Ba (Indic)
Ba | |
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Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | ![]() |
Tibetan | ![]() |
Malayalam | ബ |
Sinhala | බ |
Ashoka Brahmi | ![]() |
Devanagari | ![]() |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ב |
Greek | Β |
Latin | B |
Cyrillic | В, Б |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /b/ |
IAST transliteration | b B |
ISCII code point | CA (202) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ba is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ba is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter
.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ब are:[1]
- ब [bə] = 23 (२३)
- बि [bɪ] = 2,300 (२ ३००)
- बु [bʊ] = 230,000 (२३० ०००)
- बृ [bri] = 23,000,000 (२३० ०० ०००)
- बॢ [blə] = 23×108 (२३×१०८)
- बे [be] = 23×1010 (२३×१०१०)
- बै [bɛː] = 23×1012 (२३×१०१२)
- बो [boː] = 23×1014 (२३×१०१४)
- बौ [bɔː] = 23×1016 (२३×१०१६)
Historic Ba
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ba as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta
. The Tocharian Ba
did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ba, in Kharoshthi (
) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ba
[edit]The Brahmi letter , Ba, is probably derived from the Aramaic Bet
, and is thus related to the modern Latin B and Greek Beta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ba can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Tocharian Ba
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi
, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Br̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | Bä |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Kharoṣṭhī Ba
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Bet
, and is thus related to B and Beta, in addition to the Brahmi Ba.[2]
Devanagari Ba
[edit]Devanāgarī |
---|
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Ba (ब) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter
. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter બ, and the Modi letter 𑘤.
Devanagari-using Languages
[edit]In all languages, ब is pronounced as [bə] or [b] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Br̄ | Bl | Bl̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ब | बा | बि | बी | बु | बू | बृ | बॄ | बॢ | बॣ | बे | बै | बो | बौ | ब् |
Conjuncts with ब
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Devanagari_Ba_half_form.svg/100px-Devanagari_Ba_half_form.svg.png)
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of ब
[edit]True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: note
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:
- ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature bra:
- ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:
- द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:
- द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:
Stacked conjuncts of ब
[edit]Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- ब্ (b) + ब (ba) gives the ligature bba:
- ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:
- ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:
- ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:
- ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:
- ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:
- ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:
- ब্ (b) + क (ka) gives the ligature bka:
- ब্ (b) + ल (la) gives the ligature bla:
- ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:
- ब্ (b) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bña:
- ब্ (b) + व (va) gives the ligature bva:
- च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:
- छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:
- ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍʱba:
- ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:
- झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:
- क্ (k) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kba:
- ख্ (kʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kʰba:
- ल্ (l) + ब (ba) gives the ligature lba:
- ळ্ (ḷ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḷba:
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:
- ञ্ (ñ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ñba:
- फ্ (pʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:
- स্ (s) + ब (ba) gives the ligature sba:
- श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:
- त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives the ligature tba:
- ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:
- ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭʰba:
- व্ (v) + ब (ba) gives the ligature vba:
Bengali Ba
[edit]The Bengali script ব is derived from the Siddhaṃ , not
. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ব will sometimes be transliterated as "bo" instead of "ba". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /bo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ব can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
ba | bā | bi | bī | bu | bū | br | br̄ | be | bai | bo | bau | b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ব | বা | বি | বী | বু | বূ | বৃ | বৄ | বে | বৈ | বো | বৌ | ব্ |
ব in Bengali-using languages
[edit]ব is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with head ব
[edit]Bengali ব exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. When used in a non-head position in a conjunct, ব is normally not pronounced, but often geminates (doubles) the preceding consonant.[5]
- ব্ (b) + ব (ba) gives the ligature bba:
- ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:
- ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:
- ব্ (b) + ল (la) gives the ligature bla:
- ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives the ligature bra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature bya, with the ya phala suffix:
- র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
Gujarati Ba
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gujarati_letter_Ba.svg/100px-Gujarati_letter_Ba.svg.png)
Ba (બ) is the twenty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ba with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter
.
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, બ is pronounced as [bə] or [b] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Bl | Br̄ | Bl̄ | Bĕ | Be | Bai | Bŏ | Bo | Bau | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Gujarati Ba syllables, with vowel marks in red. |
Conjuncts with બ
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gujarati_letter_Ba_half_form.svg/100px-Gujarati_letter_Ba_half_form.svg.png)
Gujarati બ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:
- બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:
- દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:
- બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:
Javanese Ba
[edit]Telugu Ba
[edit]Ba (బ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಬ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, బ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ba
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Malayalam_letter_Ba.svg/100px-Malayalam_letter_Ba.svg.png)
Ba (ബ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter
Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malayalam_Ba_matras.svg/550px-Malayalam_Ba_matras.svg.png)
Conjuncts of ബ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:
- ബ് (b) + ബ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Odia Ba
[edit]Ba (ବ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br̥ | Br̥̄ | Bl̥ | Bl̥̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ବ | ବା | ବି | ବୀ | ବୁ | ବୂ | ବୃ | ବୄ | ବୢ | ବୣ | ବେ | ବୈ | ବୋ | ବୌ | ବ୍ |
Conjuncts of ବ
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ba is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ba Phala" or "Wa Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ବ୍ (b) + ବ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Odia Wa and Va
[edit]Wa (ୱ) and Va (ଵ) are consonants of the Odia abugida that are largely unified with ବ. ବ is used to represent all three sounds /b/, /w/ and /v/ in different context, while ୱ is only pronounced as /w/. ଵ is an alternate to ୱ with less widespread usage, but all three letters share the same subjoined form.
Odia Wa with vowel matras | ||||||||||||||
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Wa | Wā | Wi | Wī | Wu | Wū | Wr̥ | Wr̥̄ | Wl̥ | Wl̥̄ | We | Wai | Wo | Wau | W |
ୱ | ୱା | ୱି | ୱୀ | ୱୁ | ୱୂ | ୱୃ | ୱୄ | ୱୢ | ୱୣ | ୱେ | ୱୈ | ୱୋ | ୱୌ | ୱ୍ |
Odia Va with vowel matras | ||||||||||||||
Va | Vā | Vi | Vī | Vu | Vū | Vr̥ | Vr̥̄ | Vl̥ | Vl̥̄ | Ve | Vai | Vo | Vau | V |
ଵ | ଵା | ଵି | ଵୀ | ଵୁ | ଵୂ | ଵୃ | ଵୄ | ଵୢ | ଵୣ | ଵେ | ଵୈ | ଵୋ | ଵୌ | ଵ୍ |
Kaithi Ba
[edit]Ba (𑂥) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
𑂥 | 𑂥𑂰 | 𑂥𑂱 | 𑂥𑂲 | 𑂥𑂳 | 𑂥𑂴 | 𑂥𑂵 | 𑂥𑂶 | 𑂥𑂷 | 𑂥𑂸 | 𑂥𑂹 |
Conjuncts of 𑂥
[edit]As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
- 𑂥୍ (b) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature bra:
- 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:
Comparison of Ba
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ba, are related as well.
Comparison of Ba in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of Ba
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ba in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ba from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ![]() |
![]() |
బ | ବ | ಬ | ബ | બ | ਬ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER BA | BENGALI LETTER BA | TELUGU LETTER BA | ORIYA LETTER BA | KANNADA LETTER BA | MALAYALAM LETTER BA | GUJARATI LETTER BA | GURMUKHI LETTER BA | ||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2348 | U+092C | 2476 | U+09AC | 3116 | U+0C2C | 2860 | U+0B2C | 3244 | U+0CAC | 3372 | U+0D2C | 2732 | U+0AAC | 2604 | U+0A2C |
UTF-8 | 224 164 172 | E0 A4 AC | 224 166 172 | E0 A6 AC | 224 176 172 | E0 B0 AC | 224 172 172 | E0 AC AC | 224 178 172 | E0 B2 AC | 224 180 172 | E0 B4 AC | 224 170 172 | E0 AA AC | 224 168 172 | E0 A8 AC |
Numeric character reference | ब |
ब |
ব |
ব |
బ |
బ |
ବ |
ବ |
ಬ |
ಬ |
ബ |
ബ |
બ |
બ |
ਬ |
ਬ |
ISCII | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA | 202 | CA |
Preview | 𐨦 | ![]() |
𑌬 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER BA | KHAROSHTHI LETTER BA | SIDDHAM LETTER BA | GRANTHA LETTER BA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69673 | U+11029 | 68134 | U+10A26 | 71076 | U+115A4 | 70444 | U+1132C |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 169 | F0 91 80 A9 | 240 144 168 166 | F0 90 A8 A6 | 240 145 150 164 | F0 91 96 A4 | 240 145 140 172 | F0 91 8C AC |
UTF-16 | 55300 56361 | D804 DC29 | 55298 56870 | D802 DE26 | 55301 56740 | D805 DDA4 | 55300 57132 | D804 DF2C |
Numeric character reference | 𑀩 |
𑀩 |
𐨦 |
𐨦 |
𑖤 |
𑖤 |
𑌬 |
𑌬 |
Preview | ![]() |
ྦ | ꡎ | 𑨠 | 𑐧 | 𑰤 | 𑆧 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIBETAN LETTER BA | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER BA | PHAGS-PA LETTER BA | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BA | NEWA LETTER BA | BHAIKSUKI LETTER BA | SHARADA LETTER BA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3926 | U+0F56 | 4006 | U+0FA6 | 43086 | U+A84E | 72224 | U+11A20 | 70695 | U+11427 | 72740 | U+11C24 | 70055 | U+111A7 |
UTF-8 | 224 189 150 | E0 BD 96 | 224 190 166 | E0 BE A6 | 234 161 142 | EA A1 8E | 240 145 168 160 | F0 91 A8 A0 | 240 145 144 167 | F0 91 90 A7 | 240 145 176 164 | F0 91 B0 A4 | 240 145 134 167 | F0 91 86 A7 |
UTF-16 | 3926 | 0F56 | 4006 | 0FA6 | 43086 | A84E | 55302 56864 | D806 DE20 | 55301 56359 | D805 DC27 | 55303 56356 | D807 DC24 | 55300 56743 | D804 DDA7 |
Numeric character reference | བ |
བ |
ྦ |
ྦ |
ꡎ |
ꡎ |
𑨠 |
𑨠 |
𑐧 |
𑐧 |
𑰤 |
𑰤 |
𑆧 |
𑆧 |
Preview | ဗ | ᦗ | ᦝ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER BA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PA | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW FA | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4119 | U+1017 | 6551 | U+1997 | 6557 | U+199D |
UTF-8 | 225 128 151 | E1 80 97 | 225 166 151 | E1 A6 97 | 225 166 157 | E1 A6 9D |
Numeric character reference | ဗ |
ဗ |
ᦗ |
ᦗ |
ᦝ |
ᦝ |
- See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.
Preview | ព | ພ | ຟ | พ | ฟ | ꪚ | ꪛ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER LETTER PO | LAO LETTER PHO TAM | LAO LETTER FO SUNG | THAI CHARACTER PHO PHAN | THAI CHARACTER FO FAN | TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH BO | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6038 | U+1796 | 3742 | U+0E9E | 3743 | U+0E9F | 3614 | U+0E1E | 3615 | U+0E1F | 43674 | U+AA9A | 43675 | U+AA9B |
UTF-8 | 225 158 150 | E1 9E 96 | 224 186 158 | E0 BA 9E | 224 186 159 | E0 BA 9F | 224 184 158 | E0 B8 9E | 224 184 159 | E0 B8 9F | 234 170 154 | EA AA 9A | 234 170 155 | EA AA 9B |
Numeric character reference | ព |
ព |
ພ |
ພ |
ຟ |
ຟ |
พ |
พ |
ฟ |
ฟ |
ꪚ |
ꪚ |
ꪛ |
ꪛ |
Preview | බ | ꤙ | 𑄝 | 𑅇 | 𑜈 | 𑤢 | ꢨ | ꨝ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA BAYANNA | KAYAH LI LETTER BA | CHAKMA LETTER BAA | CHAKMA LETTER VAA | AHOM LETTER BA | DIVES AKURU LETTER BA | SAURASHTRA LETTER BA | CHAM LETTER BA | ||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3510 | U+0DB6 | 43289 | U+A919 | 69917 | U+1111D | 69959 | U+11147 | 71432 | U+11708 | 71970 | U+11922 | 43176 | U+A8A8 | 43549 | U+AA1D |
UTF-8 | 224 182 182 | E0 B6 B6 | 234 164 153 | EA A4 99 | 240 145 132 157 | F0 91 84 9D | 240 145 133 135 | F0 91 85 87 | 240 145 156 136 | F0 91 9C 88 | 240 145 164 162 | F0 91 A4 A2 | 234 162 168 | EA A2 A8 | 234 168 157 | EA A8 9D |
UTF-16 | 3510 | 0DB6 | 43289 | A919 | 55300 56605 | D804 DD1D | 55300 56647 | D804 DD47 | 55301 57096 | D805 DF08 | 55302 56610 | D806 DD22 | 43176 | A8A8 | 43549 | AA1D |
Numeric character reference | බ |
බ |
ꤙ |
ꤙ |
𑄝 |
𑄝 |
𑅇 |
𑅇 |
𑜈 |
𑜈 |
𑤢 |
𑤢 |
ꢨ |
ꢨ |
ꨝ |
ꨝ |
Preview | 𑘤 | 𑧄 | 𑩲 | ꠛ | 𑵮 | ![]() | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER BA | NANDINAGARI LETTER BA | SOYOMBO LETTER BA | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER BO | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BA | KAITHI LETTER BA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71204 | U+11624 | 72132 | U+119C4 | 72306 | U+11A72 | 43035 | U+A81B | 73070 | U+11D6E | 69797 | U+110A5 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 164 | F0 91 98 A4 | 240 145 167 132 | F0 91 A7 84 | 240 145 169 178 | F0 91 A9 B2 | 234 160 155 | EA A0 9B | 240 145 181 174 | F0 91 B5 AE | 240 145 130 165 | F0 91 82 A5 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56868 | D805 DE24 | 55302 56772 | D806 DDC4 | 55302 56946 | D806 DE72 | 43035 | A81B | 55303 56686 | D807 DD6E | 55300 56485 | D804 DCA5 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘤 |
𑘤 |
𑧄 |
𑧄 |
𑩲 |
𑩲 |
ꠛ |
ꠛ |
𑵮 |
𑵮 |
𑂥 |
𑂥 |
Preview | 𑒥 | ᰓ | ᤒ | ꯕ | 𑲀 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER BA | LEPCHA LETTER BA | LIMBU LETTER BA | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER BA | MARCHEN LETTER BA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70821 | U+114A5 | 7187 | U+1C13 | 6418 | U+1912 | 43989 | U+ABD5 | 72832 | U+11C80 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 165 | F0 91 92 A5 | 225 176 147 | E1 B0 93 | 225 164 146 | E1 A4 92 | 234 175 149 | EA AF 95 | 240 145 178 128 | F0 91 B2 80 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56485 | D805 DCA5 | 7187 | 1C13 | 6418 | 1912 | 43989 | ABD5 | 55303 56448 | D807 DC80 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒥 |
𑒥 |
ᰓ |
ᰓ |
ᤒ |
ᤒ |
ꯕ |
ꯕ |
𑲀 |
𑲀 |
Preview | 𑚠 | 𑠠 | 𑈡 | 𑋔 | 𑅪 | 𑊝 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER BA | DOGRA LETTER BA | KHOJKI LETTER BA | KHUDAWADI LETTER BA | MAHAJANI LETTER BA | MULTANI LETTER BA | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71328 | U+116A0 | 71712 | U+11820 | 70177 | U+11221 | 70356 | U+112D4 | 69994 | U+1116A | 70301 | U+1129D |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 160 | F0 91 9A A0 | 240 145 160 160 | F0 91 A0 A0 | 240 145 136 161 | F0 91 88 A1 | 240 145 139 148 | F0 91 8B 94 | 240 145 133 170 | F0 91 85 AA | 240 145 138 157 | F0 91 8A 9D |
UTF-16 | 55301 56992 | D805 DEA0 | 55302 56352 | D806 DC20 | 55300 56865 | D804 DE21 | 55300 57044 | D804 DED4 | 55300 56682 | D804 DD6A | 55300 56989 | D804 DE9D |
Numeric character reference | 𑚠 |
𑚠 |
𑠠 |
𑠠 |
𑈡 |
𑈡 |
𑋔 |
𑋔 |
𑅪 |
𑅪 |
𑊝 |
𑊝 |
Preview | ᬩ | ᯅ | ᨅ | ꦧ | 𑻤 | ꤷ | ᮘ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER BA | BATAK LETTER BA | BUGINESE LETTER BA | JAVANESE LETTER BA | MAKASAR LETTER BA | REJANG LETTER BA | SUNDANESE LETTER BA | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6953 | U+1B29 | 7109 | U+1BC5 | 6661 | U+1A05 | 43431 | U+A9A7 | 73444 | U+11EE4 | 43319 | U+A937 | 7064 | U+1B98 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 169 | E1 AC A9 | 225 175 133 | E1 AF 85 | 225 168 133 | E1 A8 85 | 234 166 167 | EA A6 A7 | 240 145 187 164 | F0 91 BB A4 | 234 164 183 | EA A4 B7 | 225 174 152 | E1 AE 98 |
UTF-16 | 6953 | 1B29 | 7109 | 1BC5 | 6661 | 1A05 | 43431 | A9A7 | 55303 57060 | D807 DEE4 | 43319 | A937 | 7064 | 1B98 |
Numeric character reference | ᬩ |
ᬩ |
ᯅ |
ᯅ |
ᨅ |
ᨅ |
ꦧ |
ꦧ |
𑻤 |
𑻤 |
ꤷ |
ꤷ |
ᮘ |
ᮘ |
Preview | ᜊ | ᝪ | ᝊ | ᜪ | 𑴢 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAGALOG LETTER BA | TAGBANWA LETTER BA | BUHID LETTER BA | HANUNOO LETTER BA | MASARAM GONDI LETTER BA | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5898 | U+170A | 5994 | U+176A | 5962 | U+174A | 5930 | U+172A | 72994 | U+11D22 |
UTF-8 | 225 156 138 | E1 9C 8A | 225 157 170 | E1 9D AA | 225 157 138 | E1 9D 8A | 225 156 170 | E1 9C AA | 240 145 180 162 | F0 91 B4 A2 |
UTF-16 | 5898 | 170A | 5994 | 176A | 5962 | 174A | 5930 | 172A | 55303 56610 | D807 DD22 |
Numeric character reference | ᜊ |
ᜊ |
ᝪ |
ᝪ |
ᝊ |
ᝊ |
ᜪ |
ᜪ |
𑴢 |
𑴢 |
Preview | ᨻ | ᩛ | ᩚ | ᨼ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LOW PA | TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6715 | U+1A3B | 6747 | U+1A5B | 6746 | U+1A5A | 6716 | U+1A3C |
UTF-8 | 225 168 187 | E1 A8 BB | 225 169 155 | E1 A9 9B | 225 169 154 | E1 A9 9A | 225 168 188 | E1 A8 BC |
Numeric character reference | ᨻ |
ᨻ |
ᩛ |
ᩛ |
ᩚ |
ᩚ |
ᨼ |
ᨼ |
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.