Poverty in Colombia: Difference between revisions
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Although nowadays '''there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.''' |
Although nowadays '''there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.''' |
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*The first is the '''tax information''', where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people living in disadvantaged areas, but with earnings that do not correspond to their |
*The first is the '''tax information''', where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people living in disadvantaged areas, but with earnings that do not correspond to their stratum.<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicosUNAL">{{cite web|title= Identificar la incidencia de la estratificación socioeconómica urbana sobre la segregación de los hogares bogotanos.|url= http://www.fcenew.unal.edu.co/publicaciones/images/doc/inv-productos-cid-24.pdf|publisher = Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá - Facultad de Ciencias Económicas|accessdate = December 2015}}</ref><ref name = "civico">{{cite web|title= Estratos están mandados a recoger, dice estudio de esta universidad|url= http://www.civico.com/bogota/noticias/las-dos-propuestas-de-la-nacho-para-eliminar-los-estratos-en-bogota|publisher = civico.com|accessdate = December 2015}}</ref> |
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*The second proposal are the '''surveys related to the policy of subsidies''', such as the '''SISBEN'''; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicosUNAL"/><ref name = "civico"/> |
*The second proposal are the '''surveys related to the policy of subsidies''', such as the '''SISBEN'''; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.<ref name = "Estratos socioeconómicosUNAL"/><ref name = "civico"/> |
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Revision as of 15:46, 30 December 2015
Poverty in Colombia refers to the serious problem of misdistribution of income.
Poverty statistics
In 2014, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 28.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 8.1% in "extreme poverty".[1]
Unemployment
The average national unemployment rate in 2014 was 9.1%,[2] although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).[3]
Inequality
According to the World Bank, Colombia's Gini coefficient (a measurement of inequality in wealth distribution) was 0.587 in 2000 and 0.535 in 2013, ranking alongside Chile, Panama, Brazil and Honduras as the most unequal Latin American countries in terms of wealth distribution.[4]
Related issues
Literacy
In 2013, a total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15–24.[5]
Malnutrition
In 2010, 3.4% of the children under 5 years old in Colombia suffer from global malnutrition (deficiency of weight for age) and up to 13% suffer from chronic malnutrition (deficiency of height for age). The situation is worse for the indigenous peoples of Colombia, who in the same indicators recorded rates of 7.5% and 29.5% respectively.[6]
Social strata in Colombia
Colombia's social strata have been divided as follows and have been extensively used by the government as a reference to develop social welfare programs, statistical information and to some degree for the assignment of lands.
- Stratum 1 : Lowest income.
- Stratum 2 : Low-Middle class.
- Stratum 3 : Middle class.
- Stratum 4 : Upper middle class.
- Stratum 5 : Upper class.
- Stratum 6 : Wealthy.
The system is the classification of the residential properties that should receive public services.[7] Although the system does not consider the income per person and the rules say that the residential real estate should stratify and not households.[8] All mayors should do the stratification of residential properties of their municipality or district.[7]
In 1994, this stratification policy was made into law in order to grant subsidies to the poorest residents. The system is organized so that the people living in upper layers (strata 5 and 6) pay more for services like electricity, water and sewage than the groups in the lower strata.[9] Critics of the system say that it impedes social mobility through stigmatization, while its proponents argue that it allows the poor to locate to areas where they will be able to access subsidized services.[9] There are many studies that have shown that the socio-economic stratum is a bad instrument to allocate subsidies.[10][11][12] In particular, these studies show that there is a high percentage of households of strata 1 and 2 which have a level of consumption similar to the households of strata 5 and 6 (18% of households in stratum 1, 36% of households in 2 and 66% of households in stratum 3 are located in quintiles 4 and 5 of the distribution of consumption. 98% of households in stratum 6 is in these quintiles).[13]
Although nowadays there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.
- The first is the tax information, where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people living in disadvantaged areas, but with earnings that do not correspond to their stratum.[14][15]
- The second proposal are the surveys related to the policy of subsidies, such as the SISBEN; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.[14][15]
See also
References
- ^ "socio-economic policies" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "Colombia Unemployment Rate" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Incomes of informal workers grow less" (in Spanish). portafolio.co. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ "ENSIN - Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- ^ a b CONGRESO DE COLOMBIA. Ley 142 de 1994 (julio 11), artículo 102.
- ^ "Preguntas_frecuentes_estratificación" (PDF). dane.gov.co.
- ^ a b http://www.ifhp.org/ifhp-blog/colombia-social-stratification-law
- ^ LUCÍA MINA ROSER. "Estratificación socioeconómica como instrumento de focalización" (PDF).
- ^ Carlos Medina, Leonardo Fabio Morales. "Demanda por Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia y Subsidios: Implicaciones sobre el Bienestar" (PDF).
- ^ UN. ECLAC. Office in Bogotá. "La Estratificación Socioeconómica para el Cobro de los Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios en Colombia: ¿Solidaridad o Focalización?".
- ^ "Estratos socioeconómicos: Sobre sus usos, abusos y eliminación". lasillavacia.com. 18 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Identificar la incidencia de la estratificación socioeconómica urbana sobre la segregación de los hogares bogotanos" (PDF). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá - Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Retrieved December 2015.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b "Estratos están mandados a recoger, dice estudio de esta universidad". civico.com. Retrieved December 2015.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)