Volcanic plug

An aerial view of the Gros Piton and Petit Piton, in St. Lucia, 2006.

A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano. When present, a plug can cause an extreme build-up of pressure if rising volatile-charged magma is trapped beneath it, and this can sometimes lead to an explosive eruption. Glacial erosion can lead to exposure of the plug on one side, while a long slope of material remains on the opposite side. Such landforms are called crag and tail. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosion-resistant plug remains, producing a distinctive upstanding landform.

Examples of volcanic plugs

Africa

Near the village of Rhumsiki in the Far North Province of Cameroon, Kapsiki Peak is an example of a volcanic plug and is one of the most photographed parts of the Mandara Mountains. Spectacular volcanic plugs are present in the center of La Gomera island in the Canary Islands archipelago, within the Garajonay National Park.

Europe

Borgarvirki is a volcanic plug located in north Iceland.

A volcanic plug is situated in the town of Motta Sant'Anastasia in Italy.

Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe chapel, whose construction started in 969,^[1] near Le Puy-en-Velay in France. The volcanic plug rises about 85 metres (279 ft) above the surroundings. Another building on a volcanic plug is the 14th century Trosky Castle in the Czech Republic. Strombolicchio, the northernmost of the Aeolian Islands, and Rockall, a small, uninhabited, remote islet in the North Atlantic Ocean, are also volcanic plugs.

In the United Kingdom, two examples of a building on a volcanic plug are the Castle Rock in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Deganwy Castle, Wales. The Law, Dundee, Ailsa Craig, Bass Rock, North Berwick Law and Dumgoyne hill are other examples of volcanic plugs located in Scotland. There are over 30 volcanic plugs in Northern Ireland, including Slemish in Ballymena, Tievebulliagh, Scawt Hill, Carrickarede, Scrabo and Slieve Gallion.^[2]

North America and the Caribbean

There are several volcanic plugs in the United States, including Morro Rock in California, Devils Elbow located in the Heceta Head Lighthouse Scenic State Park on the Oregon coast, Thumb Butte in the Sierra Prieta of Arizona, and Shiprock in New Mexico. Devils Tower in Wyoming and Little Devils Postpile in Yosemite National Park, California, are also believed, by many geologists, to be volcanic plugs. In Canada, the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province gives rise to several confirmed and suspected plugs. Chief among these is Castle Rock, located in British Columbia, which last erupted during the Pleistocene. The southern coast of Saint Lucia is dominated by the iconic Pitons, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The twin peaks, Gros Piton and Petit Piton, steeply rise more than 770 metres (2,530 ft) above the Caribbean.

Oceania

There are several volcanic plugs in the North Island of New Zealand, including:

the Pinnacles in the Coromandel Peninsula
Bream Head in Northland
Paritutu and the adjacent Sugar Loaf Islands in Taranaki
St. Paul's Rock at Whangaroa Harbour
Piha's Lion Rock, which hosted a fortified Maori pa.
Mount Pōhaturoa near the village of Ātiamuri, a distinctive sight for travelers along State Highway 1

In New Zealand's South Island, Ōnawe Peninsula on Banks Peninsula is a prominent volcanic plug, and erosion of Saddle Hill near Dunedin has also revealed a plug. Dunedin's Mount Cargill displays two plugs: its main summit and the subsidiary summit of Buttar's Peak. In Australia Table Cape in Tasmania are further examples, along with Mount Warning in New South Wales, and the 11 peaks of the Glasshouse Mountains National Park including Mt. Beerwah, Mt. Tibrogargan, Mt. Coonowrin, Mt. Ngungun, Mt. Tibberoowuccum, Mt. Tunbubudla, and Mt. Beerburrum, in South-East Queensland.^[3]

Gallery

Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is built upon an ancient volcanic plug.
Taung Kalat, Burma.
Strombolicchio Island and its lighthouse, close to Stromboli Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy).
Roque Nublo, symbol of Gran Canaria island.
Slemish, a volcanic plug in Northern Ireland, is traditionally associated with St Patrick.
Trosky Castle ("Panna" Tower), Czech Republic.
Devils Tower, Wyoming, USA.
Shiprock, New Mexico, USA.

St. Paul's Rock, above Whangaroa Harbour, Northland, New Zealand.
Pico Cão Grande, landmark volcanic plug peak on São Tomé Island (São Tomé and Príncipe), rising over 300 metres (980 ft) above the surroundings.
Dent de la Rancune, a challenging climbing site in the Chaîne des Puys, France.

References

^ Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Michel, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
^ Wilson, H E et al (1986) Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, HMSO
^ https://www.australia.com/en/places/brisbane-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-glass-house-mountains.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) |url= http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/mountwarning.php |work= Geological sites of NSW |title= Wollumbin/Mt Warning Shield Volcano |publisher= Cartoscope Pty Limited |access-date= 30 June 2013 }}

[1] Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Michel, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)

[hmso-2] Wilson, H E et al (1986) Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, HMSO

[3] ttps://www.australia.com/en/places/brisbane-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-glass-house-mountains.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) |url= http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/mountwarning.php |work= Geological sites of NSW |title= Wollumbin/Mt Warning Shield Volcano |publisher= Cartoscope Pty Limited |access-date= 30 June 2013 }}

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