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===Tropical Storm Henriette===
===Hurricane Henriette===
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Revision as of 08:45, 6 August 2013


2013 Pacific hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 15, 2013
Last system dissipatedSeason still active
Strongest storm
NameCosme
 • Maximum winds85 mph (140 km/h)
 • Lowest pressure981 mbar (hPa; 28.97 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions8
Total storms8
Hurricanes6
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		0
Total fatalities9 confirmed, 4 missing
Total damage$1 million (2013 USD)
Related article
Pacific hurricane seasons
2011, 2012, 2013, Post-2013

The 2013 Pacific hurricane season was one of five Pacific hurricane seasons to feature two tropical cyclones in May. The season officially began on May 15, 2013 in the Eastern Pacific and started on June 1, 2013 in the Central Pacific. Both will end on November 30, 2013. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin. However, the formation of a storm is possible at any time.[1]

The second storm of the season, Hurricane Barbara, which brought widespread heavy rains to much of Southwestern Mexico and Central America. Damage estimates from the storm range from $750,000 to $1 million (2013 USD); four people were killed and four others are reportedly missing. In addition to Barbara, Hurricane Cosme killed three people despite remaining far offshore the Mexican coast. Hurricane Dalila and Hurricane Erick also brought slight effects to the region as well, the latter killed two people. Later that month, Tropical Storm Flossie threatened to become the first storm to make a "direct hit" on Hawaii in 20 years, causing minimal damage.

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2013 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1971–2006) 15.3 8.8 4.2
Record high activity 28 16 (tie) 10
Record low activity 8 (tie) 3 0† (tie)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
NOAA May 23, 2013 11-16 5-8 1-4
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Actual activity
 8 5 0

On May 22, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Central Pacific Hurricane Center announced a below-normal season in the Central Pacific warning zone this year. The outlook calls for a 70 percent chance of a below-normal season, a 25 percent chance of a near-normal season, and a 5 percent chance of an above-normal season. They anticipated 1 to 3 tropical cyclones to affect the central Pacific this season. On average, 4 to 5 tropical cyclones either form in or enter the warning zone. The main reason for below-normal activity was due to a combination of neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions and the fact that the region was in a low phase of a Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is known to suppress activity in the region. Despite this, meteorologists advised all residents of the Hawaiian Island group to be prepared for the upcoming hurricane season.[2]

Seasonal summary

See also: Timeline of the 2013 Pacific hurricane season
Tropical Storm Flossie (2013)Hurricane Erick (2013)Hurricane BarbaraSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

The season's first tropical storm formed on May 15,[3] coinciding with the official start of the Pacific hurricane season.[4] On average, a tropical cyclone develops in May in the eastern Pacific every other year; however, the last Pacific hurricane season to not feature at least one tropical cyclone in May was the 2011 season.[5] The formation of Barbara in late May marked only the fifth time since 1949 that two tropical storms formed during the month, with the other seasons being 1956, 1984, 2007, and 2012.[6][7][8] The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) for the season thus far is 26.6275 for the Eastern Pacific and 1.9425 for the Central Pacific.[nb 1]

Storms

Tropical Storm Alvin

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMay 15 – May 17
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1003 mbar (hPa)

A weak low-pressure area embedded within the monsoon trough of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) west of Costa Rica was monitored by the National Hurricane Center on May 12.[9] Moving westward, the low steadily organized and developed a broad atmospheric circulation late on May 14;[10] the system was effectively given a medium chance of tropical cyclone formation within a two-day interval.[11] At 1500 UTC on May 15, following further development of the disturbance, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression One-E, at the time situated 650 mi (1,045 km) south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico.[12] The disturbance organized quickly and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alvin six hours later.[3] Initially forecast to intensify an upper-end Category 1 hurricane,[13] the tropical storm peaked in intensity at 0900 UTC on May 16, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1003 mbar (29.62 inHg) instead.[14]

After Alvin attained its peak intensity, the storm's close proximity to the ITCZ caused it to become less organized as the low-level center of circulation became increasingly difficult to locate.[15] With no evidence of a closed low-level circulation, the NHC downgraded Alvin to a trough by 0900 UTC on May 17.[16] Although moderate to strong thunderstorms briefly reformed east of the remnant's center,[17] the activity quickly decreased on May 20.[18][19] The remnants of Alvin were last monitored by the NHC on May 24, after moving out of the National Hurricane Center's area of responsibility and into Central Pacific Hurricane Center's warning zone.[20]

Hurricane Barbara

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationMay 28 – May 30
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
990 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Barbara (2013)

A low pressure area meandered along the East Pacific region for a few days in late May. The system then managed to gain latitude as it moved through the northeast, along the Gulf of Tehuantepec.[21] The system was declared Tropical Depression Two-E at 2100 UTC on May 28, while located about 165 mi (265 km) south-southwest of Salina Cruz, Mexico.[22] The depression strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Barbara at 0000 UTC on the following day.[23] Initially expected to remain a tropical storm before landfall, Barbara had been trying to form an eye, and based on microwave imageries, an eyewall was trying to form. Further deepening and organization occurred, with an eye already visible on satellite, and a partial eyewall already present,[citation needed] and Barbara was upgraded to a hurricane at 1800 UTC May 29.[24] A few hours after reaching hurricane status, the eye of the hurricane made landfall in Chiapas.[25] Immediately after making landfall, Barbara was affected by the high terrains of Southern Mexico, and it weakened to a tropical storm a few hours after landfall[26] and was declared a depression on May 30.[27] The last advisory was issued by the NHC at 2100 UTC May 30.[28] The remnants of Barbara were monitored until June 1, when the remaining activity from the system finally dissipated over the Bay of Campeche.[29]

The precursor disturbance to brought light to moderate rainfall to El Salvador,[30] where one person was killed.[31] In Mexico, rainfall peaked at 470 mm (19 in).[32] Even though Hurricane Barbara struck a largely undeveloped stretch of coastal lagoons, containing small fishing villages,[33] two elderly people were killed in Oaxaca.[34] Furthermore, 14 fishermen went missing off the coast of Tapanatepec;[35][36] eight of which were quickly found alive.[37] The towns of Tonala and Arriaga were the worst affected by the hurricane.[38] Although damage was minor,[39] 50 people were evacuated and 2,000 homes were damaged.[40] Throughout the region, 57,000 people were homeless and 10,000 hectares of crops were destroyed.[41] Crop losses were estimated at 10–15 million pesos ($750,000–$1.1 million USD).[42]

Hurricane Cosme

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 23 – June 27
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
981 mbar (hPa)

Early on June 20, the NHC began monitoring a tropical disturbance several hundred southeast of Acapulco.[43] after becoming more organized, at 1500 UTC on June 23, the system was designated as Tropical Depression Three-E.[44] Based on data via Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) passes, the cyclone was upgraded to Tropical Storm Cosme.[45] Tracking west-northwestward around the southwestern edge of a ridge over central Mexico,[46] Cosme gradually became better organized with banding features wrapping into deep convection near the storm's center.[47] Following a rapid improvement of the inner core on June 25 and the formation of eye, Cosme attained hurricane status.[48] The system reached peak intensity late on June 25 with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 981 mbar (hPa; 28.97 inHg).[49] Shortly after its peak, Cosme moved over and area of lower sea surface temperatures, causing convection to erode significantly.[50] Cosme weakened below hurricane strength on June 26 as its thunderstorm activity dissipated.[51] Continuing to weaken, the storm storm's winds soon decreased below tropical storm-force.[52] At 2100 UTC on June 27, the NHC declared Cosme a post-tropical cyclone.[53] The remnants of Cosme continued westwards before degenerating into a surface trough on July 1.[54]

Due to the storm's large size,[55] a "green" alert (low risk) was issued for the states of Colima, Jalisco and Michoacan while a "blue" alert (minimum risk) was placed into effect for the states of Nayarit, Guerrero,[56] and Baja California Sur.[57] As the system passed through the Revillagigedo Islands, wind reached 42 mph (68 km/h) on Socorro Island.[58] The outer rainbands brought moderate rains to Guerrero,[59] causing minor flooding in Acapulco. Across the state, the storm generated 24 landslides,[60] which blocked highways.[59] Two people were killed in the Guerrero, one a tourist that drowned in Zihuatanejo[61] and the other a police officer in an airplane crash that injured 19 others.[62] High seas flooded numerous buildings across coastal towns in Colima,[63][64] damaging 34 tourist facilities in the latter state.[65] Additionally, many restaurants built of wood and coconut were damaged. In Manzanillo, the port was closed to small craft.[66] Another person was killed offshore Colima.[65] Even further north, the port of Mazatlan was closed for small craft interests.[67] Overall, 50 homes were damaged by the storm.[68]

Hurricane Dalila

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 30 – July 7
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
987 mbar (hPa)

On June 26, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring a newly formed area of disturbed weather to the south of Acapulco, Mexico.[69] At the time, upper-level winds prevented organization,[70] but as shear slowly lowered, gradual consolidation of the system occurred.[71] Convection decreased in coverage and intensity the following day, but a thunderstorm increase the following morning led to the formation of Tropical Depression Four-E at 0300 UTC on June 30, while situated 375 mi (605 km) south-southeast of Manzanillo, Colima.[72] Though the system did not become better organized, a relocation of the center within the convection prompted the NHC to upgrade Four-E to Tropical Storm Dalila several hours later.[73] Convection improved and a prominent rainband became developed. An eye became visible on both microwave and visible satellite imagery on July 2, prompting the NHC to upgrade Dalila to a Category 1 hurricane.[74] Easterly wind shear and dry air caused the hurricane to lose organization early on July 3,[75] and by later that day, Dalila began to weaken rapidly. At 2100 UTC, the NHC downgraded the system to a tropical storm.[76] The center became displaced from much of the convective activity, and it became exposed early on July 4.[77] Occasional bursts of short-lived convection allowed Dalila to remain a tropical depression through the afternoon of July 6.

When Dalila threatened Western Mexico, the states of Colima, Michoacan, and Jalisco went under a yellow alert; Nayarit was placed on a green alert. Blue alerts were issued for Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Guerrero, and Oaxaca.[78] The port of Manzanillo was closed as a precaution, where the storm brought rain and storm surge.[79] The outer rainbands of the storm also brought moderate to heavy rainfall along coastal areas of Colima and Jalisco.[80] A total of 49 structures were damaged due to the storm.[81][82]

Hurricane Erick

Main article: Hurricane Erick (2013)
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 4 – July 9
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
984 mbar (hPa)

An area of disturbed weather developed in the Gulf of Tehuantepec on July 1.[83] A broad area of low pressure formed in conjunction with the disturbance on July 2.[84] Shower and thunderstorm activity expanded over a well-defined center of circulation early on July 4, prompting the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Five-E at 1500 UTC.[85] Following an increase in spiral banding and the development of a mass of extremely cold cloud-tops, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erick at 0300 UTC on July 5.[86]

Following the storm's designation, a tropical storm warning was issued from Acapulco to La Fortuna;[87] an orange alert was issued for southern Michoacan, southern Jalisco, the entire state of Colima while a yellow alert was posted for the rest of the Jalisco coast.[88] the ports of Acapulco, Zihuatanejo, and Manzanillio were closed.[82][89][90] The government of Michoacan ordered the suspension of shipping via small boats.[81] The outer rainbands of the storm brought gusty winds just offshore the Mexican coast.[87][89] In Acapulco and Puerto Marques, the storm was responsible for minor flooding.[82] Elsewhere across the state, most of the damage was due to landslides.[91] Along the coast of Colima, 9 ft (2.7 m) waves were recorded.[92] Although some flooding was reported across the state, damage was minor.[93] Further north, in Nayarit, however, damage was extensive. One woman died. One river overflow their banks, which directly affected numerous cities. The Mexican military and officials in Nayarit attempted to rescue hundreds of people affected by Hurricane Erick.[94] Dozens of families were directly affected by the storm. Residents reported severe economical losses, especially in Xalisco, where a disaster area was declared. Offshore, a waterspout was reported.[93]

Tropical Storm Flossie

Main article: Tropical Storm Flossie (2013)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 25 – July 30
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
995 mbar (hPa)

Early on July 21, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring a broad area of low pressure south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico.[95] Tracking west-northwestward, environmental conditions were expected to be favorable for tropical cyclone formation.[96] Shower and thunderstorm activity became better defined on July 22,[97] but further organization of the disturbance was slow.[98] Within an environment conducive for development, the system finally began to organize by July 24; the NHC assessed it with a high chance of tropical cyclone development within a two-day interval accordingly.[99] Using satellite intensity estimates and an "explosive" burst of shower and thunderstorm activity over the center late that day as reasoning, the NHC declared the disturbance a tropical depression.[100] Deep convection continued to develop over the center, and in conjunction with an Advanced Scatterometer pass, the NHC deemed the depression organized enough to upgrade it to Tropical Storm Flossie.[101]

Hurricane Gil

Tropical Depression Gil
Current storm status
Tropical depression (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:8 p.m. PDT August 5 (0300 UTC August 6)
Location:13°24′N 140°12′W / 13.4°N 140.2°W / 13.4; -140.2 (Tropical Depression Gil) ± 25 nm
About 1,080 mi (1,735 km) ESE of Hilo, HI
About 2,090 mi (3,365 km) WSW of the southern tip of Baja California
Sustained winds:30 knots (35 mph; 55 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 40 knots (45 mph; 75 km/h)
Pressure:1006 mbar (hPa; 29.71 inHg)
Movement:W at 8 knots (9 mph; 15 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Early on July 29, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring a broad area of low pressure situated about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California.[102] While environmental conditions presumably only favored gradual development, the disturbance quickly became better organized.[103] The system was assessed with a medium chance of tropical cyclone development within a two-day interval late that evening as it tracked generally west-northwest,[104] and at 0900 UTC on July 30, the NHC noted that "a tropical depression could be forming."[105] Following satellite intensity estimates and a timely microwave pass, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression Seven-E.[106] Curved banding features became apparent in afternoon satellite images and convection near the low-level center became better organized; as a result, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Gil.[107] Steady intensification occurred after classification, with the development of a well-defined convective band wrapping nearly all the way around the center.[108] Hooking bands became more prominent on visible satellite imagery,[109] and a ragged eye was observed within the storm's central dense overcast; as a result, the NHC upgraded Gil to a Category 1 hurricane at 2100 UTC on July 31.[110]

Current storm information

As of 8 p.m. PDT August 5 (0300 UTC August 6), Tropical Depression Gil is located within 25 nautical miles of 13°24′N 140°12′W / 13.4°N 140.2°W / 13.4; -140.2 (Gil), about 1,080 miles (1,735 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii and about 2,090 miles (3,365 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. Maximum sustained winds are 30 knots (35 mph, 55 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 1006 millibars (hPa; 29.71 InHg), and the system is moving west at 8 knots (9 mph, 15 km/h).

For latest official information see:

Hurricane Henriette

Tropical Storm Henriette
Current storm status
Tropical storm (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:8 p.m. PDT August 5 (0300 UTC August 6)
Location:13°30′N 130°00′W / 13.5°N 130.0°W / 13.5; -130.0 (Tropical Storm Henriette) ± 25 nm
About 1,470 mi (2,365 km) WSW of the southern tip of Baja California
Sustained winds:60 knots (70 mph; 110 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 75 knots (85 mph; 135 km/h)
Pressure:995 mbar (hPa; 29.38 inHg)
Movement:WNW at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Tropical Depression Eight-E formed on August 3.[111] On the next day, it strengthened to become Tropical Storm Henriette.[112]

Current storm information

As of 8 p.m. PDT August 5 (0300 UTC August 6), Tropical Storm Henriette is located within 25 nautical miles of 13°30′N 130°00′W / 13.5°N 130.0°W / 13.5; -130.0 (Henriette), about 1,470 miles (2,365 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. Maximum sustained winds are 60 knots (70 mph, 110 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 995 millibars (hPa; 29.38 InHg), and the system is moving west at 10 knots (12 mph, 19 km/h). Tropical storm-force winds extend outward up to 80 miles (130 km) from the center of Henriette.

For latest official information see:

Storm names

The following names will be used for named storms that form in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2013. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2014. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2019 season. This is the same list used in the 2007 season.[113]

  • Ivo (unused)
  • Juliette (unused)
  • Kiko (unused)
  • Lorena (unused)
  • Manuel (unused)
  • Narda (unused)
  • Octave (unused)
  • Priscilla (unused)
  • Raymond (unused)
  • Sonia (unused)
  • Tico (unused)
  • Velma (unused)
  • Wallis (unused)
  • Xina (unused)
  • York (unused)
  • Zelda (unused)

For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists.[114] The next four names slated for use are shown below.

  • Pewa (unused)
  • Unala (unused)
  • Wali (unused)
  • Ana (unused)

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2013 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) (in parenthesis), damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect, but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2013 USD.

2013 Pacific hurricane season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Alvin May 15 – 17 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1003 None None None
Barbara May 28 – May 30 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 990 El Salvador, Guatemala, Southwestern Mexico (Chiapas) 1 4
Cosme June 23 – June 27 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 981 Southwestern Mexico Minimal 3
Dalila June 30 – July 7 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 987 Western Mexico Minimal None
Erick July 4 – July 9 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 984 Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula Moderate 2
Flossie July 25 – July 30 Tropical storm 70 (110) 995 Hawaii Minimal None
Gil July 30 – Currently active Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 985 None None None
Henriette August 3 – Currently active Tropical storm 70 (110) 995 None None None
Season aggregates
8 systems May 15 – Currently active   85 (140) 981 1 9  

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The totals represent the sum of the squares for every tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2013 Pacific hurricane season/ACE calcs.

References

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  2. ^ "NOAA expects below-normal Central Pacific hurricane season". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
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  22. ^ John P. Cangialosi; Richard J. Pasch (May 28, 2013). Tropical Depression Two-E Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  23. ^ Robbie J. Berg; John L. Beven II (May 29, 2013). Tropical Storm Barbara Intermediate Advisory Number 1A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  24. ^ Richard J. Pasch; Christopher W. Landsea (May 29, 2013). Hurricane Barbara Intermediate Advisory Number 5A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  25. ^ Richard J. Pasch; Robbie J.Berg (May 29, 2013). Hurricane Barbara Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  26. ^ John L. Beven II; Robbie J.Berg (May 29, 2013). Hurricane Barbara Intermediate Advisory 6A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  27. ^ John L. Beven II; Robbie J.Berg (May 29, 2013). Hurricane Barbara Intermediate Advisory 6A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  28. ^ Richard J. Pasch; Robbie J.Berg (May 29, 2013). Hurricane Barbara Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  29. ^ John L. Beven II (June 1, 2013). Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  30. ^ Template:Es icon Liseth Alues (May 27, 2013). "Lluvias persisten en el país por sistema de baja presión". El Salvador.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  31. ^ Template:Es icon "Dejan lluvias en el Salvador un muerto y varias viviendas afectadas". Rotavio. May 27, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  32. ^ Template:Es icon Georgina Saldierna (June 22, 2013). "Pérdidas por $250 mil millones por sequías e inundaciones en la última década: Peña Nieto". La Jordana. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  33. ^ "Hurricane Barbara landfall in Mexico 2nd earliest". Yahoo News. Associated Press. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  34. ^ "Hurricane Barbara death toll rises to three in Mexico". The Voice of Russia: American edition. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  35. ^ "Hurricane Barbara slams into Mexico's Pacific Coast; two dead". Los Angeles Times. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  36. ^ Jose Cortes (May 29, 2013). "Hurricane Barbara floods Mexico's southern Pacific coast, kills two". Ruters. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  37. ^ "Declaran emergencia al sur de México por daños de huracán Bárbara". El Universo. May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  38. ^ Template:Es icon "Tonalá y Arriaga, los más afectados por Bárbara". El Universal. May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  39. ^ Template:Es icon "Daños menores en Chiapas tras paso de 'Bárbara'". El Universal. May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  40. ^ Template:Es icon Lopez Morals (May 30, 2013). "Hallan a salvo a pescadores dados por perdidos en Oaxaca". El Universal. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  41. ^ Template:Es icon "Bárbara dejó más de 57 mil damnificados". El Universal. June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
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