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{{About|the various species of raspberry in the plant genus ''Rubus''|the widely cultivated European red raspberry|Rubus idaeus|the eastern North American black raspberry|Rubus occidentalis|other uses|Raspberry (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the various species of raspberry in the plant genus ''Rubus''|the widely cultivated European red raspberry|Rubus idaeus|the eastern North American black raspberry|Rubus occidentalis|other uses|Raspberry (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}

[[File:Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg|thumb|Red-fruited raspberries]]
[[File:Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg|thumb|Red-fruited raspberries]]
[[File:Fertődi kármin málna.JPG|thumb|European ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' raspberry fruits on the plant]]
[[File:Fertődi kármin málna.JPG|thumb|European ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' raspberry fruits on the plant]]
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The '''raspberry''' is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Rubus]]'' of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]], most of which are in the [[subgenus]] ''[[Rubus#Modern classification|Idaeobatus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPi0enEj_PwC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 32: Raspberry Breeding and Genetics |author=Jules Janick |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=9780470593813 }}</ref> The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are [[perennial]] with [[woody plant|woody stems]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189 |page=189 |title=Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles |author=George Bentham |publisher=Lovell Reeve |year=1858 }}</ref>


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World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 [[tonne]]s, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are eaten in various ways, including as whole fruit and in [[Fruit preserves|preserves]], cakes, ice cream, and [[liqueur]]s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Raspberry {{!}} Description, Fruit, Cultivation, Types, & Facts |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/raspberry }}</ref> Raspberries are a rich source of [[vitamin C]], [[manganese]], and [[dietary fiber]].
⚫
The '''raspberry''' is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Rubus]]'' of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]], most of which are in the [[subgenus]] ''[[Rubus#Modern classification|Idaeobatus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPi0enEj_PwC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 32: Raspberry Breeding and Genetics |author=Jules Janick |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011|isbn=9780470593813 }}</ref> The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are [[perennial]] with [[woody plant|woody stems]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189 |page=189 |title=Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles |author=George Bentham |publisher=Lovell Reeve |year=1858}}</ref>

⚫
World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 [[tonne]]s, led by [[Russia]] with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are eaten in various ways, including as whole fruit and in [[Fruit preserves|preserves]], cakes, ice cream, and [[liqueur]]s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Raspberry {{!}} Description, Fruit, Cultivation, Types, & Facts |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= 24 November 2023|access-date=6 December 2023 |url= https://www.britannica.com/plant/raspberry}}</ref> Raspberries are a rich source of [[vitamin C]], [[manganese]], and [[dietary fiber]].


== Description ==
== Description ==
A raspberry is an [[aggregate fruit]], developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angiosperm - Petals, Stamens, Sepals |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |access-date=6 December 2023 |url= https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/The-corolla#ref597008 |quote=consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel }}</ref> What distinguishes the raspberry from its [[blackberry]] relatives is whether or not the torus ([[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the [[fruit]]. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Gina Fernandez |author2=Elena Garcia |author3=David Lockwood |title=Fruit development |url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425030351/https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |url-status=live }}</ref>
A raspberry is an [[aggregate fruit]], developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angiosperm - Petals, Stamens, Sepals |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |access-date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/The-corolla#ref597008 |quote=consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel }}</ref> What distinguishes the raspberry from its [[blackberry]] relatives is whether or not the torus ([[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Gina Fernandez |author2=Elena Garcia |author3=David Lockwood |title=Fruit development |url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425030351/https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development |url-status=live }}</ref>


Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, [[purée]], juice, or [[dried fruit]] used in a variety of grocery products such as [[raspberry pie]]. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.<ref name="Growing Raspberries">{{cite web|last=Strik|first=B.C.|year=2008|title=Growing Raspberries in Your Home Garden|url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f|access-date=23 October 2021|work=Growing Small Fruits|publisher=Oregon State University Extension Service|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060506/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f|url-status=live}}</ref> While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess [[irrigation]] can bring on ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems facing the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, [[purée]], juice, or [[dried fruit]] used in a variety of grocery products such as [[raspberry pie]]. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.<ref name="Growing Raspberries">{{cite web |last=Strik |first=B.C. |year=2008 |title=Growing Raspberries in Your Home Garden |url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f |access-date=23 October 2021 |work=Growing Small Fruits |publisher=Oregon State University Extension Service |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060506/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/0p096714f |url-status=live }}</ref> While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess [[irrigation]] can bring on ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems facing the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


An individual raspberry weighs {{convert|3|–|5|g|oz|abbr=on}} and is made up of around 100 [[drupelet]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |last1=Iannetta |volume=110 |first1=P. P. M. |issue=4 |last2=Wyman |first2=M. |last3=Neelam |first3=A. |last4=Jones |first4=C. |last5=Taylor |first5=M. A. |last6=Davies |first6=H. V. |last7=Sexton |first7=R. |title=A causal role for ethylene and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') drupelets |pages=535–543 |date=December 2000 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x }}</ref> each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.
An individual raspberry weighs {{convert|3|–|5|g|oz|abbr=on}} and is made up of around 100 [[drupelet]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |last1=Iannetta |volume=110 |first1=P. P. M. |issue=4 |last2=Wyman |first2=M. |last3=Neelam |first3=A. |last4=Jones |first4=C. |last5=Taylor |first5=M. A. |last6=Davies |first6=H. V. |last7=Sexton |first7=R. |title=A causal role for ethylene and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') drupelets |pages=535–543 |date=December 2000 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x }}</ref> each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.
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== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Raspberry derives its name from ''raspise'', "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the [[Anglo-Latin]] ''vinum raspeys'', or from ''raspoie'', meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.<ref name="oed">{{cite web|date=2016|title=Raspberry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry|access-date=23 October 2021|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194655/https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry|url-status=live}}</ref> The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English ''rasp'' or "rough berry".<ref name=oed />
Raspberry derives its name from ''raspise'', "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the [[Anglo-Latin]] ''vinum raspeys'', or from ''raspoie'', meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.<ref name="oed">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Raspberry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry |access-date=23 October 2021 |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194655/https://www.etymonline.com/word/raspberry |url-status=live }}</ref> The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English ''rasp'' or "rough berry".<ref name=oed />


== Species ==
== Species ==
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== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation ==
[[File:2010-05-24 Himbeerblüte 01.jpg|right|thumb|Flower]]
[[File:2010-05-24 Himbeerblüte 01.jpg|right|thumb|Flower]]
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from [[hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.<ref name=rhs /> Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as [[Scotland]] or [[Oregon]] or [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per m in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from [[hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.<ref name=rhs /> Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or [[Oregon]] or [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per m in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are [[biennial plant|biennial]] (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brambles (Fruit Production for the Home Gardener)|url=https://extension.psu.edu/brambles-in-the-home-fruit-planting|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Fruit Production for the Home Gardener (Penn State Extension)|language=en-us|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825040021/http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/brambles|url-status=live}}</ref> The flowers can be a major [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s and other pollinators.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are [[biennial plant|biennial]] (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brambles (Fruit Production for the Home Gardener) |url=https://extension.psu.edu/brambles-in-the-home-fruit-planting |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=Fruit Production for the Home Gardener (Penn State Extension) |language=en-us |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825040021/http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/brambles |url-status=live }}</ref> The flowers can be a major [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s and other pollinators.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using [[basal shoot]]s (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.
Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using [[basal shoot]]s (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.
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Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in [[Vermont]]) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.
Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in [[Vermont]]) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.


''Blue raspberry'' is a local name used in [[Prince Edward County, Ontario]], Canada,<ref>{{cite book|last=Woolfrey|first=Sandra Marshall|url=http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf|title=A Country Mouse with one paw in the Village:Growing up in Prince Edward County|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055635/http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of ''R.&nbsp;strigosus'' and ''R.&nbsp;occidentalis''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hedrick|first1=U.P.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up|title=The small fruits of New York|last2=Howe|first2=G.H.|last3=Taylor|first3=O.M.|last4=Berger|first4=A.|last5=Slate|first5=G.L.|last6=Einset|first6=O.|publisher=J. B. Lyon|year=1925|location=Albany, New York|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318115240/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up|url-status=live}} page 96</ref> ''Blue raspberry'' can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, ''[[Rubus leucodermis|R.&nbsp;leucodermis]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
''Blue raspberry'' is a local name used in [[Prince Edward County, Ontario]], Canada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Woolfrey |first=Sandra Marshall |url=http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |title=A Country Mouse with one paw in the Village:Growing up in Prince Edward County |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055635/http://www.sandrawoolfrey.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/countydisc241.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of ''R.&nbsp;strigosus'' and ''R.&nbsp;occidentalis''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=U.P. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |title=The small fruits of New York |last2=Howe |first2=G.H. |last3=Taylor |first3=O.M. |last4=Berger |first4=A. |last5=Slate |first5=G.L. |last6=Einset |first6=O. |publisher=J. B. Lyon |year=1925 |location=Albany, New York |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318115240/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30382#page/10/mode/1up |url-status=live}} page 96</ref> ''Blue raspberry'' can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, ''[[Rubus leucodermis|R.&nbsp;leucodermis]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}


Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.
Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.
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* Fertödi Venus
* Fertödi Venus
* Glen Clova
* Glen Clova
* Glen Moy (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Moy' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 27 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211225/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Glen Moy (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Moy' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211225/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/87734/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Moy-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Killarney
* Killarney
* Latham
* Latham
* Malahat
* Malahat
* Malling Exploit
* Malling Exploit
* Malling Jewel (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Jewel' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 21 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220722/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Malling Jewel (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Jewel' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220722/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/59126/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Jewel-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prelude <ref>{{cite web| url = https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/| title = ''Raspberry Plant Care''| date = 21 October 2021| access-date = 23 October 2021| archive-date = 23 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023021331/https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/| url-status = live}}</ref>
* Prelude <ref>{{cite web |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |title=''Raspberry Plant Care'' |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023021331/https://organicgardeningeek.com/all-about-raspberry-plant-50-varieties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rubin Bulgarski
* Rubin Bulgarski
* Titan
* Titan
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{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Cuthbert
* Cuthbert
* Glen Ample (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Ample' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304042140/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Glen Ample (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Ample' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304042140/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115173/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Ample-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lloyd George
* Lloyd George
* Meeker
* Meeker
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* Coho
* Coho
* Fertödi Rubina
* Fertödi Rubina
* Glen Magna (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Magna' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035950/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Glen Magna (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Glen Magna' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035950/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/115171/Rubus-idaeus-Glen-Magna-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Leo (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Leo' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 27 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227222611/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Leo (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Leo' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227222611/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/73917/Rubus-idaeus-Leo-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Malling Admiral (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Admiral' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 6 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210306114713/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Malling Admiral (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Malling Admiral' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306114713/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/47620/Rubus-idaeus-Malling-Admiral-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Octavia
* Octavia
* Schoenemann
* Schoenemann
* Tulameen (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Tulameen' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 24 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212047/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Tulameen (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Tulameen' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212047/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/129074/Rubus-idaeus-Tulameen-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


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* Amity
* Amity
* Augusta
* Augusta
* Autumn Bliss (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Autumn Bliss' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 27 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205602/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Autumn Bliss (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Autumn Bliss' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205602/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76281/Rubus-idaeus-Autumn-Bliss-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Joan J. (Thornless)
* Joan J. (Thornless)
* Caroline
* Caroline
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* Heritage
* Heritage
* Imara
* Imara
* Joan J<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Joan J' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 4 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034647/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Joan J<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Joan J' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034647/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/195937/Rubus-idaeus-Joan-J-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Josephine
* Josephine
* Kwanza
* Kwanza
* Kweli
* Kweli
* Mapema
* Mapema
* Polka (AGM)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' 'Polka' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 27 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220912/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* Polka (AGM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' 'Polka' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220912/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/226503/Rubus-idaeus-Polka-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rafiki
* Rafiki
* Ripley
* Ripley
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===== Dwarf cultivars =====
===== Dwarf cultivars =====
* {{tdes|Ruby Beauty}} = 'Nr7'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details | title = ''Rubus idaeus'' {{tdes|''Ruby Beauty''}} = 'Nr7' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 17 February 2021 | archive-date = 7 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210607190303/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details | url-status = live }}</ref>
* {{tdes|Ruby Beauty}} = 'Nr7'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |title=''Rubus idaeus'' {{tdes|''Ruby Beauty''}} = 'Nr7' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607190303/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/347371/Rubus-idaeus-Ruby-Beauty-Nr7-(PBR)-(F)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Diseases and pests ===
=== Diseases and pests ===
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the [[raspberry beetle]] (in Europe)<ref name="EPPO-GD-rasp-beetle">{{cite web | title=''Byturus tomentosus'' (BYTUTO){{bracket|World distribution}} | website=Global Database | publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | date=2011-07-01 | url=http://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution | access-date=2021-04-28 | archive-date=2021-04-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105433/https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution | url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Byturus unicolor|raspberry fruitworm]] (in North America),<ref name="iNaturalist-rasp-worm">{{cite web | title=Raspberry Fruitworm Beetle (''Byturus unicolor'') | website=[[iNaturalist]] | url=http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor | language=en | access-date=2021-04-28 | archive-date=2022-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724220041/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor | url-status=live }}</ref> whose larvae can damage raspberries.
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the [[raspberry beetle]] (in Europe)<ref name="EPPO-GD-rasp-beetle">{{cite web |title=''Byturus tomentosus'' (BYTUTO){{bracket|World distribution}} |website=Global Database |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) |date=1 July 2011 |url=http://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105433/https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BYTUTO/distribution |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Byturus unicolor|raspberry fruitworm]] (in North America),<ref name="iNaturalist-rasp-worm">{{cite web |title=Raspberry Fruitworm Beetle (''Byturus unicolor'') |website=[[iNaturalist]] |url=http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |language=en |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724220041/https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/215612-Byturus-unicolor |url-status=live }}</ref> whose larvae can damage raspberries.


''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as it provides an easy entrance point for the spores.
''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as it provides an easy entrance point for the spores.
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==== Animals ====
==== Animals ====
Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the [[Japanese beetle]], which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) |last=Klein |first=M |date=2022-01-07 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.43599 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the [[Japanese beetle]], which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) |last=Klein |first=M |date=7 January 2022 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.43599 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Production ==
== Production ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; whitespace:nowrap; text-align:right;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; whitespace:nowrap; text-align:right;"
|-
|-
|+ {{nowrap|2022 raspberry production by country<ref name="faostat">[[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of raspberries in 2022; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year|date=2024|publisher=United Nations, [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]]|access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>}}
|+ {{nowrap|2022 raspberry production by country<ref name="faostat">[[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] of the United Nations{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Production of raspberries in 2022; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year |date=2024 |publisher=United Nations, [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] |access-date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>}}
|-
|-
|-
|-
|{{RUS}} ||212,000 [[tonne]]s
|{{Flagu|Russia}} ||212,000 [[tonne]]s
|-
|-
|{{MEX}} ||174,000 [[tonne]]s
|{{Flagu|Mexico}} ||174,000 [[tonne]]s
|-
|-
|{{SRB}} ||116,000 [[tonne]]s
|{{Flagu|Serbia}} ||116,000 [[tonne]]s
|-
|-
|{{POL}} ||105,000 [[tonne]]s
|{{Flagu|Poland}} ||105,000 [[tonne]]s
|-
|-
|{{USA}} ||76,000 [[tonne]]s
|{{Flagu|United States}} ||76,000 [[tonne]]s
|-
|-
|'''World''' ||'''948,000 [[tonne]]s'''
|'''World''' ||'''948,000 [[tonne]]s'''
|}
|}
<br>In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 [[tonnes]], led by [[Russia]] with 22% of the world total (table). Other major producers were [[Mexico]], [[Serbia]], [[Poland]], and the [[United States]].
<br>In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 [[tonnes]], led by Russia with 22% of the world total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, Poland, and the United States.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


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}}
}}


Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, and have about 1% each of [[protein]] and [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raspberries supply 53 [[kilocalorie]]s and 6.5 grams of [[dietary fiber]]. Raspberries are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (32% DV), [[manganese]] (32% DV) and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of [[micronutrient]]s (table). Raspberries are a low-[[glycemic index]] food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no [[starch]].<ref name=Nutrition />
Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, and have about 1% each of [[protein]] and fat (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raspberries supply 53 [[kilocalorie]]s and 6.5 grams of [[dietary fiber]]. Raspberries are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (32% DV), [[manganese]] (32% DV) and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of [[micronutrient]]s (table). Raspberries are a low-[[glycemic index]] food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no [[starch]].<ref name=Nutrition />


The [[aggregate fruit]] structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in [[whole food]]s {{ndash}} up to 6% fiber per total weight.<ref name="Nutrition">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2|title=Nutrient data for raw raspberries, USDA Nutrient Database, SR-21|publisher=Conde Nast|date=2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180227/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
The [[aggregate fruit]] structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in [[whole food]]s {{ndash}} up to 6% fiber per total weight.<ref name="Nutrition">{{cite web |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2 |title=Nutrient data for raw raspberries, USDA Nutrient Database, SR-21 |publisher=Conde Nast |date=2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180227/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2053/2 |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>


=== Phytochemicals ===
=== Phytochemicals ===
Raspberries contain [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[anthocyanin]] [[pigment]]s, [[ellagic acid]], [[ellagitannin]]s, [[quercetin]], [[gallic acid]], [[cyanidin]]s, [[pelargonidin]]s, [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]], [[kaempferol]] and [[salicylic acid]].<ref name="ppb">{{cite journal|journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |year=2013|volume=72|pages=79–86|doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.001|pmid=23622736|title=A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries|vauthors=Carvalho E, Franceschi P, Feller A, Palmieri L, Wehrens R, Martens S|bibcode=2013PlPB...72...79C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Food Chemistry |year=2014|volume=160|pages=233–40|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.174|pmid=24799233|title=Quality and chemical composition of ten red raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'' L.) genotypes during three harvest seasons|vauthors=Mazur SP, Nes A, Wold AB, Remberg SF, Aaby K}}</ref> Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.<ref name="ppb" /> Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.<ref name=scidi1>{{cite journal |last2=Fraser |first2=P.D. |last3=Martens |first3=S. |last1=Carvalho |first1=Elisabete |title=Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2013 |volume=139 |issue=1–4 |pages=744–752 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.047 |pmid=23561169 }}</ref>
Raspberries contain [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[anthocyanin]] [[pigment]]s, [[ellagic acid]], [[ellagitannin]]s, [[quercetin]], [[gallic acid]], [[cyanidin]]s, [[pelargonidin]]s, [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]], [[kaempferol]] and [[salicylic acid]].<ref name="ppb">{{cite journal |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |year=2013 |volume=72 |pages=79–86 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.001 |pmid=23622736 |title=A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries |vauthors=Carvalho E, Franceschi P, Feller A, Palmieri L, Wehrens R, Martens S |bibcode=2013PlPB...72...79C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2014 |volume=160 |pages=233–40 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.174 |pmid=24799233 |title=Quality and chemical composition of ten red raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'' L.) genotypes during three harvest seasons |vauthors=Mazur SP, Nes A, Wold AB, Remberg SF, Aaby K }}</ref> Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.<ref name="ppb" /> Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.<ref name=scidi1>{{cite journal |last2=Fraser |first2=P.D. |last3=Martens |first3=S. |last1=Carvalho |first1=Elisabete |title=Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2013 |volume=139 |issue=1–4 |pages=744–752 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.047 |pmid=23561169 }}</ref>


Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=26773014|pmc=4717884|year=2016|last1=Burton-Freeman|first1=B. M.|title=Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=1|pages=44–65|last2=Sandhu|first2=A. K.|last3=Edirisinghe|first3=I|doi=10.3945/an.115.009639}}</ref>
Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=26773014 |pmc=4717884 |year=2016 |last1=Burton-Freeman |first1=B. M. |title=Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=44–65 |last2=Sandhu |first2=A. K. |last3=Edirisinghe |first3=I |doi=10.3945/an.115.009639 }}</ref>


=== Leaves ===
=== Leaves ===
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in [[herbal tea]]s, providing an astringent flavor. In [[herbal medicine|herbal]] and [[traditional medicine]], raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.<ref name=Holst2009>{{cite journal |last1=Holst |first1=Lone |last2=Haavik |first2=Svein |last3=Nordeng |first3=Hedvig |pmid=19880082 |title=Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women? |date=13 June 2009 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=204–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.003 |journal=Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice|hdl=1956/3702 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in [[herbal tea]]s, providing an astringent flavor. In [[herbal medicine|herbal]] and [[traditional medicine]], raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.<ref name=Holst2009>{{cite journal |last1=Holst |first1=Lone |last2=Haavik |first2=Svein |last3=Nordeng |first3=Hedvig |pmid=19880082 |title=Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women? |date=13 June 2009 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=204–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.003 |journal=Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice |hdl=1956/3702 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 05:08, 7 July 2024

This article is about the various species of raspberry in the plant genus Rubus. For the widely cultivated European red raspberry, see Rubus idaeus. For the eastern North American black raspberry, see Rubus occidentalis. For other uses, see Raspberry (disambiguation).

Red-fruited raspberries
European Rubus idaeus raspberry fruits on the plant

The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus.[1] The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems.[2]

World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are eaten in various ways, including as whole fruit and in preserves, cakes, ice cream, and liqueurs.[3] Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, manganese, and dietary fiber.

Description

A raspberry is an aggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower.[4] What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.[5]

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products such as raspberry pie. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water.[6] While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems facing the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.[citation needed]

An individual raspberry weighs 3–5 g (0.11–0.18 oz) and is made up of around 100 drupelets,[7] each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.

  • Halved raspberry, torus does not remain when the fruit is picked
    Halved raspberry, torus does not remain when the fruit is picked
  • Halved blackberry, torus remains when the fruit is picked
    Halved blackberry, torus remains when the fruit is picked

Etymology

Raspberry derives its name from raspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys, or from raspoie, meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin.[8] The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English rasp or "rough berry".[8]

Species

The fruit of four species of raspberry. Clockwise from top left: boulder raspberry, Korean raspberry, Australian native raspberry, and Mauritius raspberry.
Purple-fruited raspberry hybrid

Examples of raspberry species in Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus include:

Several species of Rubus, also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:

Cultivation

Flower

Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9.[9] Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or Oregon or Washington, where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per m in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.[citation needed]

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are biennial (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season).[10] The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators.[citation needed]

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.[11]

Cultivars

Major cultivars

Yellow cultivar

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus.[9] Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.[citation needed]

The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.

Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada,[12] for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of R. strigosus and R. occidentalis.[13] Blue raspberry can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, R. leucodermis.[citation needed]

Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, the first of which was the loganberry. Later notable hybrids include the olallieberry, boysenberry, marionberry, and tayberry; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus has also been achieved.

Selected cultivars

Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Red, Early Summer fruiting
  • Boyne
  • Cascade Dawn
  • Fertödi Venus
  • Glen Clova
  • Glen Moy (AGM)[14]
  • Killarney
  • Latham
  • Malahat
  • Malling Exploit
  • Malling Jewel (AGM)[15]
  • Prelude [16]
  • Rubin Bulgarski
  • Titan
  • Willamette
Red, Mid-summer Fruiting
  • Cuthbert
  • Glen Ample (AGM)[17]
  • Lloyd George
  • Meeker
  • Newburgh
  • Ripley
  • Skeena
  • Cowichan
  • Chemainus
  • Saanich
Red, Late Summer Fruiting
  • Cascade Delight
  • Coho
  • Fertödi Rubina
  • Glen Magna (AGM)[18]
  • Leo (AGM)[19]
  • Malling Admiral (AGM)[20]
  • Octavia
  • Schoenemann
  • Tulameen (AGM)[21]
Red primocane, Autumn fruiting
  • Amity
  • Augusta
  • Autumn Bliss (AGM)[22]
  • Joan J. (Thornless)
  • Caroline
  • Fertödi Kétszertermö
  • Heritage
  • Imara
  • Joan J[23]
  • Josephine
  • Kwanza
  • Kweli
  • Mapema
  • Polka (AGM)[24]
  • Rafiki
  • Ripley
  • Summit
  • Zeva Herbsternte
Yellow primocane, Autumn fruiting
  • Anne
  • Fallgold
  • Fertödi Aranyfürt
  • Goldenwest
  • Golden Queen
  • Honey Queen
  • Jambo
  • Kiwi Gold
Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries)
  • Brandywine
  • Glencoe
  • Royalty
Black
Main article: Rubus occidentalis
  • Black Hawk
  • Bristol
  • Cumberland
  • Jewel
  • Logan
  • Morrison
  • Munger
  • Ohio Everbearer
  • Scepter
Dwarf cultivars
  • Ruby Beauty = 'Nr7'[25]

Diseases and pests

Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the raspberry beetle (in Europe)[26] and the raspberry fruitworm (in North America),[27] whose larvae can damage raspberries.

Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as it provides an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease Verticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

Animals

Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the Japanese beetle, which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations. [28][29]

Production

2022 raspberry production by country[30]
 Russia 212,000 tonnes
 Mexico 174,000 tonnes
 Serbia 116,000 tonnes
 Poland 105,000 tonnes
 United States 76,000 tonnes
World 948,000 tonnes


In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the world total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, Poland, and the United States.

Nutrition

Raspberries, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy220 kJ (53 kcal)
11.94 g
Sugars4.42 g
Dietary fiber6.5 g
0.65 g
1.2 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.032 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.038 mg
Niacin (B3)
4%
0.598 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
7%
0.329 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.055 mg
Folate (B9)
5%
21 μg
Choline
2%
12.3 mg
Vitamin C
29%
26.2 mg
Vitamin E
6%
0.87 mg
Vitamin K
7%
7.8 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
25 mg
Iron
4%
0.69 mg
Magnesium
5%
22 mg
Manganese
29%
0.67 mg
Phosphorus
2%
29 mg
Potassium
5%
151 mg
Zinc
4%
0.42 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water85.8 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[31] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[32]

Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% carbohydrates, and have about 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raspberries supply 53 kilocalories and 6.5 grams of dietary fiber. Raspberries are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (32% DV), manganese (32% DV) and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of micronutrients (table). Raspberries are a low-glycemic index food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no starch.[33]

The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in whole foods – up to 6% fiber per total weight.[33]

Phytochemicals

Raspberries contain phytochemicals, such as anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid.[34][35] Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content.[34] Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.[36]

Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.[37]

Leaves

Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal teas, providing an astringent flavor. In herbal and traditional medicine, raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jules Janick (2011). Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 32: Raspberry Breeding and Genetics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. ISBN 9780470593813.
  2. ^ George Bentham (1858). Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles. Lovell Reeve. p. 189.
  3. ^ "Raspberry | Description, Fruit, Cultivation, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Angiosperm - Petals, Stamens, Sepals". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 December 2023. consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel
  5. ^ Gina Fernandez; Elena Garcia; David Lockwood. "Fruit development". North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  6. ^ Strik, B.C. (2008). "Growing Raspberries in Your Home Garden". Growing Small Fruits. Oregon State University Extension Service. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  7. ^ Iannetta, P. P. M.; Wyman, M.; Neelam, A.; Jones, C.; Taylor, M. A.; Davies, H. V.; Sexton, R. (December 2000). "A causal role for ethylene and endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red-raspberry (Rubus idaeus) drupelets". Physiologia Plantarum. 110 (4): 535–543. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100417.x.
  8. ^ a b "Raspberry". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  9. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  10. ^ "Brambles (Fruit Production for the Home Gardener)". Fruit Production for the Home Gardener (Penn State Extension). Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  11. ^ "High Tunnel Raspberries and Blackberries", Department of Horticulture publication, Cathy Heidenreich, Marvin Pritts, Mary Jo Kelly., and Kathy Demchak
  12. ^ Woolfrey, Sandra Marshall. A Country Mouse with one paw in the Village:Growing up in Prince Edward County (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  13. ^ Hedrick, U.P.; Howe, G.H.; Taylor, O.M.; Berger, A.; Slate, G.L.; Einset, O. (1925). The small fruits of New York. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2021. page 96
  14. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Glen Moy'". RHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Malling Jewel'". RHS. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  16. ^ "Raspberry Plant Care". 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Glen Ample'". RHS. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  18. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Glen Magna'". RHS. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  19. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Leo'". RHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  20. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Malling Admiral'". RHS. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  21. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Tulameen'". RHS. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  22. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Autumn Bliss'". RHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  23. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Joan J'". RHS. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  24. ^ "Rubus idaeus 'Polka'". RHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  25. ^ "Rubus idaeus Ruby Beauty = 'Nr7'". RHS. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  26. ^ "Byturus tomentosus (BYTUTO)[World distribution]". Global Database. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Raspberry Fruitworm Beetle (Byturus unicolor)". iNaturalist. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  28. ^ "Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  29. ^ Klein, M (7 January 2022). Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) (Report). doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.43599.
  30. ^ FAOSTAT of the United Nations"Production of raspberries in 2022; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year". United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  31. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  32. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  33. ^ a b "Nutrient data for raw raspberries, USDA Nutrient Database, SR-21". Conde Nast. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  34. ^ a b Carvalho E, Franceschi P, Feller A, Palmieri L, Wehrens R, Martens S (2013). "A targeted metabolomics approach to understand differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in red and yellow raspberries". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 72: 79–86. Bibcode:2013PlPB...72...79C. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.001. PMID 23622736.
  35. ^ Mazur SP, Nes A, Wold AB, Remberg SF, Aaby K (2014). "Quality and chemical composition of ten red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) genotypes during three harvest seasons". Food Chemistry. 160: 233–40. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.174. PMID 24799233.
  36. ^ Carvalho, Elisabete; Fraser, P.D.; Martens, S. (2013). "Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries". Food Chemistry. 139 (1–4): 744–752. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.047. PMID 23561169.
  37. ^ Burton-Freeman, B. M.; Sandhu, A. K.; Edirisinghe, I (2016). "Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links". Advances in Nutrition. 7 (1): 44–65. doi:10.3945/an.115.009639. PMC 4717884. PMID 26773014.
  38. ^ Holst, Lone; Haavik, Svein; Nordeng, Hedvig (13 June 2009). "Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women?". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 15 (4): 204–8. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.05.003. hdl:1956/3702. PMID 19880082.

Further reading

  • Funt, R.C. / Hall, H.K. (2012). Raspberries (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-791-1
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Look up raspberry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


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