St. Paul's Lutheran Church and [[Engine Company 31]], which are to the west and northwest, respectively. Also close by are [[Politics and Prose]] and [[Comet Ping Pong]], one [[City block|block]] up Connecticut Avenue.<ref name="WaPo2018"/>


The bronze bust of Muhlenberg sits atop a limestone base. The approximately {{convert|4|ft}} high by {{convert|4|ft}} wide sculpture depicts Muhlenberg in civilian dress, with his hands resting on an open [[Bible]] before him. The base, which stands approximately {{convert|8|ft|2|in}} tall, resembles a pulpit and features, on three sides, carvings representing Muhlenberg's contributions to his country as a Clergyman, Soldier, and Statesman.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="German">{{cite book|first=Hans A.|last=Pohlsander|title=German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic|page=42|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|year=2010|isbn=9783034301381|oclc=758707717}}</ref> The Clergyman side features an image of a [[Latin cross]] and the years, "1768–1776" inscribed below it. The Soldier side features an image of a [[saber]] and the years, "1774–1783." The Statesman side features an image of a [[fasces]] and the years, "1787–1807." The inscription at the front of the base reads: "JOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLENBERG, 1746–1807; Serving HIS CHURCH, HIS COUNTRY, HIS STATE." A rectangular concrete [[exedra]] with three plaques, each containing biographical information about Muhlenberg, flanks the rear and sides of the memorial.<ref name="WaPo2018"/><ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="German"/>
The bronze bust of Muhlenberg sits atop a limestone base. The approximately {{convert|4|ft}} high by {{convert|4|ft}} wide sculpture depicts Muhlenberg in civilian dress, with his hands resting on an open [[Bible]] before him. The base, which stands approximately {{convert|8|ft|2|in}} tall, resembles a pulpit and features, on three sides, carvings representing Muhlenberg's contributions to his country as a Clergyman, Soldier, and Statesman.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="German">{{cite book|first=Hans A.|last=Pohlsander|title=German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic|page=42|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|year=2010|isbn=9783034301381|oclc=758707717}}</ref> The Clergyman side features an image of a [[Latin cross]] and the years, "1768–1776" inscribed below it. The Soldier side features an image of a [[saber]] and the years, "1774–1783." The Statesman side features an image of a [[fasces]] and the years, "1787–1807." The inscription at the front of the base reads: "JOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLENBERG, 1746–1807; Serving HIS CHURCH, HIS COUNTRY, HIS STATE." A rectangular concrete [[exedra]] with three plaques, each containing biographical information about Muhlenberg, flanks the rear and sides of the memorial.<ref name="WaPo2018"/><ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="German"/>

Latest revision as of 18:39, 2 May 2024

Peter Muhlenberg Memorial
The memorial in 2019
Map
38°57′13″N 77°04′10″W / 38.95361°N 77.06944°W / 38.95361; -77.06944
LocationMuhlenberg Park, Washington, D.C., United States
Designer
Material
  • bronze (sculpture)
  • limestone (base)
  • concrete (exedra)
Height
  • 4 feet (1.2 m) (sculpture)
  • 8.16 feet (2.49 m) (base)
  • 2 feet (0.61 m) (exedra)
Opening dateOctober 26, 1980
Dedicated toPeter Muhlenberg

The Peter Muhlenberg Memorial is a public monument in Washington, D.C. It honors John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, a Lutheran minister, Continental Army general, Federalist Era American politician, and member of the prominent Muhlenberg family. The memorial is located in a one-acre park bounded by Connecticut Avenue, Ellicott Street, and 36th Street NW on the eastern edge of Washington's Wakefield neighborhood. Designed by architect John Harbeson, it features at its center a bronze bust of Muhlenberg, sculpted by his descendant, Caroline M. Hufford. Completed in 1980, 52 years after its construction was authorized by Congress, attendees at the dedication ceremony included West German ambassador Peter Hermes.

The bronze sculpture of Muhlenberg is displayed on a limestone pedestal and surrounded on three sides by a concrete exedra. The memorial is owned and maintained by the National Park Service, a federal agency of the Interior Department.

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

In the late 19th century, the site of Muhlenberg Park was the intersection of Grant Road and Chappell Road in rural Washington County, D.C.[1] In 1871, Washington County, Washington City, and Georgetown were unified under one district government, establishing the modern boundaries of Washington, D.C. Over the following decades, motorized streetcars made settlement in the far Northwest of the city more feasible. In 1907, the completion of a bridge over the Rock Creek gorge allowed Connecticut Avenue to run uninterrupted from downtown to Chevy Chase, Maryland.[2] As the area was developed, Grant Road was gradually built over and replaced with a street grid, leaving only a few disconnected segments, including the Grant Road Historic District, remaining. Chappell Road was connected to 36th Street NW and renamed, leaving a small, triangular piece of land between it and Connecticut Avenue.[2]

1917 United States Geological Survey topographic map, with modern streets overlaid. The location of Muhlenberg Park is highlighted in blue.

In 1925, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Epiphany, located on 16th and U Streets NW, purchased 4900 Connecticut Avenue NW, at the intersection of Connecticut and Ellicott, from the Chevy Chase Land Company, intending to relocate there.[3][4][5] The following year, Epiphany agreed to merge with St. Paul's English Lutheran Church, keeping the St. Paul's name and charter and using the Connecticut Avenue site for a new building.[6][7][8][9] St. Paul's, founded in 1843 and based at the southwest corner of 11th and H Streets NW since 1845, had grown such that their historic edifice could no longer accommodate the size of the congregation.[10][11][5] The Church set aside the front portion of the new property, cut off from the rest by 36th Street, for donation to the federal government, as a site for a memorial to Lutheran minister, Revolutionary War hero, and early-American politician Peter Muhlenberg.[9][12][13][14][15]

Planning

[edit]

On May 2, 1928, Congress passed Public Resolution No. 30, authorizing construction of the monument, with funds to be raised by the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association and the design to be approved by the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Commission of Fine Arts.[16][17][18] Congressmen Alfred L. Bulwinkle of North Carolina, who sponsored the resolution, and R. Walton Moore of Virginia both spoke in favor of its passage in the House of Representatives.[19][20] Calling Muhlenberg "one of America's great men," Bulwinkle opined that "the appreciation of Congress should be given to the Peter Muhlenberg Memorial Association for the idea of erecting here, in the Capital of the Nation, a fitting monument to serve as a memorial to one of the men who helped to found this Republic."[21] Before further action could be taken, financial problems caused by the Great Depression resulted in delayed construction of the new church building and a halt in fundraising for the memorial.[4][22][23]

St. Paul's Lutheran Church from 36th Street NW in 2015

In 1959, the year after the church was completed, a committee was named to begin soliciting funds for the memorial's construction.[24] Washington attorney and St. Paul's congregant Henry F. Lerch III was instrumental in relaunching the project, serving as chairman of the Memorial Association, with the goal of completing it in time for the United States Bicentennial.[15][25] John Harbeson of the Philadelphia firm Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson, a former president of the National Academy of Design, was chosen as the architect while Charles Town, West Virginia-based artist Caroline Muhlenberg Hufford was chosen to sculpt the bust at its center.[25][26] Hufford, formerly of Reading, Pennsylvania and Arlington, Virginia, was a daughter of noted architect and former Pennsylvania Congressman, Frederick A. Muhlenberg, and a third great-granddaughter of Peter Muhlenberg.[27] The E. A. Baker Company of Washington was hired as general contractor.[26] Following several changes to the site's preliminary design, including reducing the height of the proposed backing wall, the Commission of Fine Arts gave its approval in September 1975.[28][29][30] The memorial cost $59,430 to build (equivalent to $249,492 in 2023).[31]

Dedication

[edit]

The memorial was formally dedicated on Reformation Sunday, October 26, 1980.[26][32][31] Approximately 300 people attended the ceremony, including West German Ambassador to the United States Peter Hermes and Mayor James Lambert of Woodstock, Virginia, the town where Muhlenberg preached prior to the American Revolution; a color guard from Woodstock and about thirty Muhlenberg descendants were also in attendance.[22][25]

Dr. Russell Zimmerman, former pastor of the historic Augustus Lutheran Church in Trappe, Pennsylvania, gave a sermon at a preceding church service, calling Muhlenberg, "a giant among giants of the American fight for justice, liberty and independence."[15] Afterward, Henry Lerch was given the honor of unveiling the statue, and Robert Stanton, Deputy Director of the National Park Service for the National Capital Parks, delivered a speech accepting it on behalf of the federal government.[25]

Later history

[edit]

The memorial and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service, a federal agency of the Interior Department, as part of the Rock Creek Park administrative area.[26][31] The park runs along the Fort Circle Parks greenway, a proposal inspired by an unrealized portion of the McMillan Plan.[33] Under its 1968, 2004 and 2010 master plans, the Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission suggested the creation of a system of trails connecting the Fort Circle Parks, including nearby Fort Reno, to each other and other open spaces in the District.[34]

Design and location

[edit]
Detail of the bust by Hufford

The memorial sits in the center of Muhlenberg Park in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C., alongside a segment of Wakefield's eastern border with Forest Hills. The one-acre pocket park is located on the plot of land bounded by Connecticut Avenue, Ellicott Street, and 36th Street NW.[35][36] It is directly adjacent to St. Paul's Lutheran Church and Engine Company 31, which are to the west and northwest, respectively. Also close by are Politics and Prose and Comet Ping Pong, one block up Connecticut Avenue.[22]

The bronze bust of Muhlenberg sits atop a limestone base. The approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) high by 4 feet (1.2 m) wide sculpture depicts Muhlenberg in civilian dress, with his hands resting on an open Bible before him. The base, which stands approximately 8 feet 2 inches (2.49 m) tall, resembles a pulpit and features, on three sides, carvings representing Muhlenberg's contributions to his country as a Clergyman, Soldier, and Statesman.[26][37] The Clergyman side features an image of a Latin cross and the years, "1768–1776" inscribed below it. The Soldier side features an image of a saber and the years, "1774–1783." The Statesman side features an image of a fasces and the years, "1787–1807." The inscription at the front of the base reads: "JOHN PETER GABRIEL MUHLENBERG, 1746–1807; Serving HIS CHURCH, HIS COUNTRY, HIS STATE." A rectangular concrete exedra with three plaques, each containing biographical information about Muhlenberg, flanks the rear and sides of the memorial.[22][26][37]

The memorial was originally intended to feature two fountains along with a pond or reflecting pool, both to be added during a second phase of construction.[15][25][32] These plans were never realized.

  • Clergyman
    Clergyman
  • Soldier
    Soldier
  • Statesman
    Statesman

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Marshall, R. B.; Sutton, Frank. "Washington and Vicinity, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia" (1917 ed.). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Elfin, Margery L.; Williams, Paul K. (2006). Images of America: Forest Hills. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9780738542997. OCLC 76726903.
  3. ^ "New Site is Chosen for Church Edifice". Evening Star. June 9, 1925. p. 18. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Elfin & Williams 2006, pp. 82.
  5. ^ a b "St. Paul's Church Is 90 Years Old". Evening Star. January 7, 1933. p. A-9. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  6. ^ "Lutherans Unite Two D.C. Churches". Evening Star. April 29, 1926. p. 23. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  7. ^ "Lutheran Churches Announce Merger". The Washington Post. April 30, 1926. p. 10.
  8. ^ "Churches' Merger Now Completed". Evening Star. March 5, 1927. p. 10. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  9. ^ a b "$750,000 Lutheran Church is Planned". Evening Star. May 24, 1927. p. 2. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  10. ^ "Lutheran Church Has Old History". Evening Star. May 1, 1926. p. 10. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  11. ^ "St. Paul's Church Unit Dedicated". Evening Star. June 22, 1931. p. A-5. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  12. ^ "St. Paul's To Build National Church". The Washington Post. June 14, 1930. p. 8.
  13. ^ "Ground-Breaking Service Planned". Evening Star. June 19, 1930. p. A-9. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  14. ^ "New St. Paul's English Lutheran Church To Be One of Washington's Show Places". The Washington Post. September 6, 1930. p. 9.
  15. ^ a b c d Bernhard, Marianne (October 31, 1980). "Lutherans Dedicate Muhlenberg Memorial". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  16. ^ "Joint Resolution Authorizing the Erection in the District of Columbia of a Monument in Memory of Peter Muhlenberg" (H.J.Res. 239; 45 Stat. 483, enacted May 2, 1928).
  17. ^ "Capital Sidelights". Evening Star. April 22, 1928. p. 8. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  18. ^ "The Memorial City". Evening Star. December 28, 1928. p. 8. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  19. ^ "Muhlenberg Statue Is Proposed In Bill". The Washington Post. March 16, 1928. p. 10.
  20. ^ 1928 Congressional Record, Vol. 69, Page H6553 (April 16, 1928).
  21. ^ "Speech of Hon. Alfred L. Bulwinkle of North Carolina in the House of Representatives, Monday, April 16, 1928". United States Government Printing Office. 1928. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d Kelly, John (July 7, 2018). "A park on Connecticut Avenue NW has a statue of John Muhlenberg. Why?". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  23. ^ "D.C. Park Report Given to Hoover". Evening Star. December 3, 1931. p. B-11. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  24. ^ "Fund Group Is Named On Muhlenberg Statue". The Washington Post. May 2, 1959. p. D17.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Charles Town Resident Sculptor of Statue Dedicated in Washington". Spirit of Jefferson and Farmer's Advocate. November 6, 1980. p. 5. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, (sculpture)". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  27. ^ Procopio, Sam (June 13, 1977). "Sculpture Viewed at Heim Dedication". Reading Eagle. p. 3. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  28. ^ Brown, J. Carter (March 25, 1974). "Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 20 March, 1974 – Exhibit 5". United States Commission of Fine Arts. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  29. ^ Brown, J. Carter (September 26, 1975). "Meeting of the Commission of Fine Arts, 17 September, 1975 – Exhibit C". United States Commission of Fine Arts. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  30. ^ 1976 Congressional Record, Vol. 122, Page E3685 (February 18, 1976).
  31. ^ a b c "Monuments, Statues and Memorials – Rock Creek Park". National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  32. ^ a b "Memorial Honors 'Fighting Parson'". Messenger-Inquirer. November 8, 1980. p. 4B. Retrieved May 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ Sadler, Christine (October 10, 1937). "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts". The Washington Post. p. B5.
  34. ^ "Ideas to Achieve the Full Potential of Washington's Parks and Open Space" (PDF). National Capital Planning Commission. April 30, 2010. pp. 33–42. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  35. ^ United States Geological Survey (2011). Washington West Quadrangle, District of Columbia–Maryland–Virginia (Map). Reston, Virginia: United States Department of the Interior. pp. 1 : 24, 000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic). OCLC 777027791.
  36. ^ Ostrow, Johanne (May 23, 1980). "City-Shores". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  37. ^ a b Pohlsander, Hans A. (2010). German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. p. 42. ISBN 9783034301381. OCLC 758707717.
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