José Luis López Vázquez
José Luis López Vázquez | |
---|---|
Born | José Luis López Vázquez de la Torre 11 March 1922 Madrid, Spain |
Died | 2 November 2009 Madrid, Spain | (aged 87)
Nationality | Spanish |
Occupations | |
Years active | 1939–2007 |
Spouses | Ana María Ventura (divorced)Flor Aguilar (divorced) |
Children | José Luis Virginia Cayetana Camino |
José Luis López Vázquez de la Torre MMT (11 March 1922, in Madrid – 2 November 2009, in Madrid) was a Spanish actor, comedian, costume designer, scenic designer and assistant director. He was best known for his lead role in the surrealist horror TV film La cabina (The Telephone Box, 1972).[1] A prolific performer, he cultivated an image as Spain's on-screen everyman during the Franco era and beyond, remaining in Spanish cinema for six decades.
Born in Madrid of working-class parents, López Vázquez began his career on stage in 1939 as a costume designer and set decorator before making his breakthrough as a film actor, where he demonstrated a particular talent for comedic roles. He appeared in almost 250 films between 1948 and 2007, many of them conveyor-belt comedies and melodramas, strictly for home consumption, while playing important roles in a distinctive Spanish art cinema led primarily by directors Luis García Berlanga, Juan Antonio Bardem, Carlos Saura, and screenwriter Rafael Azcona, which gained international attention.[2]
López Vázquez won two Best Actor Awards at the Chicago International Film Festival, four CEC Awards, two Fotogramas de Plata, two Sant Jordi Awards, one Antena de Oro, and two New York Latin ACE Awards. His accolades include the Honorary Spike at the Valladolid International Film Festival in 1989, the National Theatre Award in 2002, and the Honorary Goya Award for lifetime achievement in 2005. The Government of Spain also honoured him with the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts (Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes) in 1985 and the Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (Medalla al Mérito en el Trabajo) in 1997.
He acted in the films Boyfriend in Sight (1954), Miracles of Thursday (1957), El Pisito (1959), El Cochecito (1960), Plácido (1961), Atraco a las tres (1962), The Executioner (1963), Peppermint Frappé (1967), The Ancines Woods (1970), Long Live the Bride and Groom (1970), The Garden of Delights (1970), My Dearest Senorita (1972), Travels with My Aunt (1972), Habla, mudita (1973), Cousin Angelica (1974), La escopeta nacional (1978) and its sequels Patrimonio nacional (1981) and Nacional III (1982), The Beehive (1982), Akelarre (1984), Moors and Christians (1987), Esquilache (1989), The Fencing Master (1992), Everyone Off to Jail (1993), and Moon of Avellaneda (2004), among others.
Early life
José Luis López Vázquez was born in Madrid, Spain, on 11 March 1922.[3] The only son of a dressmaker mother and a father who worked as an official of the Ministry of Justice. In some biographies he appears as born on March 12. "With the nerves of the event, my father forgot to register me and he did it the next day" he said. His father also forgot to give the official the name he chose for the baby. And he had to return to his brother José. The offices were already closed and they had to return a day later. He was registered with the nicknames of both.[4] His parents separated when he was very young, causing them to go through difficulties and financial problems. As a teenager he was force to leave his studies and work as an administrative assistant and typist, a period that he began to overcome due to his ability in drawing and painting.[5]
Career
Early artistic work
In 1939, at the age of 17, he became interested in theatre through the Youth Front and entered in the Universitary Spanish Theatre (TEU) directed by Modesto Higueras . There he outlined his vocation as a drawer thanks to the painter José Caballero, who had been part of the group La Barraca led by Federico García Lorca. He originally worked as a scenic designer for the sets of the Theatre of María Guerrero in times of Luis Escobar Kirkpatrick, as well as an assistant director to Pío Ballesteros and Enrique Herreros.[6] The playwright and filmmaker José López Rubio had a decisive influence on his artistic side when he hired him as a costume designer for three films: It Happened in Damascus (1943), Eugenia de Montijo (1944) and Alhucemas (1948).[7]
Some of the theatrical productions for which he created costume designs in the 1940s and 1950s are Don Juan Tenorio, where he met Salvador Dalí in 1949, The Phantom Lady, The Village of Stepanchikovo, El caballero de Olmedo, La guardia cuidadosa, a drawing of Don Gil of the Green Breeches, and five sketches for the sets of Life Is a Dream, Y no subió a la cruz, and The Dog in the Manger.[8]
Acting
Film and television
In 1947, he switched over to film in a brief appearance in María Fernanda la Jerezana. In the early 1950s, he would begin a long-time collaboration with director Luis García Berlanga, who gave him a small role in the comedy That Happy Couple (1951), co-directed by Juan Antonio Bardem. Shortly after, Berlanga counted on him again for two supporting roles in Boyfriend in Sight (1954), playing a 19th-century beach flirt, and Miracles of Thursday (1957), as a skeptical priest.[9] During this time he participated in numerous comedies, including the 1959 classic film Los tramposos, directed by Pedro Lazaga.[10]
Due to these preliminary works, López Vázquez was given the chance to be appreciated abroad for the first time by the Italian director Marco Ferreri, with whom he shot El Pisito (The Little Flat, 1959), an anti-bourgeois black comedy based on a novel by screenwriter Rafael Azcona, which is centred on Rodolfo (López Vázquez), a timid, middle-class man who marries a crotchety, dying octogenarian in order to inherit her apartment and eventually marry his fiancee Petrita (Mary Carrillo).[11] He also starred the short film Se vende un tranvía , a social critique with an anti-clerical point that was co-written by Berlanga and Azcona.[12] The following year he appeared in Ferreri's film El Cochecito (The Little Coach, 1960),[13] a sardonic study of geriatric revolt. These films were oblique critiques of Franco's totalitarian regime.[14]
In the early 1960s he worked in Berlanga's savage satires Plácido (1961), nominated to the Academy Award as Best Foreign Language Film in 1962[15] where he played Gabino Quintanilla, an event organizer without moral principles,[16] and El Verdugo (The Executioner, 1963), playing the eccentric tailor brother of the main character (Nino Manfredi).[17] In 1962 he portrayed two of his most notable comedic roles: as the godfather in the Spanish classic La gran familia,[18] and as Fernando Galindo, a bank clerk who plans a robbery of his own bank with the help of other employees in José María Forqué's comedy Atraco a las tres (Robbery at 3 o'clock), whose phrase "Fernando Galindo, un admirador, un amigo, un esclavo, un siervo" ("Fernando Galindo, an admirer, a friend, a slave, a servant") became part of Spanish culture.[19] The movie co-starred the Spanish actress Gracita Morales, which he formed a popular partnership in such comedies as Pedro Lazaga's Sor Citroën (1967), and Mariano Ozores' Operation Mata Hari (1968).[20] With Lazaga he also made, among others, the 1968 film El turismo es un gran invento , starring Francisco Martínez Soria, one of the most representative comedies of the construction boom in the 60s in Spain.[21]
In 1967 he played his first dramatic role in Carlos Saura's psychological thriller Peppermint Frappé,[22] as a physician becoming obsessively infatuated with his childhood friend's attractive wife (Geraldine Chaplin);[23] which he won the CEC Award for Best Actor awarded by the Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos (Cinema Writers Circle) in 1968.[24] According to Steven Marsh, during this period, in both comedy and drama, his performances were often marked by solitary and repressed characters.[25] After that, he chained a series of major projects, starting when director Pedro Olea chose him for the lead role in the 1970 horror film El Bosque del Lobo (The Ancines Woods),[26] in which he was the epilectic peddler Benito Freire (based on Spanish serial killer Manuel Blanco Romasanta), who, due a childhood trauma, periodically suffered from an irresistible urge to strangle women.[27] That perfomance earned him the Best Actor honour at the Chicago International Film Festival in 1971.[28] The latter was followed by Berlanga's 1970 black comedy Long Live the Bride and Groom, as a man about to get married when his mother appear dead in the pool shortly before the ceremony,[29] and his second collaboration with Saura in The Garden of Delights (1970), as a ruthless tycoon, catatonic and paralysed in a wheelchair after a car accident, who holds the key to his family's fortune. His role was described by critic Roger Greenspun of The New York Times as "hilarious" and "pathetic" and even "terrifying".[30]
By the 1970s, he was a firmly established figure in Spanish cinema, appearing in 11 films in 1972, which include the nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film Jaime de Armiñán's Mi Querida Señorita (My Dearest Senorita),[31] winning a Best Actor Silver Hugo for consecutive year for his role as Adela Castro Molina/Juan, a woman who discovers that "she" is a man,[32][33] and the International Emmy Awards-winning Antonio Mercero's TV film La cabina,[34] a psychological horror story about a man trapped in a telephone booth; López Vázquez won the Antena de Oro, the Fotograma de Plata, and the New York Latin ACE Award for his performance.[35] During this decade he occasionally participated on international film productions, including George Cukor's American comedy Travels With My Aunt (1972), in which he co-starred opposite Maggie Smith as M. Dambreuse,[36] her wealthy former French lover. After the film was completed, Cukor invited him to Hollywood, proposing that he learn English to become a star, but López Vázquez declined the offer.[37]
He collaborated again with Olea in the 1973 thriller No es bueno que el hombre esté solo (It Is Not Good for Man to Be Alone), playing a widowed man living with a life-size doll whose secret is discovered by a new neighbour.[38] The same year he starred in Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón's drama Habla, mudita, as a linguist who travels the Picos de Europa.[39] Later he performanced in Saura's Cousin Angelica (1974), in which he is a middle-aged bachelor who finds, on his return to Barcelona after many years away, that the cousin he loved as a child is now married to a fascist. Critic Vincent Canby said he was "super" in the role.[40] He also played an old Antoni Gaudí in a 45-minute uneven film directed by John Alaimo that was unreleased until 2009 called Antoni Gaudí, An Unfinished Vision (1974).[41][42]
In the next years he continued working with regularity in films and TV, notably in Mercero's television series Este señor de negro (That Man in Black, 1975-1976), as Sixto Zabaleta, a bench jeweler who represents the most archaic and outdated values of the Spanish society,[43] Pedro Masó's comedy drama La miel (1979), which he starred alongside Jane Birkin as a schoolteacher who is attracted to the young mother of a student (Jorge Sanz),[44] the film based on Eduardo Mendoza Garriga's 1975 novel The Truth on the Savolta Affair (1980), as Domingo ‘Pajarito’ de Soto, a journalist who investigates the violent death of a worker at the Savolta weapons factory,[45] and Berlanga's trilogy La escopeta nacional (1978), National Heritage (1981) and Nacional III (1982), performing a marquis of the aristocratic Leguineche family in a satire on the powers of Franco's regime.[46]
Other film appearances in the 1980s include Mario Camus' The Beehive (1982), based on the 1950 novel by Camilo José Cela in which he plays an ex-Communist scratching out an existence in Francoist Spain,[47] Olea's period drama Akelarre (1984), where he portrayed an inquisitor,[48] The Court of the Pharaoh (José Luis García Sánchez, 1985), starring Ana Belén,[49] Mi general (de Armiñán, 1987), which he won the New York Latin ACE Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1989,[50] the comedy Moors and Christians (Berlanga, 1987), as a shameless man who drags an entire family into a delirious odyssey in which they come across grotesque characters,[51] the antimilitarist tragicomedy The Little Spanish Soldier (Antonio Giménez-Rico, 1988),[52] and the historical film Esquilache (Josefina Molina, 1989), as Antonio Campos, the secretary of Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache (Fernando Fernán Gómez).[53]
In 1989, the Valladolid International Film Festival (Seminci) commemorated his career by awarding him the Honorary Spike in its 34th edition.[54]
From the early 1990s, López Vázquez slowed down and did mostly supporting work in The Long Winter (Jaime Camino, 1992),[55] The Fencing Master (Olea, 1992), a film based on the 1988 novel of the same name by Arturo Pérez-Reverte in which he performed the inspector Jenaro Campillo,[56] the comedy Everyone Off to Jail (Berlanga, 1993), as a priest who pretends to be a socialist,[57] the fantasy thriller Memorias del ángel caído (David Alonso, Fernando Cámara, 1997),[58] the action comedy Torrente 2: Mission in Marbella (Santiago Segura, 2001), in a cameo as a client of José Luis Torrente,[59] Moscow Gold (Jesús Bonilla, 2003),[60] Moon of Avellaneda (Juan José Campanella, 2004), playing the role as Don Aquiles,[61] and And Who Are You? (Mercero, 2007), a drama film about Alzheimer's disease.[62] In between, he was part of the cast of several television series such as La forja de un rebelde (Camus, 1990),[63] the comedy show Los ladrones van a la oficina (The thieves go to the office, 1993-1996),[64] as "Escabeche", one of the veteran thieves, and the prime time historical series Cuéntame cómo pasó (2002), making a special appearance.[65]
On 30 January 2005, he received the Honorary Goya Award at the 19th Goya Awards ceremony for his lifetime achievement, which had the longest ovation of the evening, dedicating his distinction primarily to the public.[66][67]
Theatre
He developed his stage career in the theatres of the Spanish capital. In 1943 he was in the cast of El casamiento engañoso, at the Theatre of María Guerrero. Although cinema kept him away from theatre for almost three decades, he returned to it regularly at the end of the 20th century.[68] Among the stage productions in which he starred: Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop , 1947; Lope de Vega's La dama boba, 1951; André Roussin's Bobosse, 1953; Pietro Garinei's Buonanotte Bettina, 1958; Alexandre Dumas' Kean, 1958; Cartas credenciales, 1960; Alfonso Paso's Los Palomos, 1964; Murray Schisgal's Luv, 1967; Peter Shaffer's Equus, 1976; in the lead role as the psychiatrist Martin Dysart,[69] Fermín Cabal's Vade Retro!, 1982; Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, 1985; which won critical praise for his performance as Willy Loman,[70] Santiago Moncada's Cena para dos, 1991, and Neil Simon's The Sunshine Boys, 1997.[71] His portrayal as Julius Caesar in George Bernard Shaw's play Caesar and Cleopatra at the Mérida International Classical Theatre Festival in 2001 received public acclaim.[72] In 2002, he obtained the National Theatre Prize awarded by the Ministry of Culture "for his extraordinary quality as a tragicomic actor throughout a long artistic career, which is still present today on our stages".[73] His last role was in the 2004 play Tres hombres y un destino.[74]
Personal life, death, and tributes
He married in 1951 with the actress Ana María Ventura, with whom he had no children. He then had an eighteen-year relationship with Katty Magerus although they could not marry due to the lack of divorce. They had two children, José Luis (b. 1962), and Virginia (b. 1965), who died in the United States in 1994. He also had two other daughters with the journalist Flor Aguilar, named Cayetana and Camino.[75] In his latter years he had a relationship with the actress Carmen de la Maza.[76] He amassed a great fortune due to his work in cinema and lived in a duplex of 400 square meters on Paseo de la Castellana in the Spanish capital.[77]
López Vázquez died of natural causes in Madrid on 2 November 2009, at the age of 87. After his death, several tributes were paid to him, among them Álex de la Iglesia, president of the Spanish Film Academy, who said, "One of the greatest actors is gone, one of the legs of the table of great Spanish cinema along with Fernando Fernán Gómez and Pepe Isbert". The actor and filmmaker Santiago Segura stated that his death represents "the end of an era".[78] His coffin was installed at the Theatre of María Guerrero, home of the national theatre Centro Dramático Nacional (CDN), and was later cremated in the Almudena Cemetery in Madrid.[79]
In 2010, his biography was posthumously published under the title ¿Para qué te cuento?: biografía autorizada de José Luis López Vázquez, written by Luis Lorente, who claimed that López Vázquez "belongs to a generation of extraordinary actors who have no replacement".[80] That same year, the Cultural Centre José Luis López Vázquez was opened in the San Blas-Canillejas district in Madrid to honoured the Spanish actor,[81] and a postage stamp with his image was produced on July 6.[82]
In 2022 it was released the documentary José Luis López Vázquez: ¡Qué disparate!, directed by Roberto J. Oltra and sponsored by the actor's son, José Luis López Magerus, to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary, which explores the reasons for his success throughout his career.[83][84] On March 10, a silhouette was placed on the sculpture of La cabina installed in Madrid to remember his performance in the television film.[85]
Selected filmography
Cinema
- María Fernanda la Jerezana (1947)
- That Happy Couple (1951)
- The Devil Plays the Flute (1953)
- Boyfriend in Sight (1954)
- An Andalusian Gentleman (1954)
- Andalusia Express (1956)
- Miracles of Thursday (1957)
- Night and Dawn (1958)
- Back to the Door (1959)
- El pisito (1959)
- Los tramposos (1959)
- Se vende un tranvía (1959)
- Heaven at Home (1960)
- El Cochecito (1960)
- Carnival Day (1960)
- The Economically Handicapped (1960)
- Three Ladies (1960)
- Police Calling 091 (1960)
- Plácido (1961)
- Tres de la Cruz Roja (1961)
- Atraco a las tres (1962)
- La gran familia (1962)
- You and Me Are Three (1962)
- Accident 703 (1962)
- El Verdugo (1963)
- The Daughters of Helena (1963)
- Three Sparrows and a Bit (1964)
- Television Stories (1965)
- He's My Man! (1966)
- Balearic Caper (1966)
- Forty Degrees in the Shade (1967)
- Love in Flight (1967)
- Amor a la española (1967)
- Peppermint Frappé (1967)
- Sor Citroën (1967)
- Operation Mata Hari (1968)
- El turismo es un gran invento (1968)
- The Ancines Woods (1970)
- Long Live the Bride and Groom (1970)
- El jardín de las delicias (1970)
- The Legend of Frenchie King (1971)
- My Dearest Senorita (1971)
- Travels with my aunt (1972)
- Habla, mudita (1973)
- No es bueno que el hombre esté solo (1973)
- La descarriada (1973)
- La prima Angélica (1974)
- The Marriage Revolution (1974)
- Antoni Gaudí, An Unfinished Vision (1974)
- Zorrita Martínez (1975)
- La escopeta nacional (1978)
- Tigers in Lipstick (1979)
- I viaggiatori della sera (1979)
- La miel (1979)
- The Truth on the Savolta Affair (1980)
- National Heritage (1981)
- Nacional III (1982)
- Vatican Conspiracy (1982)
- La colmena (1982)
- Old Shirt to New Jacket (1982)
- Juana la Loca... de vez en cuando (1983)
- Akelarre (1984)
- The Court of the Pharaoh (1985)
- Hay que deshacer la casa (1986)
- Moors and Christians (1987)
- Mi general (1987)
- The Little Spanish Soldier (1988)
- Esquilache (1989)
- The Fencing Master (1992)
- The Long Winter (1992)
- Everyone Off to Jail (1993)
- Memorias del ángel caído (1997)
- Torrente 2: Mission in Marbella (2001)
- El oro de Moscú (2003)
- Moon of Avellaneda (2004)
- And Who Are You? (2007)
Television
- Palma y don Jaime (1960)
- Tercero izquierda (1962-1963)
- La cabina (1972)
- Este señor de negro (1975-1976)
- La forja de un rebelde (1990)
- El Quijote de Miguel de Cervantes (1991)
- Los ladrones van a la oficina (1993-1996)
- Café con leche (1998)
- La gran familia... 30 años después (1999)
- El botones Sacarino (2000)
- Cuéntame cómo pasó (2001)
Documentary
Stage
- El casamiento engañoso (1943)
- El anticuario (1947)
- La dama boba (1951)
- Bobosse (1953)
- La otra orilla (1954)
- Buonanotte Bettina (1958)
- Kean (1958)
- Cartas credenciales (1960)
- Los Palomos (1964)
- Luv (1967)
- Equus (1976)
- ¡Vade Retro! (1982)
- Death of a Salesman (1985)
- El manifiesto (1987)
- Cena para dos (1991)
- Mariquilla Terremoto (1996)
- The Sunshine Boys (1997)
- Que viene mi marido (2000)
- La raya en el pelo de William Holden (2001)
- Caesar and Cleopatra (2001)
- Tres hombres y un destino (2004)
Accolades
Chicago International Film Festival
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | Best Actor | The Ancines Woods | Won | [86] |
1972 | Best Actor | My Dearest Senorita | Won |
Valladolid International Film Festival
Year | Category | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1989 | Honorary Spike | Won | [87] |
CEC Awards
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1961 | Best Supporting Actor | Police Calling 091 | Won | [88] |
1962 | Best Supporting Actor | For his works over the year | Won | [89] |
1968 | Best Actor | Peppermint Frappé | Won | [90] |
1972 | Best Actor | My Dearest Senorita | Won | [91] |
2006 | CEC Honorary Award | - | Won | [92] |
Fotogramas de Plata
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | Best Spanish Film Performer | The Ancines Woods | Won | [93] |
1972 | Best Television Performer | La cabina | Won | [94] |
2006 | Lifetime Achievement | - | Won | [95] |
Goya Awards
Year | Category | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
2004 | Honorary Goya Award | Won | [96] |
National Syndicate of Spectacle, Spain
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1962 | Best Male Star | Atraco a las tres | Won | [97] |
1971 | Best Male Star | My Dearest Senorita | Won | [98] |
1975 | Best Male Star | Zorrita Martinez | Won |
Spanish Actors Union Awards
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | Lifetime Achievement | - | Won | [99] |
Sant Jordi Awards
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1961 | Best Spanish Actor | Plácido | Won | [100] |
1972 | Best Performance in a Spanish film | The Garden of Delights The Ancines Woods |
Won | [101] |
TP de Oro
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | Best National Actor | Este señor de negro | Won | [102] |
Antena de Oro
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1974 | Best Actor | La cabina | Won | [103] |
New York Latin ACE Awards
Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | TV - Best Actor | La cabina | Won | [104] |
1989 | Cinema - Best Supporting Actor | Mi general | Won | [105] |
Year | Category | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1989 | Faro de Plata - Lifetime Achievement | Won | [106] |
Huelva Ibero-American Film Festival
Year | Category | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1996 | Prize of the City of Huelva | Won | [107] |
Málaga Film Festival
Year | Category | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | Honorary Golden Biznaga | Won | [108] |
National Theatre Awards
Year | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|
2002 | Won | [109] |
Honours
- Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts (Kingdom of Spain, 19 June 1985)[110]
- Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (Kingdom of Spain, 19 December 1997)[111]
References
Citations
- ^ Alasdair Fotheringham (14 January 2010). "José Luis López Vázquez: Film actor who cultivated an image as Spain's on-screen Everyman". The Independent.
- ^ Ronald Bergan (12 November 2009). "José Luis López Vázquez obituary". The Guardian.
- ^ "Biografía de José Luis López Vázquez, fallecido hoy en Madrid". Europa Press (in Spanish). Madrid. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ^ Manuel Román (12 March 2022). "100 años de Jose Luis López Vázquez, actor genial y hombre de vida problemática". Libertad Digital.
- ^ Manuel Hidalgo (3 November 2009). "El genio de las mil caras". El Mundo.
- ^ Junta de Andalucía (2013). José Luis López Vázquez (PDF) (in Spanish). Sevilla: Biblioteca Pública Infanta Elena. pp. 1–6.
- ^ Juan Ignacio García Garzón (31 August 2022). "Los otros talentos de López Vázquez". Frontera D (in Spanish).
- ^ Ministerio de Cultura (3 March 2022). "José Luis López Vázquez: dibujante, figurinista, diseñador" (in Spanish).
- ^ Voro Contreras (12 June 2021). "La tropa de Berlanga". El Día.
- ^ Aguilar, Carlos (2007). Guía del cine español. Cátedra. p. 1023. ISBN 978-84-376-2419-8.
- ^ Cristina Delgado (29 June 2011). "'El pisito', una obra maestra de Ferreri y Azcona en El Cine de La 2". Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ FilmAffinity. "Se vende un tranvía" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ Goodman, Walter (29 June 1987). "El Cochecito". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "'El cochecito' y otras historias de la censura española". El Periódico (in Spanish). 7 September 2018.
- ^ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Héctor Herrera (11 March 2022). "5 personajes míticos de José Luis López Vázquez". La Razón.
- ^ Kepa Sojo. El Verdugo (El Verdugo), Luis García Berlanga (1963) , Nau Llibres, p. 38, 2016. ISBN 978-8416926008
- ^ "Las Navidades de 'La Gran Familia'". Zeleb. 21 December 2021.
- ^ Juan Sanguino (16 July 2021). "11 frases irrepetibles de la comedia española". El País.
- ^ Manuel Román (21 August 2022). "La dramática vida familiar de Gracita Morales, que murió a los 66 estafada por unas monjas". Libertad Digital.
- ^ "El turismo es un gran invento". SensaCine.
- ^ Elio Castro (2 November 2009). "Todos éramos un poco López Vázquez". Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Carlos Saura". Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Peppermint Frappé". Biblioteca Nacional de España. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Steven Marsh. Popular Spanish Film Under Franco: Comedy and the Weakening of the State, Springer, p. 24, 2005. ISBN 978-0230511873
- ^ Galán, Diego (16 April 1983). "'El bosque del lobo', crónica de la represión". El País (in Spanish). Diego Galán. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ Bryan Senn.The Werewolf Filmography: 300+ Movies., McFarland, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4766-2691-8
- ^ Michael Kutza. Starstruck - How I Magically Transformed Chicago into Hollywood for More Than Fifty Years., BearManor Media, 2022. ISBN 978-1629339573
- ^ "Cine: Vivan los novios". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ Roger Greenspun (12 February 1971). "Screen: 'Garden of Delights' Returns". The New York Times.
- ^ "The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Michael Kutza. Starstruck - How I Magically Transformed Chicago into Hollywood for More Than Fifty Years., BearManor Media, 2022. ISBN 978-1629339573
- ^ Elio Castro. Antonio Martínez (20 February 2022). "La primera película que abordó en España la identidad de género". Cadena SER.
- ^ "La cabina, íntegra, con presentación de Mercero y López Vázquez". Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (in Spanish). 13 December 1972. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
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Bibliography
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- Allbritton, Dean; Melero, Alejandro; Whittaker, Tom (2016). "Chapter 5: The Sounds of José Luis López Vázquez". Performance and Spanish film. Manchester University Press. pp. 96–109. ISBN 978-1-5261-0774-9.
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