List of Swiss Nobel laureates: Difference between revisions
moving Max Theiler to main list |
update entry on Theiler, Annan, lead section per remarks in FL nom |
||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| bar_width = 12 |
| bar_width = 12 |
||
| width_units = em |
| width_units = em |
||
| data_max = |
| data_max = 9 |
||
| label_type = Field |
| label_type = Field |
||
| data_type = Number of recipients |
| data_type = Number of recipients |
||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| data2 = 7 |
| data2 = 7 |
||
| label3 = Physiology or Medicine |
| label3 = Physiology or Medicine |
||
| data3 = |
| data3 = 9 |
||
| label4 = Literature |
| label4 = Literature |
||
| data4 = 2 |
| data4 = 2 |
||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
First instituted in 1901, the [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nobel Prize facts | website=NobelPrize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ | access-date=27 June 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815021423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
First instituted in 1901, the [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nobel Prize facts | website=NobelPrize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ | access-date=27 June 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815021423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
Among them, |
Among them, 28 [[Switzerland|Swiss]] nationals have been honored with the [[Nobel Prize]].{{refn|group=nb|Some lists, such as the one published by the ''[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]'', count a total of 30 individuals<ref>{{cite web | last=Bauer | first=David | title=Das sind alle Schweizer Nobelpreisträger | trans-title=These are all the Swiss Nobel laureates | website=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] | date=2019-10-11 | url=https://www.nzz.ch/wissenschaft/das-sind-alle-schweizer-nobelpreistraeger-ld.1320041 | language=de | access-date=2024-06-27 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627060723/https://www.nzz.ch/wissenschaft/das-sind-alle-schweizer-nobelpreistraeger-ld.1320041 | url-status=live }}</ref> including some that acquired the nationality after the award, as well as [[Hermann Staudinger]], [[Germany|German]] national who was a Swiss resident.<ref>{{cite web | title=Staudinger, Hermann | website=[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]] | date=2012-11-07 | url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/044507/2012-11-07/ | language=de | access-date=2024-06-27 | archive-date=28 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128203344/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/044507/2012-11-07/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} Additionally, four laureates acquired Swiss citizenship after the award: [[Wolfgang Pauli]] and [[Jack Steinberger]] were [[naturalization|naturalized]], while [[Kofi Annan]] was granted [[honorary citizenship]] from [[Geneva]]. |
||
Ten organizations headquartered in Switzerland have received the [[Nobel Prize for Peace]]. The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has been awarded twice, and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] three times. Four of these organizations were also founded in Switzerland, and they all have their headquarters in [[Geneva]], a city hosting more than 40 international organizations and 750 [[non-governmental organization]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nobel Prize facts | website=NobelPrize.org | date=10 December 2010 | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ | access-date=27 June 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815021423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
Ten organizations headquartered in Switzerland have received the [[Nobel Prize for Peace]]. The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has been awarded twice, and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] three times. Four of these organizations were also founded in Switzerland, and they all have their headquarters in [[Geneva]], a city hosting more than 40 international organizations and 750 [[non-governmental organization]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nobel Prize facts | website=NobelPrize.org | date=10 December 2010 | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ | access-date=27 June 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815021423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
The first [[Nobel Prize for Peace]], awarded in 1901, went to the Swiss humanitarian [[Henry Dunant]]. The latest Swiss laureates are [[Michel Mayor]] and [[Didier Queloz]], who received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2019. The |
The first [[Nobel Prize for Peace]], awarded in 1901, went to the Swiss humanitarian [[Henry Dunant]]. The latest Swiss laureates are [[Michel Mayor]] and [[Didier Queloz]], who received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2019. The 28 prizes are distributed as follows: nine for medicine, seven for chemistry, seven for physics, three for peace, and two for literature. No Swiss national has yet received a [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]. |
||
Switzerland is among the countries with the highest number of Nobel laureates, both [[List of Nobel laureates by country|in total]] and [[List of countries by Nobel laureates per capita|per capita]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mapped: The countries with the most Nobel prize winners per capita | website=The Telegraph | date=2018-03-17 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/countries-nobel-prize-winners-per-capita/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320155142/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/countries-nobel-prize-winners-per-capita/ | archive-date=2017-03-20 | url-status=live | access-date=2024-06-27}}</ref><ref name="SwissInfo2009"/> Several factors have been suggested as possible explanation, including large public funding for research,<ref>{{cite web | title=Wie viel Geld steckt die Schweiz in die Forschung und Entwicklung? | website=Schweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF) | date=2021-09-23 | url=https://www.snf.ch/de/m4pnSCoIlSbhv1jA/news/wie-viel-geld-steckt-die-schweiz-in-die-forschung-und-entwicklung | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205062703/https://www.snf.ch/de/m4pnSCoIlSbhv1jA/news/wie-viel-geld-steckt-die-schweiz-in-die-forschung-und-entwicklung | url-status=live }}</ref> the presence of highly ranked universities such as [[ETH Zürich]] and [[EPFL]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Deshalb bringt die Schweiz so viele Nobelpreisträger hervor | website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) | date=2019-10-08 | url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/nach-physik-auszeichnung-deshalb-bringt-die-schweiz-so-viele-nobelpreistraeger-hervor | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=29 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229084721/https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/nach-physik-auszeichnung-deshalb-bringt-die-schweiz-so-viele-nobelpreistraeger-hervor | url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Switzerland during the World Wars|neutrality of Switzerland in the two World Wars]], which attracted scientists from abroad.<ref name="SwissInfo2009"/> The Nobel Prize has also been often recognized as [[Nobel Prize controversies|being biased]] towards [[Western countries]].<ref>{{cite web | title=How the Nobel Prize has favoured white western men for more than 100 years | website=The Telegraph | date=2014-10-08 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11148871/Nobel-Prize-winners-in-peace-literature-physics-chemistry-economics-mapped-gender.html | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=27 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175137/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11148871/Nobel-Prize-winners-in-peace-literature-physics-chemistry-economics-mapped-gender.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Sample | first=Ian | last2=Devlin | first2=Hannah | title=What's the point of Nobel prizes? | website=the Guardian | date=2019-10-07 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/07/whats-the-point-of-nobel-prizes | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=1 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701130708/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/07/whats-the-point-of-nobel-prizes | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Is the Nobel Prize on Its Way to Being Outdated? | website=The Swaddle | date=2019-10-09 | url=https://www.theswaddle.com/2019-nobel-prize-list-so-far-suggests-prize-is-on-its-way-to-being-outdated | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=23 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323100203/https://www.theswaddle.com/2019-nobel-prize-list-so-far-suggests-prize-is-on-its-way-to-being-outdated | url-status=live }}</ref> According to Nobel laureate [[Werner Arber]], the large number of awards to Swiss nationals is "likely a statistical anomaly".<ref name="SwissInfo2009">{{cite web | author=SWI swissinfo.ch | title=Die Schweiz im Nobel-Boom | website=SWI swissinfo.ch | date=2009-07-23 | url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/leben-und-altern/die-schweiz-im-nobel-boom/7377844 | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112835/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/leben-und-altern/die-schweiz-im-nobel-boom/7377844 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
Switzerland is among the countries with the highest number of Nobel laureates, both [[List of Nobel laureates by country|in total]] and [[List of countries by Nobel laureates per capita|per capita]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mapped: The countries with the most Nobel prize winners per capita | website=The Telegraph | date=2018-03-17 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/countries-nobel-prize-winners-per-capita/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320155142/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/countries-nobel-prize-winners-per-capita/ | archive-date=2017-03-20 | url-status=live | access-date=2024-06-27}}</ref><ref name="SwissInfo2009"/> Several factors have been suggested as possible explanation, including large public funding for research,<ref>{{cite web | title=Wie viel Geld steckt die Schweiz in die Forschung und Entwicklung? | website=Schweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF) | date=2021-09-23 | url=https://www.snf.ch/de/m4pnSCoIlSbhv1jA/news/wie-viel-geld-steckt-die-schweiz-in-die-forschung-und-entwicklung | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205062703/https://www.snf.ch/de/m4pnSCoIlSbhv1jA/news/wie-viel-geld-steckt-die-schweiz-in-die-forschung-und-entwicklung | url-status=live }}</ref> the presence of highly ranked universities such as [[ETH Zürich]] and [[EPFL]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Deshalb bringt die Schweiz so viele Nobelpreisträger hervor | website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) | date=2019-10-08 | url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/nach-physik-auszeichnung-deshalb-bringt-die-schweiz-so-viele-nobelpreistraeger-hervor | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=29 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229084721/https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/nach-physik-auszeichnung-deshalb-bringt-die-schweiz-so-viele-nobelpreistraeger-hervor | url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Switzerland during the World Wars|neutrality of Switzerland in the two World Wars]], which attracted scientists from abroad.<ref name="SwissInfo2009"/> The Nobel Prize has also been often recognized as [[Nobel Prize controversies|being biased]] towards [[Western countries]].<ref>{{cite web | title=How the Nobel Prize has favoured white western men for more than 100 years | website=The Telegraph | date=2014-10-08 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11148871/Nobel-Prize-winners-in-peace-literature-physics-chemistry-economics-mapped-gender.html | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=27 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175137/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11148871/Nobel-Prize-winners-in-peace-literature-physics-chemistry-economics-mapped-gender.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Sample | first=Ian | last2=Devlin | first2=Hannah | title=What's the point of Nobel prizes? | website=the Guardian | date=2019-10-07 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/07/whats-the-point-of-nobel-prizes | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=1 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701130708/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/oct/07/whats-the-point-of-nobel-prizes | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Is the Nobel Prize on Its Way to Being Outdated? | website=The Swaddle | date=2019-10-09 | url=https://www.theswaddle.com/2019-nobel-prize-list-so-far-suggests-prize-is-on-its-way-to-being-outdated | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=23 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323100203/https://www.theswaddle.com/2019-nobel-prize-list-so-far-suggests-prize-is-on-its-way-to-being-outdated | url-status=live }}</ref> According to Nobel laureate [[Werner Arber]], the large number of awards to Swiss nationals is "likely a statistical anomaly".<ref name="SwissInfo2009">{{cite web | author=SWI swissinfo.ch | title=Die Schweiz im Nobel-Boom | website=SWI swissinfo.ch | date=2009-07-23 | url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/leben-und-altern/die-schweiz-im-nobel-boom/7377844 | language=de | access-date=2024-07-01 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112835/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/leben-und-altern/die-schweiz-im-nobel-boom/7377844 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
Line 158: | Line 158: | ||
|"for their discoveries relating to the [[hormone]]s of the [[adrenal cortex]], their structure and biological effects"<ref>{{cite web | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 | website=NobelPrize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1950/reichstein/facts/ | access-date=25 June 2024 | archive-date=5 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405021957/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1950/reichstein/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br/><small>prize shared with [[Edward Calvin Kendall]] and [[Philip Showalter Hench]]</small> |
|"for their discoveries relating to the [[hormone]]s of the [[adrenal cortex]], their structure and biological effects"<ref>{{cite web | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 | website=NobelPrize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1950/reichstein/facts/ | access-date=25 June 2024 | archive-date=5 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405021957/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1950/reichstein/facts/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br/><small>prize shared with [[Edward Calvin Kendall]] and [[Philip Showalter Hench]]</small> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|1951 |
|||
|1951 |
|||
|[[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4|alt=Portrait of Max Theiler]] |
|[[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4|alt=Portrait of Max Theiler]] |
||
!{{sortname|Max|Theiler}}, South African-American virologist and physician |
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Max|Theiler}}, South African-American virologist and physician |
||
|{{date table sorting|30 January 1899}} in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] |
|{{date table sorting|30 January 1899}} in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]{{refn|group=nb|The [[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]] reports that Theiler was Swiss citizen by birth to a Swiss parent; he later acquired honorary citizenship from [[Hasle, Lucerne|Hasle]] in 1952.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=Theiler, Max |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/030111/2013-12-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929211041/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/030111/2013-12-18/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]] |language=de}}</ref> A [[State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation|SERI]] report states he held Swiss citizenship at the time of the award.<ref>{{cite web | title=Higher Education and Research in Switzerland | url=https://www.usi.ch/sites/default/files/storage/attachments/press-higher-education-and-research-switzerland-sefri.pdf | access-date=2024-07-19 |page=16 |website=[[State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation|SERI]]}}</ref>}} |
||
|{{date table sorting|11 August 1972}} in [[New Haven]], [[USA]] |
|{{date table sorting|11 August 1972}} in [[New Haven]], [[USA]] |
||
|[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] |
|[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] |
||
Line 296: | Line 296: | ||
|{{date table sorting|12 December 2020}} in [[Geneva]] |
|{{date table sorting|12 December 2020}} in [[Geneva]] |
||
|[[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] |
|[[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] |
||
|"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the [[doublet state|doublet]] structure of the [[lepton]]s through the discovery of the [[muon neutrino]]"<ref>{{cite web | title=The Nobel Prize in |
|"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the [[doublet state|doublet]] structure of the [[lepton]]s through the discovery of the [[muon neutrino]]"<ref>{{cite web | title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 | website=NobelPrize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1988/steinberger/facts/ | access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref><br/><small>prize shared with [[Leon M. Lederman]] and [[Melvin Schwartz]]</small> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;"|2001 |
| style="text-align:center;"|2001 |
||
|[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4|alt=Portrait of Kofi Annan]] |
|[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4|alt=Portrait of Kofi Annan]] |
||
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Kofi|Annan}}, Ghanaian diplomat, [[secretary-general of the United Nations]] |
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Kofi|Annan}}, Ghanaian diplomat, [[secretary-general of the United Nations]] |
||
|{{date table sorting|8 April 1938}} in [[Kumasi]], [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]]<br/><small>acquired honorary citizenship from [[Geneva]] in 2001<ref name="SwissInfo2009"/></small> |
|{{date table sorting|8 April 1938}} in [[Kumasi]], [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]]<br/><small>acquired honorary citizenship from [[Geneva]] in 2001<ref name="SwissInfo2009"/>{{refn|group=nb|In Swiss law, a honorary citizenship does not have the same effects of [[naturalization]].<ref>{{cite web | title= | url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20180215/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20180215-de-pdf-a.pdf | access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>|page=5|title=Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht|title-trans=Federal Law on Swiss Citizenship|lang=de|website=Fedlex}}</small> |
||
|{{date table sorting|18 August 2018}} in [[Bern]] |
|{{date table sorting|18 August 2018}} in [[Bern]] |
||
|[[Nobel Prize for Peace|Peace]] |
|[[Nobel Prize for Peace|Peace]] |
Revision as of 07:27, 19 July 2024
Field | Number of recipients |
---|---|
Physics | |
Chemistry | |
Physiology or Medicine | |
Literature | |
Peace | |
Economic Sciences |
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences[nb 1],[1] instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[2] They are widely recognized as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.[3]
First instituted in 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023[update].[4] Among them, 28 Swiss nationals have been honored with the Nobel Prize.[nb 2] Additionally, four laureates acquired Swiss citizenship after the award: Wolfgang Pauli and Jack Steinberger were naturalized, while Kofi Annan was granted honorary citizenship from Geneva.
Ten organizations headquartered in Switzerland have received the Nobel Prize for Peace. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded twice, and the International Committee of the Red Cross three times. Four of these organizations were also founded in Switzerland, and they all have their headquarters in Geneva, a city hosting more than 40 international organizations and 750 non-governmental organizations.[7]
The first Nobel Prize for Peace, awarded in 1901, went to the Swiss humanitarian Henry Dunant. The latest Swiss laureates are Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019. The 28 prizes are distributed as follows: nine for medicine, seven for chemistry, seven for physics, three for peace, and two for literature. No Swiss national has yet received a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Switzerland is among the countries with the highest number of Nobel laureates, both in total and per capita.[8][9] Several factors have been suggested as possible explanation, including large public funding for research,[10] the presence of highly ranked universities such as ETH Zürich and EPFL,[11] and the neutrality of Switzerland in the two World Wars, which attracted scientists from abroad.[9] The Nobel Prize has also been often recognized as being biased towards Western countries.[12][13][14] According to Nobel laureate Werner Arber, the large number of awards to Swiss nationals is "likely a statistical anomaly".[9]
Laureates
Year | Image | Laureate | Born | Died | Field | Rationale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Henry Dunant, co-founder of the Red Cross | 8 May 1828 in Geneva | 30 October 1910 in Heiden | Peace | "for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding"[15] prize shared with Frédéric Passy | |
1902 | Charles Albert Gobat, politician and director of the Permanent International Peace Bureau | 21 May 1843 in Tramelan | 16 March 1914 in Bern | Peace | "for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[16] prize shared with Élie Ducommun | |
1902 | Élie Ducommun, peace activist and director of the Permanent International Peace Bureau | 19 February 1833 in Geneva | 7 December 1906 in Bern | Peace | "for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau"[17] prize shared with Charles Albert Gobat | |
1909 | Emil Theodor Kocher, physician who introduced scientific methods in surgery | 28 August 1841 in Bern | 27 July 1917 in Bern | Physiology or Medicine | "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[18] | |
1913 | Alfred Werner, professor at the University of Zurich | 12 December 1866 in Mulhouse, France acquired Swiss citizenship in 1894[19] |
15 November 1919 in Zurich | Physiology or Medicine | "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"[20] | |
1919 | Carl Spitteler, poet and writer | 24 April 1845 in Liestal | 29 December 1924 in Lucerne | Literature | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[21] | |
1920 | Charles Édouard Guillaume, physicist, head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 15 February 1861 in Fleurier | 13 June 1938 in Sèvres, France | Physics | "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"[22] | |
1921 | Albert Einstein, theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity | 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Germany acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901[23] |
18 April 1955 in Princeton, USA | Physics | "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[24] | |
1937 | Paul Karrer, organic chemist known for his contributions on vitamins | 21 April 1889 in Moscow, Russia | 18 June 1971 in Zurich | Chemistry | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"[25] prize shared with Norman Haworth | |
1939 | Leopold Ružička, chemist, professor at ETH Zurich | 13 September 1887 in Vukovar, Austria-Hungary acquired Swiss citizenship in 1917[26] |
26 September 1976 in Zurich | Chemistry | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[27] prize shared with Adolf Butenandt | |
1946 | Hermann Hesse, poet, novelist and painter | 2 July 1877 in Calw, Germany acquired Swiss citizenship in 1924[28] |
9 August 1962 in Montagnola | Literature | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[29] | |
1948 | Paul Hermann Müller, chemist at J. R. Geigy AG who synthesized DDT | 12 January 1899 in Olten | 12 October 1965 in Basel | Physiology or Medicine | "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[30] | |
1949 | Walter Rudolf Hess, physiologist and professor at the University of Zurich who mapped areas of the brain | 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld | 12 August 1973 in Ascona | Chemistry | "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[31] prize shared with Egas Moniz | |
1950 | Tadeusz Reichstein, chemist and professor at the University of Basel who contributed to the isolation of cortisone | 20 July 1897 in Wloclawek, Poland acquired Swiss citizenship in 1914[32] |
1 August 1996 in Basel | Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[33] prize shared with Edward Calvin Kendall and Philip Showalter Hench | |
1951 | Max Theiler, South African-American virologist and physician | 30 January 1899 in Pretoria, South Africa[nb 3] | 11 August 1972 in New Haven, USA | Physiology or Medicine | "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[36] | |
1952 | Felix Bloch, physicist, first director-general of CERN and among the developers of nuclear magnetic resonance | 23 October 1905 in Zurich | 10 September 1983 in Zurich | Physics | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[37] prize shared with Edward Mills Purcell | |
1957 | Daniel Bovet, pharmacologist who discovered antihistamines | 23 March 1907 in Neuchâtel | 8 April 1992 in Rome, Italy | Physiology or Medicine | "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[38] | |
1975 | Vladimir Prelog, organic chemist, professor at ETH Zurich | 23 July 1906 in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary acquired Swiss citizenship in 1959[39] |
7 January 1998 in Zurich | Chemistry | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[40] prize shared with John Cornforth | |
1978 | Werner Arber, microbiologist and geneticist, professor at the University of Geneva and Basel | 3 June 1929 in Gränichen | — | Physiology or Medicine | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[41] prize shared with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith | |
1986 | Heinrich Rohrer, physicist, IBM Fellow | 6 June 1933 in Buchs | 16 May 2013 in Wollerau | Physics | "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[42] prize shared with Gerd Binning and Ernst Ruska | |
1987 | K. Alex Müller, physicist, IBM Fellow | 20 April 1927 in Basel | 9 January 2023 in Zurich | Physics | "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[43] prize shared with J. Georg Bednorz | |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst, physical chemist, professor at ETH Zurich | 14 August 1933 in Winterthur | 4 June 2021 in Winterthur | Chemistry | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[44] | |
1992 | Edmond H. Fischer, biochemist, professor at the University of Washington | 6 April 1920 in Shanghai, China acquired Swiss citizenship in 1947[45] |
27 August 2021 in Seattle, USA | Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[46] prize shared with Edwin G. Krebs | |
1996 | Rolf M. Zinkernagel, professor of experimental immunology at the University of Zurich | 6 January 1944 in Basel | — | Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[47] prize shared with Peter C. Doherty | |
2002 | Kurt Wüthrich, chemist and biophysicist, professor at ETH Zurich and The Scripps Research Institute | 4 October 1938 in Aarburg | — | Chemistry | "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[48] prize shared with John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka | |
2017 | Jacques Dubochet, biophysicist, professor at the University of Lausanne | 8 June 1942 in Aigle | — | Chemistry | "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"[49] prize shared with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson | |
2019 | Michel Mayor, astrophysicist, professor at the University of Geneva | 12 January 1942 in Lausanne | — | Physics | "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"[50] prize shared with Jim Peebles and Didier Queloz | |
2019 | Didier Queloz, astronomer, professor at the University of Cambridge and Geneva | 23 February 1966 in Geneva | — | Physics | "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"[51] prize shared with Jim Peebles and Michel Mayor |
Individuals who acquired Swiss citizenship after the award
Year | Image | Laureate | Born | Died | Field | Rationale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1945 | Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian theoretical physicist and pioneer of quantum mechanics | 25 April 1900 in Vienna, Austria naturalized Swiss in 1949 (place of origin: Zollikon)[52][nb 4] |
15 December 1958 in Zurich | Physics | "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"[54] | |
1988 | Jack Steinberger, American physicist noted for his work with neutrinos | 25 May 1921 in Bad Kissingen, Germany naturalized Swiss in 2000 (place of origin: Geneva)[55] |
12 December 2020 in Geneva | Physics | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[56] prize shared with Leon M. Lederman and Melvin Schwartz | |
2001 | Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat, secretary-general of the United Nations | 8 April 1938 in Kumasi, Gold Coast acquired honorary citizenship from Geneva in 2001[9][nb 5] |
18 August 2018 in Bern | Peace | "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[58] prize shared with the United Nations |
Organizations headquartered in Switzerland who received the Peace Nobel
Year | Logo | Organization | Founded | Headquarters | Rationale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1910 | Permanent International Peace Bureau | 1891, Bern | Geneva; since 2017 Berlin, Germany[59] | "for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement"[60] | |
1917 | International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) | 1863, Geneva | Geneva | "for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families"[61] | |
1938 | — | Nansen International Office for Refugees | 1921, Geneva | Geneva | "for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe"[62] |
1944 | International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) | 1863, Geneva | Geneva | "for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity"[63] | |
1954 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) | 1950, Geneva | Geneva | "for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world"[64] | |
1963 | International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) | 1863, Geneva | Geneva | "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"[65] prize shared with the League of Red Cross Societies | |
1963 | League of Red Cross Societies | 1919, Paris, France | Geneva | "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"[66] prize shared with the International Committee of the Red Cross | |
1969 | International Labour Organization (ILO) | 1919, Geneva | Geneva | "for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country"[67] | |
1981 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) | 1950, Geneva | Geneva | "for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees"[68] | |
1997 | International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) | 1992, USA | Geneva | "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[69] prize shared with Jody Williams | |
1999 | Doctors Without Borders | 1971, Paris, France | Geneva | "in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[70] | |
2007 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | 1988, New York City, USA | Geneva | "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[71] prize shared with Al Gore | |
2017 | International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) | 2007, Australia | Geneva | "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"[72] |
See also
- Science and technology in Switzerland
- List of international organizations based in Geneva
- List of Nobel laureates by country
Footnotes
- ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences is an addditional prize that was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award and the winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.[1]
- ^ Some lists, such as the one published by the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, count a total of 30 individuals[5] including some that acquired the nationality after the award, as well as Hermann Staudinger, German national who was a Swiss resident.[6]
- ^ The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland reports that Theiler was Swiss citizen by birth to a Swiss parent; he later acquired honorary citizenship from Hasle in 1952.[34] A SERI report states he held Swiss citizenship at the time of the award.[35]
- ^ Pauli's initial application for Swiss citizenship in 1940 was refused as he was deemed "not assimilable".[53]
- ^ In Swiss law, a honorary citizenship does not have the same effects of naturalization.[57]
References
- ^ a b "Nobel Prizes–Britannica". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "A short guide to the Nobel Prize". Swedish Institute. 7 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "Nobel Prize facts". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ Bauer, David (11 October 2019). "Das sind alle Schweizer Nobelpreisträger" [These are all the Swiss Nobel laureates]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Staudinger, Hermann". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Nobel Prize facts". NobelPrize.org. 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Mapped: The countries with the most Nobel prize winners per capita". The Telegraph. 17 March 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d SWI swissinfo.ch (23 July 2009). "Die Schweiz im Nobel-Boom". SWI swissinfo.ch (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Wie viel Geld steckt die Schweiz in die Forschung und Entwicklung?". Schweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF) (in German). 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Deshalb bringt die Schweiz so viele Nobelpreisträger hervor". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "How the Nobel Prize has favoured white western men for more than 100 years". The Telegraph. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ Sample, Ian; Devlin, Hannah (7 October 2019). "What's the point of Nobel prizes?". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Is the Nobel Prize on Its Way to Being Outdated?". The Swaddle. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1902". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1902". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Werner, Alfred". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Einstein, Albert". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Ruzicka, Leopold". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Hesse, Hermann". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ Rothschild, Miriam (1999). "Tadeus Reichstein. 20 July 1897 — 1 August 1996: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1952". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 45: 449–467. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0030. ISSN 0080-4606.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "Theiler, Max". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Higher Education and Research in Switzerland" (PDF). SERI. p. 16. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". NobelPrize.org. 11 August 1972. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Prelog, Vladimir". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Fischer, Edmond Henri". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". NobelPrize.org. 8 June 1942. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Pauli, Wolfgang". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ Huber, Christian John (5 February 2021). "«Nicht assimilierbar»: Die erfolglose Einbürgerung Wolfgang Paulis" [«Not assimilable»: The unsuccessful naturalization of Wolfgang Pauli]. ETHeritage (in German). Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". NobelPrize.org. 25 April 1900. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Steinberger, Jack". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20180215/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20180215-de-pdf-a.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". NobelPrize.org. 8 April 1938. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "A short history of the International Peace Bureau: 1990 – 2017* – CNDP". CNDP – Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1910". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1917". NobelPrize.org. 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1938". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1944". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1954". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1963". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1963". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1969". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1981". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1997". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2017". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.