Pemon language: Difference between revisions
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The '''Pemon language''' (or '''Pemón'''), is an [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous language]] of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 [[Pemon]] people, in [[Venezuela]]'s Southeast, particularly in the [[Canaima National Park]], in the [[Roraima]] State of Brazil and in [[Guyana]]. |
The '''Pemon language''' (or '''Pemón'''), is an [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous language]] of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 [[Pemon]] people, in [[Venezuela]]'s Southeast, particularly in the [[Canaima National Park]], in the [[Roraima]] State of Brazil and in [[Guyana]]. |
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It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or [[Ingarikó]]), Taulipang, Taurepan. Camaracoto may be a distinct language. The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of its two dialects : Arecuna (Ingarikó) |
It covers several dialects, including ''Arecuna'' (or ''Arekuna''), ''Camaracota'', ''Camaracoto'', ''Ingariko'' (or ''[[Ingarikó]]''), ''Taulipang'', ''Taurepan''. ''Camaracoto'' may be a distinct language. The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of its two dialects : ''Arecuna'', ''Ingariko'' (or ''Ingarikó''), or incorrectly under the name ''Kapon'' which normally designates another closely related small group of languages. |
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Pemon is one of several other closely related languages: [[Macushi language|Macushi]] and [[Kapon]] languages (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two [[Akawaio]] and [[Patamona]] languages, the term is also used as an common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, Patamono peoples). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or ''Pemóng'') languages. |
Pemon is one of several other closely related languages: [[Macushi language|Macushi]] and [[Kapon]] languages (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two [[Akawaio]] and [[Patamona]] languages, the term is also used as an common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, Patamono peoples). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or ''Pemóng'') languages. |
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Revision as of 17:28, 15 August 2019
| Pemon | |
|---|---|
| Arecuna | |
| Ingarikó, Kapon | |
| Native to | Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana |
| Ethnicity | Pemon |
Native speakers | (6,000 cited 1990–2006)[1] |
Cariban
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | aoc |
| Glottolog | pemo1248 |
| ELP | Pemón |
The Pemon language (or Pemón), is an indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana.
It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), Taulipang, Taurepan. Camaracoto may be a distinct language. The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of its two dialects : Arecuna, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages.
Pemon is one of several other closely related languages: Macushi and Kapon languages (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages, the term is also used as an common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, Patamono peoples). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages.
Typology
The Pemon language's syntax type is SOV with alternation to OVS.[2]
Writing
Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish.[3]
Phonology
Vowels
Pemon has the following vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open-mid | e | ɵ | o |
| Open | a |
There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinctive characters for /o/ or /ɵ/. Diphthong sounds are [aɪ, au, ɔɪ, eɪ].
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ||
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Tap/Flap | ɾ | ||||
| Approximant | j | w |
Allophones of /s n k j/ are [tʃ ŋ ʔ ʎ].[4]
Grammar
Pronouns in Pemon are:
| Pemon | English |
|---|---|
| yuré | I, me |
| amäre | you (singular) |
| muere, mesere | he, she |
| urekon | we |
| ina | we (exclusive) |
| amärenokon | you (plural) |
| ichamonan | they, them |
References
- ^ Pemon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ La Transitividad en Japrería Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Guide for Pemon (Spanish) - ^ Edwards, Walter F. (1978). A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics.
External links
Literature
- Gutiérrez Salazar, Msr Mariano: Gramática Didáctica de la Lengua Pemón. Caracas 2001. ISBN 980-244-282-8.
- De Armellada, Fray Cesáreo y Olza, Jesús,s.j.: Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (1999) Caracas, Publicaciones Ucab, Vicariato Apostólico del Caroní y Universidad Católica del Táchira. 289 pages.