Isotopes of lutetium
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Lu) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.59% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides 176Lu, being 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (t1/2 160.4 days), 174mLu (t1/2 142 days) and 178mLu (t1/2 23.1 minutes).
The known isotopes of lutetium range in mass number from 149 to 190. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 175Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium. All isotopes of lutetium are either radioactive or, in the case of 175Lu, observationally stable, meaning that 175Lu is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.[4]
List of isotopes
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4][n 5] |
Decay mode [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7] |
Spin and parity [n 8][n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
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Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
149Lu[5] | 71 | 78 | 450+170 −100 ns |
p | 148Yb | 11/2− | |||||||||||||
150Lu | 71 | 79 | 149.97323(54)# | 43(5) ms | p (80%) | 149Yb | (2+) | ||||||||||||
β+ (20%) | 150Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
150mLu | 34(15) keV | 80(60) μs [30(+95−15) μs] |
p | 149Yb | (1, 2) | ||||||||||||||
151Lu | 71 | 80 | 150.96757682 | 80.6(5) ms | p (63.4%) | 150Yb | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (36.6%) | 151Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
151mLu | 77(5) keV | 16(1) μs | p | 150Yb | (3/2+) | ||||||||||||||
152Lu | 71 | 81 | 151.96412(21)# | 650(70) ms | β+ (85%) | 152Yb | (5−, 6−) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (15%) | 151Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
153Lu | 71 | 82 | 152.95877(22) | 0.9(2) s | α (70%) | 149Tm | 11/2− | ||||||||||||
β+ (30%) | 153Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
153m1Lu | 80(5) keV | 1# s | IT | 153Lu | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||||
153m2Lu | 2502.5(4) keV | >0.1 μs | IT | 153Lu | 23/2− | ||||||||||||||
153m3Lu | 2632.9(5) keV | 15(3) μs | IT | 153m2Lu | 27/2− | ||||||||||||||
154Lu | 71 | 83 | 153.95752(22)# | 1# s | β+? | 154Yb | (2−) | ||||||||||||
α? | 150Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
154m1Lu | 58(13) keV | 1.12(8) s | β+ | 154Yb | (9+) | ||||||||||||||
β+p? | 153Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
β+α? | 150Er | ||||||||||||||||||
α? | 150Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
154m2Lu | >2562 keV | 35(3) μs | IT | 154Lu | (17+) | ||||||||||||||
155Lu | 71 | 84 | 154.954316(22) | 68.6(16) ms | α (76%) | 151Tm | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (24%) | 155Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
155m1Lu | 20(6) keV | 138(8) ms | α (88%) | 151Tm | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (12%) | 155Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
155m2Lu | 1781.0(20) keV | 2.70(3) ms | (25/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
156Lu | 71 | 85 | 155.95303(8) | 494(12) ms | α (95%) | 152Tm | (2)− | ||||||||||||
β+ (5%) | 156Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
156mLu | 220(80)# keV | 198(2) ms | α (94%) | 152Tm | (9)+ | ||||||||||||||
β+ (6%) | 156Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
157Lu | 71 | 86 | 156.950098(20) | 6.8(18) s | β+ | 157Yb | (1/2+, 3/2+) | ||||||||||||
α | 153Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
157mLu | 21.0(20) keV | 4.79(12) s | β+ (94%) | 157Yb | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
α (6%) | 153Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
158Lu | 71 | 87 | 157.949313(16) | 10.6(3) s | β+ (99.09%) | 158Yb | 2− | ||||||||||||
α (.91%) | 154Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
159Lu | 71 | 88 | 158.94663(4) | 12.1(10) s | β+ (99.96%) | 159Yb | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
α (.04%) | 155Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
159mLu | 100(80)# keV | 10# s | 11/2−# | ||||||||||||||||
160Lu | 71 | 89 | 159.94603(6) | 36.1(3) s | β+ | 160Yb | 2−# | ||||||||||||
α (10−4%) | 156Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
160mLu | 0(100)# keV | 40(1) s | |||||||||||||||||
161Lu | 71 | 90 | 160.94357(3) | 77(2) s | β+ | 161Yb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
161mLu | 166(18) keV | 7.3(4) ms | IT | 161Lu | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
162Lu | 71 | 91 | 161.94328(8) | 1.37(2) min | β+ | 162Yb | (1−) | ||||||||||||
162m1Lu | 120(200)# keV | 1.5 min | β+ | 162Yb | 4−# | ||||||||||||||
IT (rare) | 162Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
162m2Lu | 300(200)# keV | 1.9 min | |||||||||||||||||
163Lu | 71 | 92 | 162.94118(3) | 3.97(13) min | β+ | 163Yb | 1/2(+) | ||||||||||||
164Lu | 71 | 93 | 163.94134(3) | 3.14(3) min | β+ | 164Yb | 1(−) | ||||||||||||
165Lu | 71 | 94 | 164.939407(28) | 10.74(10) min | β+ | 165Yb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
166Lu | 71 | 95 | 165.93986(3) | 2.65(10) min | β+ | 166Yb | (6−) | ||||||||||||
166m1Lu | 34.37(5) keV | 1.41(10) min | β+ (58%) | 166Yb | 3(−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (42%) | 166Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
166m2Lu | 42.9(5) keV | 2.12(10) min | 0(−) | ||||||||||||||||
167Lu | 71 | 96 | 166.93827(3) | 51.5(10) min | β+ | 167Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
167mLu | 0(30)# keV | >1 min | 1/2(−#) | ||||||||||||||||
168Lu | 71 | 97 | 167.93874(5) | 5.5(1) min | β+ | 168Yb | (6−) | ||||||||||||
168mLu | 180(110) keV | 6.7(4) min | β+ (95%) | 168Yb | 3+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (5%) | 168Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
169Lu | 71 | 98 | 168.937651(6) | 34.06(5) h | β+ | 169Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
169mLu | 29.0(5) keV | 160(10) s | IT | 169Lu | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
170Lu | 71 | 99 | 169.938475(18) | 2.012(20) d | β+ | 170Yb | 0+ | ||||||||||||
170mLu | 92.91(9) keV | 670(100) ms | IT | 170Lu | (4)− | ||||||||||||||
171Lu | 71 | 100 | 170.9379131(30) | 8.24(3) d | β+ | 171Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
171mLu | 71.13(8) keV | 79(2) s | IT | 171Lu | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
172Lu | 71 | 101 | 171.939086(3) | 6.70(3) d | β+ | 172Yb | 4− | ||||||||||||
172m1Lu | 41.86(4) keV | 3.7(5) min | IT | 172Lu | 1− | ||||||||||||||
172m2Lu | 65.79(4) keV | 0.332(20) μs | (1)+ | ||||||||||||||||
172m3Lu | 109.41(10) keV | 440(12) μs | (1)+ | ||||||||||||||||
172m4Lu | 213.57(17) keV | 150 ns | (6−) | ||||||||||||||||
173Lu | 71 | 102 | 172.9389306(26) | 1.37(1) y | EC | 173Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
173mLu | 123.672(13) keV | 74.2(10) μs | 5/2− | ||||||||||||||||
174Lu | 71 | 103 | 173.9403375(26) | 3.31(5) y | β+ | 174Yb | (1)− | ||||||||||||
174m1Lu | 170.83(5) keV | 142(2) d | IT (99.38%) | 174Lu | 6− | ||||||||||||||
EC (.62%) | 174Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
174m2Lu | 240.818(4) keV | 395(15) ns | (3+) | ||||||||||||||||
174m3Lu | 365.183(6) keV | 145(3) ns | (4−) | ||||||||||||||||
175Lu | 71 | 104 | 174.9407718(23) | Observationally stable[n 9] | 7/2+ | 0.9741(2) | |||||||||||||
175m1Lu | 1392.2(6) keV | 984(30) μs | (19/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
175m2Lu | 353.48(13) keV | 1.49(7) μs | 5/2− | ||||||||||||||||
176Lu[n 10][n 11] | 71 | 105 | 175.9426863(23) | 3.701(17)×1010 y | β− | 176Hf | 7− | 0.0259(2) | |||||||||||
EC (0.45(26)%)[1] | 176Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
176mLu | 122.855(6) keV | 3.664(19) h | β− (99.9%) | 176Hf | 1− | ||||||||||||||
EC (.095%) | 176Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
177Lu | 71 | 106 | 176.9437581(23) | 6.6475(20) d | β− | 177Hf | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
177m1Lu | 150.3967(10) keV | 130(3) ns | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||||
177m2Lu | 569.7068(16) keV | 155(7) μs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
177m3Lu | 970.1750(24) keV | 160.44(6) d | β− (78.3%) | 177Hf | 23/2− | ||||||||||||||
IT (21.7%) | 177Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
177m4Lu | 3900(10) keV | 7(2) min [6(+3−2) min] |
39/2− | ||||||||||||||||
178Lu | 71 | 107 | 177.945955(3) | 28.4(2) min | β− | 178Hf | 1(+) | ||||||||||||
178mLu | 123.8(26) keV | 23.1(3) min | β− | 178Hf | 9(−) | ||||||||||||||
179Lu | 71 | 108 | 178.947327(6) | 4.59(6) h | β− | 179Hf | 7/2(+) | ||||||||||||
179mLu | 592.4(4) keV | 3.1(9) ms | IT | 179Lu | 1/2(+) | ||||||||||||||
180Lu | 71 | 109 | 179.94988(8) | 5.7(1) min | β− | 180Hf | 5+ | ||||||||||||
180m1Lu | 13.9(3) keV | ~1 s | IT | 180Lu | 3− | ||||||||||||||
180m2Lu | 624.0(5) keV | ≥1 ms | (9−) | ||||||||||||||||
181Lu | 71 | 110 | 180.95197(32)# | 3.5(3) min | β− | 181Hf | (7/2+) | ||||||||||||
182Lu | 71 | 111 | 181.95504(21)# | 2.0(2) min | β− | 182Hf | (0,1,2) | ||||||||||||
183Lu | 71 | 112 | 182.95736(9) | 58(4) s | β− | 183Hf | (7/2+) | ||||||||||||
184Lu | 71 | 113 | 183.96103(22)# | 20(3) s | β− | 184Hf | (3+) | ||||||||||||
185Lu | 71 | 114 | 184.96354(32)# | 20# s | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||||
186Lu | 71 | 115 | 185.96745(43)# | 6# s | |||||||||||||||
187Lu | 71 | 116 | 186.97019(43)# | 7# s | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||||
188Lu | 71 | 117 | 187.97443(43)# | 1# s | |||||||||||||||
189Lu[6] | 71 | 118 | |||||||||||||||||
190Lu[7] | 71 | 119 | |||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mLu – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 171Tm
- ^ primordial radionuclide
- ^ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
Lutetium-177
Lutetium (177Lu) chloride, sold under the brand name Lumark among others, is used for radiolabeling other medicines, either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical radio-imaging). Its most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss.[8][9]
References
- ^ a b c Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2007.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv:1908.11458. Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 201664098.
- ^ Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID 35363028. S2CID 247855967.
- ^ Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of 198Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.
- ^ Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of 198Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.
- ^ "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- ^ "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.